tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67295475574700667572024-03-13T17:57:22.500+01:00BuddhismoJuan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.comBlogger33125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-45148040896495591792011-03-04T11:17:00.006+01:002011-03-04T11:38:26.574+01:00Political Buddha – Part 1: Engaged Buddhism by ajewella - www.dailykos.com<style type="text/css">
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</style><div style="width:700;"><h2><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/03/03/951744/-Political-Buddha-%E2%80%93-Part-1:-Engaged-Buddhism" id="titleHref" linkindex="345">Political Buddha – Part 1: Engaged Buddhism</a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"></span></h2><table class="seeMore"><tbody>
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<div class="article-body"><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div id="intro" style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><b>Disclaimer:</b> Political Buddha is a monthly diary series exploring how Buddhist philosophy may be used to become a more effective voter, political commentator (or blogger) or progressive activist—without sacrificing either ones own Buddhist principles or political beliefs. The ideas expressed in this series are a collection of my own research/experiences and are not intended to proselytize or to condemn, call out, or criticize anyone at Daily Kos or any other blog or Internet site. Your mileage, both as a Buddhist and as a politico, may vary. A glossary of Buddhist terms used in this series may be found <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" linkindex="353">here</a>.</blockquote>During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Burmese_anti-government_protests" linkindex="354">2007 anti-government demonstrations in Burma</a> (Myanmar) thousands of Buddhist monks joined students and political activists in the streets to protest the country’s increasing economic crisis and the corruption of the ruling military junta they believed was at least partially responsible. During this (misnamed<sup>1</sup>) Saffron Revolution, many co-workers, friends and family asked me—as their “resident Buddhist” and political junkie—the same question: Should Buddhists, who seek detachment and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism#M" linkindex="355">Middle Way</a>, even get involved in politics?<br />
According to Buddhist history and teachings, I believe the short answer is “Yes”. But the reason why I believed this is a little more complicated.</div><div></div><div class="divider-doodle" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="article-body" id="body"><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>First, Equal Time for Those Who Say “No”</b><br />
As we’ve seen all over the world (including many times in United States’ history) there’s an inherent problem when people mix politics and religion. The basis of most religions is morality, purity and faith, while the basis for government is power. Many historical tragedies have occurred when religion was used to justify wars, atrocities, persecutions, rebellions, destruction of works of art, and oppression of aboriginal cultures—when the true purpose was to give legitimacy to political leaders and the exercise of their power.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There are many Buddhists who believe that every time the State and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism#D" linkindex="356">Dharma</a> merge, the Dharma always loses because it’s not possible to reform the State to any great degree. As a result of this belief, traditional Buddhism promotes <i>withdrawal</i> from the affairs of the world and emphasizes that everything—including war, suffering, power, and oppression—is temporary and illusory. Many Buddhist lamas teach that to become involved in politics requires attachment—something the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism#F" linkindex="357">Four Noble Truths</a> defines as the cause of suffering—and a belief that life is something other than an illusion.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">I see the validity of these arguments, as I can also see a real danger of Buddhists—particularly those practicing in a culture dominated by a conservative religious right—starting to perceive themselves as morally superior and dismissing those who disagree with them as moral or mental inferiors. When this happens, even people whose agendas seem to be in the spirit of loving-kindness can develop a form of zealousness that is both in contradiction to the Middle Way (since extremism in any form runs counter to what the Buddha taught) and psychologically unhealthy.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">However, a modern form of Buddhism has emerged, teaching that mindfulness requires an awareness of the real suffering around us and action to help alleviate it. It draws this belief from one of the most basic of all Buddhist tenets: to "save all sentient beings." To many Buddhists, this means rolling up their sleeves and getting involved.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Saying “Yes” to Political Involvement</b><br />
This modern Buddhist practice is called <i>Engaged</i> (or Humanistic) <i>Buddhism</i>. First coined by Zen Buddhist leader <a href="http://www.plumvillage.org/" linkindex="358">Thich Nhat Hanh</a>, the movement grew out of the suffering he and others saw during the Vietnam War. They formed a community to not only become aware of the suffering they saw around them but to respond to it directly with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism#M" linkindex="359">mindfulness</a> and compassion.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Although Thich Nhat Hanh introduced the term “engaged Buddhism” around the late 50s–early 60s, he didn’t pull the philosophy behind this movement out of his venerable ear—he developed it from the teachings and actions of the Buddha himself.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) never held any direct political position—but he <i>was</i> born a prince from the warrior caste and often counseled kings, ministers, Brahmins, generals and lay people in government. As a result, he spoke and wrote extensively about politics and social justice. These teachings show that from the very beginning, the Dharma supported becoming engaged in society. In other words, the term "engaged Buddhism" is just a modern reminder that Buddhism has been engaged all along and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism#B" linkindex="360">bodhisattva</a> ethic of active compassion is at the very heart of engaged Buddhism—the protection of living beings and bringing Buddhist values into interactions with others.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">While the Buddha saw the wisdom of separating religion from politics and believed political systems had a limited ability to bring about peace and happiness, many of the Buddha's teaching are applicable to today’s political issues. These teachings include:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The equality of all human beings and how divisions of class and caste are artificial barriers erected by society. According to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism#D" linkindex="361">Dharma</a>, the only classification of human beings that’s important is based on the quality of their moral conduct.</li>
<li>Encouraging social cooperation and active participation in society.</li>
<li>The importance of the rule of law. The Buddha didn’t appoint a successor because he believed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism#S" linkindex="362">Sangha</a>, as well as other members of society, should be guided by the rule of law rather than a cult of personality.</li>
<li>Encouraging the spirit of consultation and the democratic process. Within the Buddha’s own Sangha, all members had the right to decide matters of general concern. They even used a council of monks in a matter similar to democratic parliamentary systems that exist today!</li>
<li>Non-violence and peace, including the declaration that there is no such thing as a '”just” war.</li>
<li>The importance of good government and how a country could become corrupt, degenerate and unhappy if the government becomes corrupt and unjust.</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Most importantly, in the <i>Jataka</i> (morality tales), the Buddha suggested rules for good government, known as “Dasa Raja Dharma.” These ten rules can still be applied to any modern-day government that wishes to rule peacefully and successfully.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Dana—Be liberal, charitable and avoid selfishness</li>
<li>Sila—Maintain a high moral character</li>
<li>Comfort Pariccaga—Be prepared to sacrifice one's own pleasure for the well-being of the people</li>
<li>Ajjava—Be honest and maintain absolute integrity</li>
<li>Maddava—Be kind and gentle</li>
<li>Tapa—Lead a simple life, as an example to others</li>
<li>Akkodha—Be free from hatred of any kind</li>
<li>Avihimsa—Exercise non-violence</li>
<li>Khanti—Practice patience</li>
<li>Avirodha—Respect public opinion to promote peace and harmony</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Practice of Engaged Buddhism</b><br />
To define the practice of engaged Buddhism, Thich Nhat Hanh wrote <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Interbeing-Fourteen-Guidelines-Engaged-Buddhism/dp/1888375086" linkindex="363"><i>Interbeing</i></a> where he described the 14 precepts for building and maintaining peaceful/healthy individuals and communities. As the Political Buddha series continues, I’ll explore these precepts and other ways that Buddhist principles can be applied to political and social activism.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Do not be idolatrous about or bound to any doctrine, theory, or ideology, even Buddhist ones. Buddhist systems of thought are guiding means; they are not absolute truth.</li>
<li>Do not think the knowledge you presently possess is changeless, absolute truth. Avoid being narrow-minded and bound to present views. Learn and practice non-attachment from views in order to be open to receive others’ viewpoints. Truth is found in life and not merely in conceptual knowledge. Be ready to learn throughout your entire life and to observe reality in yourself and in the world at all times.</li>
<li>Do not force others, including children, by any means whatsoever, to adopt your views, whether by authority, threat, money, propaganda, or even education. However, through compassionate dialogue, help others renounce fanaticism and narrow-mindedness.</li>
<li>Do not avoid suffering or close your eyes before suffering. Do not lose awareness of the existence of suffering in the life of the world. Find ways to be with those who are suffering, including personal contact, visits, images and sounds. By such means, awaken yourself and others to the reality of suffering in the world.</li>
<li>Do not accumulate wealth while millions are hungry. Do not take as the aim of your life fame, profit, wealth, or sensual pleasure. Live simply and share time, energy, and material resources with those who are in need.</li>
<li>Do not maintain anger or hatred. Learn to penetrate and transform them when they are still seeds in your consciousness. As soon as they arise, turn your attention to your breath in order to see and understand the nature of your hatred.</li>
<li>Do not lose yourself in dispersion and in your surroundings. Practice mindful breathing to come back to what is happening in the present moment. Be in touch with what is wondrous, refreshing, and healing both inside and around you. Plant seeds of joy, peace, and understanding in yourself in order to facilitate the work of transformation in the depths of your consciousness.</li>
<li>Do not utter words that can create discord and cause the community to break. Make every effort to reconcile and resolve all conflicts, however small.</li>
<li>Do not say untruthful things for the sake of personal interest or to impress people. Do not utter words that cause division and hatred. Do not spread news that you do not know to be certain. Do not criticize or condemn things of which you are not sure. Always speak truthfully and constructively. Have the courage to speak out about situations of injustice, even when doing so may threaten your own safety.</li>
<li>Do not use the Buddhist community for personal gain or profit, or transform your community into a political party. A religious community, however, should take a clear stand against oppression and injustice and should strive to change the situation without engaging in partisan conflicts.</li>
<li>Do not live with a vocation that is harmful to humans and nature. Do not invest in companies that deprive others of their chance to live. Select a vocation that helps realize your ideal of compassion.</li>
<li>Do not kill. Do not let others kill. Find whatever means possible to protect life and prevent war.</li>
<li>Possess nothing that should belong to others. Respect the property of others, but prevent others from profiting from human suffering or the suffering of other species on Earth.</li>
<li>Do not mistreat your body. Learn to handle it with respect. Do not look on your body as only an instrument. Preserve vital energies (sexual, breath, spirit) for the realization of the Way. For brothers and sisters who are not monks and nuns, sexual expression should not take place without love and commitment. In sexual relations, be aware of future suffering that may be caused. To preserve the happiness of others, respect the rights and commitments of others. Be fully aware of the responsibility of bringing new lives into the world. Meditate on the world into which you are bringing new beings.</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Political Buddha’s Call to Action</b><br />
War, poverty, and natural disasters caused food shortages all over the world. The <a href="http://www.buddhistglobalrelief.org/main.html" linkindex="364">Buddhist Global Relief</a> organization provides emergency food aid and promotes greater food productivity at the grassroots level. If you can spare a few dollars, please <a href="http://www.buddhistglobalrelief.org/active/donation.php" linkindex="365">donate</a> to this wonderful organization.</div><br />
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Om mani padme hum.<br />
<div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><sup>1</sup>The name "Saffron Revolution" is a reference to the saffron-colored robes widely associated with Buddhist monks. However, the majority of monks in Burma wear maroon robes, not saffron.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">Originally posted to <a href="http://www.dailykos.com/blog/ajewella/" linkindex="367">ajewella</a> on Thu Mar 03, 2011 at 12:54 PM EST.</h4><div class="tags"><h4>Tags</h4><ul><li><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/news/Buddhism" linkindex="368">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/news/Engaged%20Buddhism" linkindex="369">Engaged Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/news/Humanistic%20Buddhism" linkindex="370">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/news/Political%20Activism" linkindex="371">Political Activism</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/news/Political%20Buddha" linkindex="372">Political Buddha</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/news/Recommended" linkindex="373">Recommended</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/news/religion" linkindex="374">religion</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/news/series" linkindex="375">series</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/news/soul%20kos" linkindex="376">soul kos</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/news/teaching" linkindex="377">teaching</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/news/Thich%20Nhat%20Hanh" linkindex="378">Thich Nhat Hanh</a></li>
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15 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/index-of-buddhism-related-articles.html">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a> | <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/07/reviews-swisa-beauty-sensation-deep.html">Selecciones del Canon Pali</a> - <a class="post-count-link" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010_07_31_archive.html">jul 31</a> | <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/04/degree-based-on-professional.html#ABHIDHAMMA-PITAKA">ABHIDHAMMA-PITAKA</a> | <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/04/degree-based-on-professional.html#Abhidhamma">¿Qué es el Abhidhamma Piùaka?</a></div></div><div style="clear:both;"></div></div>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-26642091048880486082010-11-11T10:30:00.000+01:002010-11-11T10:30:41.129+01:00BHÂNAVÂRAS - Bhânavâras - Bhanavaras<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody>
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<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">NOTE ON THE BHÂ<i>N</i>AVÂRAS.</span></h1><div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">As the division into Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras or Portions for Recitation is of some value in the history of the way in which the books were handed down, and is now overshadowed by the more practical division for modern purposes adopted in this translation into chapters and sections, the following table may be of use:--</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><table border="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="top" valign="top" width="384"><div align="center"><span style="font-size: large;">MAHÂVAGGA.</span></div><div align="center"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center"><span style="font-size: large;">Present division.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="top" valign="top" width="384"><div align="center"><span style="font-size: large;">Pali title.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="center"><span style="font-size: large;">Page in text.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="center"><span style="font-size: large;">Extent in text.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">I.</span></div></td> <td align="top" valign="top" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">6.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Pa<i>th</i>ama-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">14</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">14</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">14.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Dutiyaka-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">24</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">21.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Uruvela-pâ<i>t</i>ihâriya<i>m</i> tatiyaka-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i><i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i> ni</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">35</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">11</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">24.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>K</i>atutthaka-bh. ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">44</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">30.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Upa<i>g</i><i>gh</i>âya-vatta-bh. ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i> pa<i>ñ</i><i>k</i>ama<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">58</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">14</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">33.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Kh</i>at<i>t</i><i>h</i>am bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">61</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">3</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">38.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Sattama<i>m</i> bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">71</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">53.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Abhayûvara-bh. ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">81</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">79.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">98</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">? 17</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">II.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">16.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">A<i>ñ</i><i>ñ</i>a-titthiya-bh. ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">115</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">16</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">27.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>K</i>odanâ-vatthu-bh. ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">128</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">13</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">36.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Uposatha-khandhake tatiya<i>m</i> bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">136</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">8</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">III.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">8.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Vassâvâsa-bh. ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">148</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">11</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">14.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">155</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">7</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">IV.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">6.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Pa<i>th</i>ama-bh. ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">164</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">18.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">178</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">14</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">V</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">has no Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras, and ends in the text on page</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">198</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">20</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6729547557470066757" linkindex="317" name="page_416"><span style="color: green;">p. 416</span></a></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">VI.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">15.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Bhesa<i>g</i><i>g</i>a-anu<i>ñ</i><i>ñ</i>âta-bh. pa<i>th</i>ama<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">209</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">30.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Li<i>k</i><i>kh</i>avi-bh. ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">233</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">24</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">33.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>K</i>atu-vîsati-bh. ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">240</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">7</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">40.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">251</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">11</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">VII.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">7.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Adâya-bh. ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">259</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">7</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">13.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">265</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">6</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">VIII.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">1.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Pa<i>th</i>amaka-bh. ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">281</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">14</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">15.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Visâkhâ-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">294</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">13</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">32.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">310</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">16</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">IX.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">4.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Vâsabha-gâma-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i> pa<i>th</i>ama<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">322</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">11</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">6.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Upâli-pu<i>k</i><i>kh</i>â-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i> dutiya<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">328</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">6</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">7.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">333</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">X.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">2.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Dighâvu-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i> pa<i>th</i>ama<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">349</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">13</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">6.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">359</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
<div align="center"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>K</i>ULLAVAGGA.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">I-IV.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">None.</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">V.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">21.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Dutiya-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">129</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">25</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">37.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">143</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">14</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">VI.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">3.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i> ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i> pa<i>th</i>ama<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">154</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">11.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Dutiya-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">167</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">13</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">21.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">177</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">VII.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">2.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Pa<i>th</i>amaka-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i> ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">188</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">3.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i> ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i> dutiya<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">198</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">5.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i> ni<i>t</i><i>th</i>ita<i>m</i> tatiya<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">206</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">8</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">VIII.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;">Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">4.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i> pa<i>th</i>ama<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">215</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">8</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">12.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Dutiya-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">231</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">16</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">14.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">231</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">---</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6729547557470066757" linkindex="318" name="page_417"><span style="color: green;">p. 417</span></a></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">IX.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">3.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Pa<i>th</i>amo bhâ<i>n</i>avâro <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6729547557470066757" linkindex="319" name="fr_1053"></a><a href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe20/sbe20122.htm#fn_1035" linkindex="320">1</a></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">247</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">12</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">5.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">251</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">X.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">8.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Pa<i>th</i>ama-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">261</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">16.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Dutiya-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">271</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">27.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Tatiya-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">281</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">XI.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">has none</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">292</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">KHANDHAKA</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">XII.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><span style="font-size: large;"> Chapter</span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">1.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><span style="font-size: large;">Pa<i>th</i>ama-bhâ<i>n</i>avâra<i>m</i></span></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">301</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">8</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="top" valign="top" width="132"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">2.</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="384"><br />
</td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">307</span></div></td> <td align="bottom" valign="bottom" width="111"><div align="right"><span style="font-size: large;">6</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">On this it may be observed--</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">1. The last Bhâ<i>n</i>avâra in each Khandhaka is not referred to either by name or by number, except in Mahâvagga II, and in <i>K</i>ullavagga VII and X. In the Mahâvagga fourteen of the Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras have special titles, independent of their number in the particular Khandhaka.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">2. Probably two Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras in Mahâvagga V, all the Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras in <i>K</i>ullavagga I-IV, and the first in <i>K</i>ullavagga V, are not noticed in the printed text.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">3. Making allowance for these we have in the Mahâvagga 31 (? 32) Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras, occupying about 350 pages of Pâli text, and about 610 pages in our translation. In books V-XII of the <i>K</i>ullavagga we have 20 Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras, occupying about 200 pages of Pâli text, and about 350 pages in our translation. Total 51 (? 52) Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras, occupying about 550 pages of Pâli, and about 960 pages of translation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">4. As in the printed text repetitions have been avoided by a mode of reference to former passages which was impossible in the MSS., the average length of the matter contained in a Bhâ<i>n</i>avâra, as written much more in full in the MSS., would be somewhat greater than its average length as actually printed. It would probably amount to what, if printed verbatim, would occupy in space not much less than a sheet of the size and type used in the edition of the text. Thus the three Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras in Mahâvagga VIII, which owing to the subject-matter are printed with only a few such contractions, occupy respectively 14, 13, and 16 pages of the text.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6729547557470066757" linkindex="321" name="page_418"><span style="color: green;">p. 418</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">5. The recital in the usual sara-bha<i>ñ</i><i>ñ</i>a (or intonation, see <i>K</i>ullavagga V, 3) of such a 'portion for recitation' would occupy in time about half-an-hour.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">6. Spence Hardy informs us in his 'Eastern Monachism' (p. 168) that the Dîgha Nikâya contains 64, the Ma<i>g</i><i>gh</i>ima Nikâya 80, the Sa<i>m</i>yutta Nikâya 100, and the Aṅguttara Nikâya 120 Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras. In fact it is only a few of the longer Suttas in the first two collections which are actually divided into Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras in the MSS.; and only the longer Nipâtas in the Aṅguttara. There are no Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras in the Eka- and Duka-Nipâtas of that collection; and there are also none in the Sa<i>m</i>yutta Nikâya, and none in any of the books of the later literature contained in the Abhidhamma Pi<i>t</i>aka (including all those in the Khuddaka Nikâya) as yet published.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" /><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Footnotes</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6729547557470066757" linkindex="322" name="fn_1035"></a><a href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe20/sbe20122.htm#fr_1053" linkindex="323">417:1</a> Sic. This is the only instance in the Vinaya of a masculine use of the word.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">7. The division into Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras is not made use of in many books of the Pi<i>t</i>akas themselves, or in the fifth-century commentaries of Buddhaghosa and others. In the Sutta-vibhaṅga it is only used in Pârâ<i>g</i>ikas I-III, and in the Parivâra not at all. When Spence Hardy says therefore (loc. cit. p. 172) that the Pi<i>t</i>akas and commentaries combined contain 5347 Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras, he must be referring to a mere calculation and not to the actual use of the MSS. On the other hand, the fact of Bhâ<i>n</i>avâras being used in the Dîpava<i>m</i>sa and the Khudda-sikkhâ may possibly afford some clue to the age in which those works were composed.</span></div><span class="insertedphoto"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6729547557470066757#Contenido" linkindex="324"><img border="0" class="alignleft" src="http://multiply.com/mu/elagua/image/WvHO7KU2oqQ-V7VLy63h6g/photos/3143M/300x300/3168/Up.png?et=aGyRlvBU3Cx2PHqKBQ7mkQ&nmid=0" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;" /></a></span><br />
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<a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/07/reviews-swisa-beauty-sensation-deep.html" linkindex="392">Selecciones del Canon Pali</a> - <a class="post-count-link" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010_07_31_archive.html" linkindex="393">jul 31</a><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="toctoggle"><span style="font-family: souv2;"><a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/04/degree-based-on-professional.html#ABHIDHAMMA-PITAKA" linkindex="394">ABHIDHAMMA-PITAKA</a></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="toctoggle"><span style="font-family: souv2;"><a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/04/degree-based-on-professional.html#Abhidhamma" linkindex="395">¿Qué es el Abhidhamma Piùaka?</a></span></span></span> </div></td></tr>
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</tbody></table>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-87572887228795690232010-11-04T14:28:00.004+01:002010-11-04T15:28:25.269+01:00Selecciones del Canon Pali<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody>
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<h1 align="CENTER" class="western" lang="es-ES" style="color: orange; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">Selecciones del Canon Pali</span></span></h1><br />
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<div class="western" lang="es-ES"></div><a name="Contenido"></a><b style="color: lightblue;">Selecciones del Canon Pali</b><b style="color: orange;"> </b><br />
<span style="color: orange;">www.librosbudistas.com</span><br />
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<ul style="font-size: 12pt;"><li><a href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/11/selecciones-del-canon-pali.html#Culagosingha_Sutta" linkindex="238"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Culagosingha Sutta</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/11/selecciones-del-canon-pali.html#Metta_Sutta" linkindex="239"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Metta Sutta</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/11/selecciones-del-canon-pali.html#Kosambiya_Sutta" linkindex="240"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Kosambiya Sutta</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/11/selecciones-del-canon-%20pali.html#Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta" linkindex="241"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/11/selecciones-del-canon-pali.html#Bahiya_Sutta" linkindex="242"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Bahiya Sutta</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/11/selecciones-del-canon-pali.html#Maha-Mangala_Sutta" linkindex="243"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Maha-Mangala Sutta</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/11/selecciones-del-canon-pali.html#Sutta_de_Meghiya" linkindex="244"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Sutta de Meghiya</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/11/selecciones-del-canon-pali.html#Anattalakkhana-Sutta" linkindex="245"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Anattalakkhana -Sutta</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/11/selecciones-del-canon-pali.html#El_Sutta_de_los_Kalamas" linkindex="246"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">El Sutta de los Kalamas</span></a></li>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">El Canon Pali es probablemente la versión escrita más antigua de las enseñazas del Buda. El conjunto comprende muchos tomos. Esta selección tiene algunos de los discursos cortos más famosos.</span></div><div></div><h1 class="western" lang="es-ES" style="text-align: justify;">Indice</h1><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Culagosingha Sutta 2</span></div><div lang="es-ES" style="margin-right: 0.17cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">El Buda vista el <i>bikkhu</i> (monje) Anuruddha que vive con dos otros y regocija a ver la armonía de su convivencia.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Metta Sutta 6</span></div><div lang="es-ES" style="margin-right: 0.17cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">El discurso sobre <i>Metta</i>, el amor hacia todos lo seres.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Kosambiya Sutta 7</span></div><div lang="es-ES" style="margin-right: 0.17cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">El Buda se entera que un grupo de <i>bikkhus</i> viven sumergidos en riñas y disputas constantes. Les llama y les da una enseñanza apropiada.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta 11</span></div><div lang="es-ES" style="margin-right: 0.17cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">El primer discurso de Buda. Da un resumen de sus enseñanzas principales y Kondañña es la primera persona que entiende. Las deidades se alegran que el Buda ha podido guiar otro ser humano a la Iluminación. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Bahiya Sutta 14</span></div><div lang="es-ES" style="margin-right: 0.17cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bahiya hace un viaje largo para conocer al Buda. Lo encuentra ocupado. Bahiya insiste que le dé una enseñanza de una vez ya que la vida es corta. Gana la Iluminación enseguida al escuchar el Buda. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Maha-Mangala Sutta 17</span></div><div lang="es-ES" style="margin-right: 0.17cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Unos versos de bendición especialmente dirigidos a los laicos. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Sutta de Meghiya 18</span></div><div lang="es-ES" style="margin-right: 0.17cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Meghiya acompaña al Buda pero quiere ir solo a meditar. Aunque el Buda le aconseja que no es el momento adecuado se va de todos modos. Después de su fracaso el Buda le da unas enseñanzas. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Anattalakkhana-Sutta 21</span></div><div lang="es-ES" style="margin-right: 0.17cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Uno de los discursos donde el Buda expone la doctrina central del budismo de <i>anatta</i> o “no-alma”. </span> </div><div style="color: orange; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">El Sutta de los Kalamas 23</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div lang="es-ES" style="margin-right: 0.17cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">La tribu de los Kalamas se sienten confundidos ya que hay muchos maestros espirituales que enseñan cosas diferentes. El Buda les da unas pautas para evaluar lo que escuchan. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h1 class="western" lang="es-ES" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;"><a name="Culagosingha_Sutta"></a>Culagosingha Sutta</h1><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Esto he oído. En cierta ocasión el Bienaventurado residía en Nadika en la Casa de Ladrillo. En aquella ocasión el venerable Anuruddha, el venerable Nadiya y el venerable Kimbila residían en el Parque de la arboleda (de los bosques de árboles sal) de Gosinga.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces, al atardecer, el Bienaventurado se alzó tras su meditación y fue al Parque de Gosinga. El guardián del parque vio al Bienaventurado acercarse y le dijo: </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-No entres en este parque asceta. Hay aquí tres miembros de un clan que buscan su propio bien. No les molestes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">El venerable Anuruddha oyó al guardián del parque hablar al Bienaventurado y le dijo:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Amigo guardián del parque, no dejes fuera al Bienaventurado. Es nuestro Maestro, el Bienaventurado, quien ha venido.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces, el venerable Anuruddha fue al venerable Nandiya y al venerable Kimbila y les dijo:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-¡Vengan, venerables señores, vengan! Nuestro Maestro, el Bienaventurado, ha venido.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces los tres juntos fueron a encontrarse con el Bienaventurado. Uno tomó su cuenco y hábito externo, otro preparó un asiento y el otro fue a buscar agua para que se lavara los pies. El Bienaventurado se sentó en el asiento que se le había preparado y se lavó los pies. Entonces estos tres venerables señores rindieron honores al Bienaventurado y se sentaron a un lado. Una vez sentados el Bienaventurado les dijo:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Anuruddha, espero que todos ustedes estén bien, espero que estén cómodos y no tengan dificultades para conseguir la limosna de la comida. Espero, Anuruddha, que vivan ustedes en concordia, con aprecio mutuo, sin disputar, como se mezclan la leche y el agua, considerándose con cariño.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Sin duda, venerable señor, vivimos en concordia, con aprecio mutuo, sin disputar, como se mezclan la leche y el agua, considerándonos con cariño.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Pero, Anuruddha ¿Cómo viven ustedes así?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Venerable señor, en cuanto a eso, yo pienso así: Es una ventaja para mi, es una gran ventaja, vivir con tales compañeros en la vida santa. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mantengo actos corporales de amor (metta) hacia estos venerables señores, tanto en público como en privado; mantengo actos verbales de amor (metta) hacia ambos, tanto en público como en privado; mantengo actos mentales de amor (metta) hacia ambos, tanto en público como en privado. Yo considero: ¿Por qué no dejar a un lado lo que yo deseo hacer para hacer lo que deseen estos venerables señores? Entonces dejo a un lado lo que yo deseo hacer y hago lo que desean estos venerables señores. Nuestros cuerpos son diferentes, venerable señor, pero nuestras mentes son una.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">El venerable Nandiya y el venerable Kimbila dijeron lo mismo, añandiendo:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Así, venerable señor, es como vivimos en concordia, con aprecio mutuo, sin disputar, como se mezclan la leche y el agua, considerándonos con cariño.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Muy bien, muy bien, Anuruddha. Espero que permanezcan ustedes diligentes, apasionados y resueltos.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Sin duda, señor, permanecemos diligentes, apasionados y resueltos</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Pero ¿Cómo permanecen ustedes así?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-En cuanto a eso, venerable señor, el primero de nosotros en volver de la aldea con la comida de limosna, prepara los asientos, pone el agua para beber y el agua para lavarse, y coloca el cubo de la basura en su sitio. El que de nosotros vuelve el último come lo que queda de comida, si lo desea, y si no, la tira donde no haya vegetación o la echa en agua en la que no haya vida. Él retira los asientos, el agua para beber y el agua para lavarse, y barre el comedor. Cualquiera de los tres que note que los jarros de agua para beber, para lavarse o para las letrinas están vacíos o con poco agua, se ocupa de ellos. Si pesan demasiado para él, llama a otro haciéndole una señal con la mano y juntando las manos ambos lo mueven, pero por eso no entablamos conversación. Ahora bien, cada cinco días pasamos la noche juntos sentados debatiendo sobre el Dharma. Así es como permanecemos diligentes, apasionados y resueltos.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Muy bien, Anuruddha, muy bien. Pero mientras permanecen ustedes diligentes, apasionados y resueltos así ¿Han logrado algún estado sobrehumano, una distinción en conocimiento y visión digna de quienes son nobles, una morada cómoda?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-¿Cómo no, venerable señor? En cuanto a esto, venerable señor, siempre que queremos, bien apartados de los placeres sensuales, apartados de los estado insanos, entramos y permanecemos en el primer jhana, que está acompañado de pensamiento aplicado y pensamiento sostenido, con éxtasis y gozo surgidos del apartamiento. Venerable señor, este es un estado sobrehumano, una distinción en conocimiento y visión digna de quienes son nobles, una morada cómoda que hemos logrado permaneciendo diligentes, apasionados y resueltos.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Muy bien, Anuruddha, muy bien ¿Pero hay algún otro estado sobrehumano, otra distinción en conocimiento y visión digna de quienes son nobles, otra morada cómoda que hayan ustedes logrado por la superación de dicha morada, por hacer que mengüe dicha morada?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-¿Cómo no, señor? En cuanto a esto, venerable señor, siempre que queremos, con el acto de calmar el pensamiento aplicado y el pensamiento sostenido entramos y permanecemos en el segundo jhana. Con el apagarse del éxtasis entramos y permanecemos en el tercer jhana. Con el abandono del placer y del dolor, entramos y permanecemos en el cuarto jhana. Venerable señor, este es otro otro estado sobrehumano, otra distinción en conocimiento y visión digna de quienes son nobles, otra morada cómoda que hemos logrado por la superación de dicha morada, por hacer que mengüe dicha morada.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Muy bien, Anuruddha, muy bien ¿Pero hay algún otro estado sobrehumano que hayan ustedes logrado por la superación de dicha morada, por hacer que mengüe dicha morada?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-¿Cómo no, señor? En cuanto a esto, venerable señor, siempre que queremos, con la superación total de la forma, con la desaparición de las percepciones del impacto</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">sensorial, con el cese de atención a la diversidad de las percepciones, conscientes de que el espacio es infinito, entramos y permanecemos en la base del espacio infinito. Venerable señor, este es otro estado sobrehumano que hemos logrado por la superación de la morada que le precede, por hacer que mengüe dicha morada.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Muy bien, Anuruddha, muy bien ¿Pero hay algún otro estado sobrehumano que hayan ustedes logrado por la superación de dicha morada, por hacer que mengüe dicha morada?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-¿Cómo no, señor? En cuanto a esto, venerable señor, siempre que queremos, por el acto de superar completamente la base del espacio infinito, entramos y permanecemos en la base de la consciencia infinita. Por el acto de superar completamente la base de la consciencia infinita, conscientes de que no hay nada, entramos y permanecemos en la base de la nada. Por el acto de superar completamente la base de la nada, entramos y permanecemos en la base de ni-percepción ni no-percepción. Venerable señor, este es otro estado sobrehumano que hemos logrado por la superación de la morada que le precede, por hacer que mengüe dicha morada.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Muy bien, Anuruddha, muy bien ¿Pero hay algún otro estado sobrehumano, otra distinción en conocimiento y visión digna de quienes son nobles, otra morada cómoda que hayan ustedes logrado por la superación de dicha morada, por hacer que mengüe dicha morada?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-¿Cómo no, señor? En cuanto a esto, venerable señor, siempre que queremos, por el acto de superar completamente la base de ni-percepción ni no-percepción, entramos y permanecemos en la cesación de percepción y sensaciones. Y nuestras tachas son destruidas por nuestra visión dotada de sabiduría. Venerable señor, este es otro estado sobrehumano que hemos logrado por la superación de la morada que le precede, por hacer que mengüe dicha morada. Y, venerable señor, nosotros no vemos ninguna morada cómoda más que sea superior o más sublime que esta.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Muy bien, Anuruddha, muy bien. No hay ninguna morada cómoda más que sea superior o más sublime que esta.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces, una vez que el Bienaventurado hubo instruido, exhortado, conmovido y animado al venerable Anuruddha, al venerable Nandiya y al venerable Kimbila, con palabras del Dhamma, se levantó de su asiento y partió.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tras haber acompañado al Bienaventurado un poco y haber vuelto de nuevo, el venerable Nadiya y el venerable Kimbila le preguntaron al venerable Anuruddha:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-¿Hemos hecho saber, alguna vez, al venerable Anuruddha que nosotros hayamos alcanzado esas moradas y logros que el venerable Anuruddha, en presencia del Bienaventurado nos atribuyó, hasta llegar a la destrucción de las tachas?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Los venerables señores nunca me han hecho saber que hayan alcanzado esas moradas y logros. Aun así al abarcar con mi propia mente la mente unida de ambos venerables, sé que han alcanzado esas moradas y logros. Además, divinidades me han hecho saber: “Estos venerables señores han alcanzado esas moradas y esos logros”. Luego lo declaré cuando el Bienaventurado me cuestionó directamente.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces el espíritu Digha Parajana fue al Bienaventurado. Tras rendir honores al Bienaventurado, se colocó de pie a un lado y dijo:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-¡Es un beneficio para los vajjianes, venerable señor, un gran beneficio para el pueblo vajjian que el Tathagata, realizado y completamente iluminado, more entre ellos, así como esos miembros de un clan, el venerable Anuruddha, el venerable Nandiya y el venerable Kimbila! </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Al oír la exclamación del espíritu Digha Parajana, los dioses de la Tierra exclamaron:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-¡Es un beneficio para los vajjianes, venerable señor, un gran beneficio para el pueblo vajjian que el Tathagata, realizado y completamente iluminado, more entre ellos, así como esos miembros de un clan, el venerable Anuruddha, el venerable Nandiya y el venerable Kimbila!</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Al oír la exclamación de los dioses de la Tierra, los dioses del paraíso de los Cuatro Grandes Reyes, los dioses del paraíso de los Treinta y Tres, los dioses Yama, los dioses del paraíso Tusita, los dioses que gozan creando, los dioses que ejercen poder sobre las creaciones ajenas, los dioses del séquito de Brahma exclamaron:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-¡Es un beneficio para los vajjianes, venerable señor, un gran beneficio para el pueblo vajjian que el Tathagata, realizado y completamente iluminado, more entre ellos, así como esos miembros de un clan, el venerable Anuruddha, el venerable Nandiya y el venerable Kimbila!</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Así que en ese instante, en ese momento, esos venerables señores fueron conocidos hasta en las lejanías del mundo de Brahma. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">El Bienaventurado dijo:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-¡Así es, Digha, así es! Además, si el clan del cual partieron, dejando la casa para ir a la mendicidad, los recuerda con el corazón lleno de fe, eso conducirá al bienestar y a la felicidad a ese clan por mucho tiempo. Y si el séquito del clan del cual partieron estos tres miembros de un clan, si la aldea de que partieron, si la villa de la cual partieron, si la ciudad de la cual partieron, si el país del cual partieron estos tres miembros del clan dejando la casa para ir a la mendicidad los recordara con el corazón lleno de fe, eso conduciría al bienestar y a la felicidad de ese país por mucho tiempo. Si todos los nobles recordaran a estos tres miembros del clan con el corazón lleno de fe, eso conduciría al bienestar y a la felicidad de los nobles por mucho tiempo. Si todos los brahmanes, todos los mercaderes y todos los trabajadores recordaran a esos tres miembros del clan con el corazón lleno de fe, eso conduciría al bienestar y a la felicidad de los trabajadores por mucho tiempo. Si el mundo con sus dioses, sus Maras y sus Brahmas, esta generación con sus ascetas y brahmanes, sus príncipes y su gente, recordara a estos tres miembros de un clan con el corazón lleno de fe, eso conduciría al bienestar y la felicidad del mundo por mucho tiempo. Mira, Digha, como estos tres miembros de un clan practican por el beneficio y la felicidad de la gente, por compasión del mundo, para el bien, por el bienestar y la felicidad de dioses y humanos.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Esto es lo que dijo el Bienaventurado. El espíritu Digha Parajana quedó satisfecho y deleitado por las palabras del Bienaventurado. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Traducido por Shakyavamsa © No reproducir sin permiso de info@librosbudistas.com</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h1 class="western" lang="es-ES" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;"><a name="Metta_Sutta"></a>Metta Sutta</h1><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Aquel que desea penetrar el Estado de Paz (Nibbana)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">y persigue su propio bienestar </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">debería ser capaz, recto, muy recto, obediente, </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">apacible y sin vanidad. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Debería estar satisfecho, ser fácil de </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">mantener, tener pocas actividades y pocas </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">posesiones, controlado en sus sentidos,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">prudente, sin desvergüenza y sin apego a familias.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">No debería cometer la más mínima falta </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">que podría ser objeto de censura por parte de los </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">sabios. Que todos los seres estén felices y seguros. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Que estén felices en sus corazones.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Que todos los seres que existen, débiles o </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">fuertes, largos o grandes, medianos o bajos, </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">pequeños o gruesos, conocidos o desconocidos, </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">cercanos o lejanos, nacidos o por nacer, que todos los </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">seres sin excepción estén felices.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Que nadie engañe ni desprecie al otro </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">en ningún lugar; que no desee el sufrimiento </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">del otro con provocación o enemistad.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Así como una madre protege a propio hijo,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">su único hijo, a costa de su propia vida, </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">de la misma forma uno debería cultivar un </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">corazón sin límites hacia todos los seres.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Que sus pensamientos de amor llenen todo </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">el mundo, arriba, abajo y a lo largo; sin diferencias, </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">sin malicia, sin odio.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Parado, caminando, sentado o acostado, </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">mientras despierto uno debería cultivar esta </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">meditación de amor. Ésta, ellos dicen, es la </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">mejor conducta en este mundo.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sin caer en opiniones erróneas, </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">virtuoso y dotado de visión,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">uno elimina el apego a los sentidos y </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">realmente no viene de nuevo al vientre.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Texto editado y traducido del pali por Bhikkhu Nandisena. Edición del Sexto Concilio Budista. Referencia canónica: Khuddaka Nikaya, 10-12; Sutta Nipata, 300-1. Este material puede ser reproducido para uso personal, puede ser distribuido sólo en forma gratuita. ©CMBT 1999. Revisión, 13 de marzo de 2000. Fondo Dhamma Dana. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h1 class="western" lang="es-ES" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;"><a name="Kosambiya_Sutta"></a>Kosambiya sutta</h1><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Esto he oído. En cierta ocasión el Bienaventurado residía en Kosambi en el parque de Ghosita.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces en aquella ocasión los bikkhus de Kosambi se habían dado a las riñas y a las peleas y estaban hundidos en disputas, hiriéndose mutuamente con dagas verbales. No podían convencerse los unos a los otros, ni ser convencidos por otros; no podían persuadirse los unos a los otros ni ser persuadidos por otros. Entonces cierto bikkhu fue al Bienaventurado y tras rendirle honores, se sentó a un lado y le informó de lo que estaba ocurriendo. Entones el Bienaventurado le dijo así a ese bikkhu:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Ve, bikkhu, y diles a esos bikkhus, de mi parte, que los llama el Maestro.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Si, venerable señor, respondió y fue a esos bikkhus y les dijo:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Venerables, el Maestro os llama.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Si amigo, le respondieron y fueron al Bienaventurado. Tras rendirle honores se sentaron a un lado. El Bienaventurado entonces les preguntó:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Bikkhus ¿Es cierto que os habéis dado a las riñas y a las peleas y que estáis hundidos en disputas, hiriéndoos mutuamente con dagas verbales? ¿Qué no podéis convenceros los unos a los otros ni ser convencidos por otros? ¿Qué no podéis persuadiros los unos a los otros ni ser persuadidos por otros?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Si, venerable señor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Bikkhus ¿Qué pensáis? ¿Cuándo os dais a las riñas y a las peleas y estáis hundidos en disputas, hiriéndoos mutuamente con dagas verbales, entonces mantenéis actos de amor (metta) con el cuerpo, el habla y la mente, en privado y en público, hacia vuestros compañeros en la vida santa?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-No, venerable señor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Luego, bikkhus, cuando os dais a las riñas y a las peleas y estáis hundidos en disputas, hiriéndoos mutuamente con dagas verbales entonces no mantenéis actos de amor (metta) con el cuerpo, el habla y la mente, en privado y en público, hacia vuestros compañeros en la vida santa. Hombres desencaminados ¿Qué sabréis, qué veréis, que os dais a las riñas y a las peleas y estáis hundidos en disputas, hiriéndoos mutuamente con dagas verbales? ¿Qué sabréis, qué veréis que no podéis convenceros los unos a los otros ni ser convencidos por otros, que no podéis persuadiros los unos a los otros ni ser persuadidos por otros? Hombres desencaminados, esto os conducirá al daño y al sufrimiento por mucho tiempo.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces el Bienaventurado se dirigió así a los bikkhus:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Bikkhus, existen estas seis cualidades memorables que crean amor y respeto y conducen a la colaboración, a la ausencia de disputas, a la concordia y a la unidad ¿Cuáles son estas seis?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Un bikkhu mantiene actos de amor (metta) tanto en público como en privado hacia sus compañeros en la vida santa. Esta es una cualidad memorable que crea amor y respeto y conduce a la colaboración, a la ausencia de disputas, a la concordia y a la unidad.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además, un bikkhu, mantiene actos verbales de amor (metta) tanto en público como en privado hacia sus compañeros en la vida santa. Esta es una cualidad memorable que crea amor y respeto y conduce a la unidad.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además, un bikkhu, mantiene actos mentales de amor (metta) tanto en público como en privado hacia sus compañeros en la vida santa. Esta es una cualidad memorable que crea amor y respeto y conduce a la unidad.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además, un bikkhu comparte las cosas con sus virtuosos compañeros en la vida santa; sin reservas, él comparte con ellos cualquier beneficio del tipo obtenido en acuerdo con el Dhamma, hasta incluso el contenido del cuenco. Esta es una cualidad memorable que crea amor y respeto y conduce a la unidad.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además, un bikkhu permanece, tanto en público como en privado, en posesión en común con sus compañeros en la vida santa, de esas virtudes que no se quiebran, que no se rasgan, que no se manchan, liberadoras, elogiadas por los sabios, no equivocadas y que conducen a la concentración. Esta es también una cualidad memorable que crea amor y respeto y conduce a la unidad.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además, un bikkhu permanece, tanto en público como en privado, en posesión en común con sus compañeros en la vida santa de esa comprensión que es noble y emancipa y que conduce a quien practica según ella a la destrucción completa del sufrimiento. Esta es también una cualidad memorable que crea amor y respeto, y conduce a la colaboración, a la ausencia de disputas, a la concordia y a la unidad.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Estas son las seis cualidades memorables que crean amor y respeto y conducen a la colaboración, a la ausencia de disputas, a la concordia y a la unidad. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">De estas cualidades memorables, la superior, la que es más esencial, la de carácter más decisivo es esa comprensión que es noble y emancipa y que conduce a quien practica según ella a la destrucción completa del sufrimiento. Igual que la parte más elevada, la que es más esencial, la de carácter más decisivo, de un edificio con pináculo es el pináculo mismo, luego igualmente de estas seis cualidades memorables la superior es esa comprensión que es noble y emancipa.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">¿Y cómo esa comprensión que es noble y emancipa conduce a quien practica según ella a la destrucción completa del sufrimiento? Un bikkhu, habiéndose ido al bosque, o a la raíz de un árbol, o a una choza vacía, considera lo siguiente:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">¿Hay alguna obsesión no abandonada en mi que obsesione mi mente de modo que no pueda aprehender las cosas tal como realmente son?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Si un bikkhu está obsesionado por la avidez sensual, entonces su mente está obsesionada. Si está obsesionado por el odio, entonces su mente está obsesionada. Si está obsesionado por la pereza y la somnolencia, entonces su mente está obsesionada. Si está obsesionado por la ansiedad y el desasosiego, entonces su mente está obsesionada. Si está obsesionado por la duda, entonces su mente está obsesionada. Si un bikkhu está absorto en la especulación sobre este mundo, entonces su mente está obsesionada. Si un bikkhu está absorto en la especulación sobre el otro mundo, entonces su mente está obsesionada. Si un bikkhu se da a las riñas y a las peleas y se hunde en disputas, hiriendo a los demás con dagas verbales, entonces su mente está obsesionada.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces él sabe esto: No hay obsesión no abandonada en mi que pueda de tal modo obsesionar mi mente para que no pueda aprehender las cosas tal y como precisamente son. Mi mente está bien dispuesta para el despertar a las verdades. Este es el primer conocimiento logrado por él que es noble, supramundano, y no compartido por la gente ordinaria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además un discípulo noble considera lo siguiente: ¿Cuándo pongo empeño, desarrollo y cultivo esta comprensión, logro serenidad interna, logro en mi persona la calma?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces él sabe esto: Cuándo pongo empeño, desarrollo y cultivo esta comprensión, logro serenidad interna, logro en mi persona la calma. Este es el segundo conocimiento logrado por él que es noble, supramundano, y no compartido por la gente ordinaria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además un discípulo noble considera lo siguiente: ¿Hay algún otro asceta o brahmán fuera de la esfera del Buda poseído de conocimiento tal como el que poseo?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces él sabe esto: No hay ningún otro asceta o brahmán fuera de la esfera del Buda poseído de conocimiento tal como el que poseo. Este es el tercer conocimiento logrado por él que es noble, supramundano, y no compartido por la gente ordinaria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además un discípulo noble considera lo siguiente: ¿Poseo el carácter de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">¿Cuál es el carácter de una persona que posee la comprensión correcta? Este es el carácter de una persona que posee la comprensión correcta: Aunque él cometa algún tipo de falta para la que se han establecido medios para la rehabilitación, aun así él confiesa sin demora, la revela a su Maestro o a compañeros sabios de la vida santa y habiendo hecho esto, se obliga a controlarse en el futuro. Como un niño pequeño tendido se retira sin demora cuando pone una mano o pie en un ascua, así es el carácter de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces él sabe esto: Poseo el carácter de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta. Este es el cuarto conocimiento logrado por él que es noble, supramundano, y no compartido por la gente ordinaria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además, un discípulo noble considera lo siguiente: ¿Poseo el carácter de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">¿Cuál es el carácter de una persona que posee la compresión correcta? Este es el carácter de la persona que posee la compresión correcta: Aunque él sea activo en varios asuntos con sus compañeros de la vida santa, aun así él tendrá gran respeto por el entrenamiento en la virtud superior, entrenándose en la mente superior, entrenándose en la sabiduría superior. Como una vaca con su ternero joven que mientras pasta no lo pierde de vista, así es también el carácter de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces él sabe esto: Poseo el carácter de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta. Este es el quinto conocimiento logrado por él que es noble, supramundano, y no compartido por la gente ordinaria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">De nuevo, el discípulo noble considera lo siguiente: ¿Poseo la fuerza de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">¿Cuál es la fuerza de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta? Esta es la fuerza de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta: Cuando están siendo enseñados el Dharma y la Disciplina por el Tathagata, él le hace caso, presta atención, pone toda su mente en ello, escucha el Dharma con oídos anhelantes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces él sabe esto: Poseo la fuerza de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta. Este es el sexto conocimiento logrado por él que es noble, supramundano, y no compartido por la gente ordinaria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Admás, el discípulo noble considera lo siguiente: ¿Poseo la fuerza de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">¿Cuál es la fuerza de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta? Esta es la fuerza de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta: Cuando el Dharma y la Disciplina que proclamó el Tathagata están siendo enseñados, él logra inspiración de su significado, logra inspiración en el Dharma, logra alegría que conectada con el Dharma.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces él sabe esto: Poseo la fuerza de la persona que posee la comprensión correcta. Este es el séptimo conocimiento logrado por él que es noble, supramundano, y no compartido por la gente ordinaria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cuando un discípulo noble posee estos siete factores, ha buscado bien el carácter para la realización de la Entrada en la Corriente. Cuando un discípulo noble posee estos siete factores, él posee el fruto de la Entrada en la Corriente. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Esto fue lo que dijo el Bienaventurado. Los bikkhus quedaron satisfechos y deleitados con las palabras del Bienaventurado.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Traducido por Shakyavamsa © No reproducir sin permiso de info@librosbudistas.com</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h1 class="western" lang="es-ES" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;"><a name="Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta"></a>Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta</h1><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Esto es lo que he oído. En una ocasión el Sublime estaba residiendo cerca de Benares, en Isipatana, en el Parque de los Ciervos. Allí el Sublime se dirigió al grupo de los cinco monjes. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Estos dos extremos, oh monjes, no deberían ser seguidos por un renunciante. ¿Cuales son éstos dos? Complacencia en los placeres sensuales, esto es bajo, vulgar, ordinario, innoble y sin beneficio; y adicción a la mortificación, esto es doloroso, innoble y sin beneficio. No siguiendo estos dos extremos el Tathagata ha penetrado el camino medio que genera la visión, que genera el conocimiento, que conduce a la paz, que conduce a la sabiduría, que conduce a la iluminación y que conduce al Nibbana. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="es-ES">¿Cuál, oh monjes, es el camino medio que el Tathagata ha penetrado que genera la visión, que genera el conocimiento, que conduce a la paz, que conduce a la sabiduría, que conduce a la iluminación y que conduce al Nibbana? Simplemente este Óctuple Noble Sendero; es decir, Recto Entendimiento, Recto Pensamiento, Recto Lenguaje, Recta Acción, Recta Vida, Recto Esfuerzo, Recta Atención y Recta Concentración. Éste, oh monjes, es ese camino medio que el Tathagata ha penetrado que genera la visión, que genera el conocimiento, que conduce a la paz, que conduce a la sabiduría, que conduce a la iluminación y que conduce al Nibbana</span><span lang="es-ES"><i>.</i></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ésta, oh monjes, es la Noble Verdad del Sufrimiento. El nacimiento es sufrimiento, la vejez es sufrimiento, la enfermedad es sufrimiento, la muerte es sufrimiento, asociarse con lo indeseable es sufrimiento, separarse de lo deseable es sufrimiento, no obtener lo que se desea es sufrimiento. En breve, los cinco agregados de la adherencia son sufrimiento.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ésta, oh monjes, es la Noble Verdad del Origen del Sufrimiento. Es el deseo que produce nuevos renacimientos, que acompañado con placer y pasión encuentra siempre nuevo deleite, ahora aquí, ahora allí. Es decir, el deseo por los placeres sensuales, el deseo por la existencia y el deseo por la no-existencia. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ésta, oh monjes, es la Noble Verdad de la Cesación del Sufrimiento. Es la total extinción y cesación de ese mismo deseo, su abandono, su descarte, liberarse del mismo, su no-dependencia.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ésta, oh monjes, es la Noble Verdad del Sendero que conduce a la Cesación del Sufrimiento. Simplemente este Óctuple Noble Sendero; es decir, Recto Entendimiento, Recto Pensamiento, Recto Lenguaje, Recta Acción, Recta Vida, Recto Esfuerzo, Recta Atención y Recta Concentración. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ésta es la Noble Verdad del Sufrimiento. Así, oh monjes, con relación a cosas desconocidas por mi anteriormente, surgió la visión, surgió el conocimiento, surgió la sabiduría, surgió la penetración y surgió la luz. Esta Noble Verdad del Sufrimiento debe ser comprendida. Así, oh monjes, con relación a cosas desconocidas por mi anteriormente, surgió la visión, surgió el conocimiento, surgió la sabiduría, surgió la penetración y surgió la luz. Esta Noble Verdad del Sufrimiento ha sido comprendida. Así, oh monjes, con relación a cosas desconocidas por mi anteriormente, surgió la visión, surgió el conocimiento, surgió la sabiduría, surgió la penetración y surgió la luz.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ésta es la Noble Verdad del Origen del Sufrimiento. Así, oh monjes, con relación a cosas desconocidas por mi anteriormente, surgió la visión, surgió el conocimiento, surgió la sabiduría, surgió la penetración y surgió la luz. Esta Noble Verdad del Origen del Sufrimiento debe ser erradicada. Así, oh monjes, con relación a cosas desconocidas por mi anteriormente, surgió la visión, surgió el conocimiento, surgió la sabiduría, surgió la penetración y surgió la luz.Esta Noble Verdad del Origen del Sufrimiento ha sido erradicada. Así, oh monjes, con relación a cosas desconocidas por mi anteriormente, surgió la visión, surgió el conocimiento, surgió la sabiduría, surgió la penetración y surgió la luz.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ésta es la Noble Verdad de la Cesación del Sufrimiento. Así, oh monjes, con relación a cosas desconocidas por mi anteriormente, surgió la visión, surgió el conocimiento, surgió la sabiduría, surgió la penetración y surgió la luz. Esta Noble Verdad de la Cesación del Sufrimiento debe ser realizada. Así, oh monjes, con relación a cosas desconocidas por mi anteriormente, surgió la visión, surgió el conocimiento, surgió la sabiduría, surgió la penetración y surgió la luz. Esta Noble Verdad de la Cesación del Sufrimiento ha sido realizada. Así, oh monjes, con relación a cosas desconocidas por mi anteriormente, surgió la visión, surgió el conocimiento, surgió la sabiduría, surgió la penetración y surgió la luz.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ésta es la Noble Verdad del Sendero que conduce a la Cesación del Sufrimiento. Así, oh monjes, con relación a cosas desconocidas por mi anteriormente, surgió la visión, surgió el conocimiento, surgió la sabiduría, surgió la penetración y surgió la luz. Esta Noble Verdad del Sendero que conduce a la Cesación del Sufrimiento debe ser desarrollada. Así, oh monjes, con relación a cosas desconocidas por mi anteriormente, surgió la visión, surgió el conocimiento, surgió la sabiduría, surgió la penetración y surgió la luz. Esta Noble Verdad del Sendero que conduce a la Cesación del Sufrimiento ha sido desarrollada. Así, oh monjes, con relación a cosas desconocidas por mi anteriormente, surgió la visión, surgió el conocimiento, surgió la sabiduría, surgió la penetración y surgió la luz.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="es-ES">Mientras, oh monjes, el conocimiento y la visión con respecto a estas Cuatro Nobles Verdades de acuerdo con la realidad bajo sus tres modos y doce aspectos no fue totalmente puro en mí, no admití al mundo con sus divinidades, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Maras</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> y </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Brahmas</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, a la humanidad con sus ascéticos, brahmanes y hombres, que había realizado correctamente por mí mismo la incomparable iluminación. </span></span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="es-ES">Cuando, oh monjes, el conocimiento y la visión con respecto a estas Cuatro Nobles Verdades de acuerdo con la realidad bajo sus tres modos y doce aspectos fue totalmente puro en mí, entonces admití al mundo con sus divinidades, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Maras</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> y </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Brahmas</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, a la humanidad con sus ascéticos, brahmanes y hombres, que había alcanzado correctamente por mí mismo la incomparable iluminación. Y surgió en mí el conocimiento y la visión: 'Irreversible es la liberación de mi mente. Éste es mi último nacimiento. No hay nueva existencia.'</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Esto dijo el Sublime. Los cinco monjes se regocijaron de las palabras del Sublime.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Durante la exposición del discurso surgió en el Venerable Kondañña la pura e inmaculada visión: 'Todo aquello que está sujeto a un surgir está sujeto a un cesar.' </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="es-ES">Cuando el Sublime expuso este discurso, las divinidades terrestres exclamaron: 'Esta excelente </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Dhammacakka</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> ha sido puesta en movimiento por el Sublime cerca de Benares, en Isipatana, en el Parque de los Ciervos, y no puede ser detenida por ningún ascético, brahmán, divinidad, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Mara</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Brahma</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, o ningún ser en el universo.' </span></span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="es-ES">Habiendo escuchado esto de las divinidades terrestres, la divinidades de </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Catumaharajika</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> exclamaron: 'Esta excelente </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Dhammacakka</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> ha sido puesta en movimiento por el Sublime cerca de Benares, en Isipatana, en el Parque de los Ciervos, y no puede ser detenida por ningún ascético, brahmán, divinidad, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Mara</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Brahma</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, o ningún ser en el universo.' Habiendo escuchado esto de las divinidades de </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Catumaharajika</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, las divinidades de </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Tavatimsa</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> exclamaron: 'Esta excelente </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Dhammacakka</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> ha sido puesta en movimiento por el Sublime cerca de Benares, en Isipatana, en el Parque de los Ciervos, y no puede ser detenida por ningún ascético, brahmán, divinidad, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Mara</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Brahma</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, o ningún ser en el universo.' Habiendo escuchado esto de las divinidades de </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Tavatimsa</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, las divinidades de </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Yama</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> exclamaron: 'Esta excelente </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Dhammacakka</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> ha sido puesta en movimiento por el Sublime cerca de Benares, en Isipatana, en el Parque de los Ciervos, y no puede ser detenida por ningún ascético, brahmán, divinidad, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Mara</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Brahma</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, o ningún ser en el universo.' Habiendo escuchado esto de las divinidades de </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Yama</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, las divinidades de </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Tusita</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> exclamaron: 'Esta excelente </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Dhammacakka</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> ha sido puesta en movimiento por el Sublime cerca de Benares, en Isipatana, en el Parque de los Ciervos, y no puede ser detenida por ningún ascético, brahmán, divinidad, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Mara</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Brahma</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, o ningún ser en el universo.' Habiendo escuchado esto de las divinidades de </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Tusita</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, las divinidades de </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Nimmanarati</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> exclamaron: 'Esta excelente </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Dhammacakka</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> ha sido puesta en movimiento por el Sublime cerca de Benares, en Isipatana, en el Parque de los Ciervos, y no puede ser detenida por ningún ascético, brahmán, divinidad, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Mara</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Brahma</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, o ningún ser en el universo.' Habiendo escuchado esto de las divinidades de </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Nimmanarati</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, las divinidades de </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Paranimmitavasavatti </i></span><span lang="es-ES">exclamaron: 'Esta excelente </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Dhammacakka</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> ha sido puesta en movimiento por el Sublime cerca de Benares, en Isipatana, en el Parque de los Ciervos, y no puede ser detenida por ningún ascético, brahmán, divinidad, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Mara</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Brahma</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, o ningún ser en el universo.' Habiendo escuchado esto de las divinidades de </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Paranimmitavasavatti</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, las divinidades del mundo de los </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Brahmas</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> exclamaron: 'Esta excelente </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Dhammacakka</i></span><span lang="es-ES"> ha sido puesta en movimiento por el Sublime cerca de Benares, en Isipatana, en el Parque de los Ciervos, y no puede ser detenida por ningún ascético, brahmán, divinidad, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Mara</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Brahma</i></span><span lang="es-ES">, o ningún ser en el universo.'</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="es-ES">Y en ese segundo, en ese momento, en ese instante, esa exclamación se extendió hasta el mundo de los </span><span lang="es-ES"><i>Brahmas</i></span><span lang="es-ES">. Y los diez mil universos se estremecieron, se sacudieron y temblaron violentamente. Una espléndida e ilimitada luminosidad, sobrepasando la refulgencia de las divinidades, se manifestó en el mundo. </span></span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Después el Sublime pronunció esta expresión de alegría: 'Amigos, Kondañña realmente ha comprendido. Amigos, Kondañña realmente ha comprendido.' Y el Venerable Kondañña fue llamado Aññasi-Kondañña. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Y el Venerable Aññasi-Kondañña, habiendo penetrado, alcanzado, comprendido las Nobles Verdades, habiéndose sumergido en ellas, habiendo abandonado la duda y la incertidumbre, habiendo alcanzado perfecta convicción y no dependiendo de nadie en la religión de Maestro, se dirigió al Sublime: 'Venerable Señor, deseo recibir la ordenación en la presencia del Sublime, deseo recibir la alta ordenación.' 'Venga monje,' dijo el Sublime. 'Bien expuesta está la Doctrina. Practique la vida noble para completamente poner fin al sufrimiento.' Y ésa simplemente fue la ordenación del Venerable.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times Pali,serif;"><span lang="es-ES">Text</span></span><span lang="es-ES">o traducido del pali por Bhikkhu Nandisena. Edición del Sexto Concilio Buddhista. Referencias canónicas: </span><span lang="es-ES">Vinayapitaka Mahavagga 14-18; Samyutta-Nikaya Tatiyabhaga 368-373; Patisambhidamagga 330-335</span><span lang="es-ES">. </span><span lang="es-ES">Este material puede ser reproducido para uso personal, puede ser distribuido sólo en forma gratuita. ©CMBT 1999. Última revisión domingo, 08 de octubre de 2000. Fondo Dhamma Dana. </span></span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="western" lang="en-US" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h1 class="western" lang="es-ES" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;"><a name="Bahiya_Sutta"></a>Bahiya Sutta </h1><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Esto he oído. En cierta ocasión el Ensalzado moraba cerca de Sávati, en la arboleda de Jeta, en el parque de Anathapindika. En esa ocasión Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol, moraba en Supparaka en la costa, y era apreciado, honrado, tenido en gran estima, adorado, y era objeto de deferencia. Tenía hábitos y donativos de comida en abundancia, cama, asiento, alivios y medicinas para las enfermedades. Así que esta consideración surgió en la mente de Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol: “Me pregunto si seré yo uno de esos en el mundo que son arahantes o han alcanzado el sendero del arahant.”</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces, un deva, que había sido anteriormente un pariente de Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol, por compasión y por deseo por su bienestar, sabiendo por sí mismo la consideración en su mente, fue a donde se encontraba y le dijo a Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol: “Bahiya, ni eres arahant ni has alcanzado el sendero del arahant. No es el tuyo el curso por el cual puedas tú ser arahant o alcanzar el sendero del arahant”. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Pero, respondió Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol ¿Quiénes en el mundo con sus dioses son arahantes o han alcanzado el sendero del arahant?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">- Hay una ciudad, Bahiya, llamada Sávati, en las lejanas regiones. Allí mora ahora el Ensalzado, quien es arahant, aquel correctamente Despierto. Bahiya, Él es verdaderamente arahant y enseña el dhamma por el que se alcanza la arahantidad. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces, Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol, conmovido por ese deva, dejó Supparaka y, descansando sólo una noche durante el viaje, llegó a donde moraba el Ensalzado, cerca de Sávati, en la arboleda de Jeta, en el Parque de Anthapindika.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">En esa ocasión un gran número de bikkhus paseaba al aire libre. Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol, fue a estos monjes y les dijo:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Señores, os ruego ¿Dónde está ahora el Ensalzado, aquel que es arahant, aquel correctamente Despierto? Deseo ver a ese arahant, aquel correctamente Despierto.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-El Ensalzado, Bahiya, se ha ido por las casas para pedir comida. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">En seguida, Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol, se dio media vuelta rápidamente, dejó la arboleda de Jeta y entró en Sávati, donde vio al Ensalzado andando por Sávati pidiendo comida; con bella apariencia, un placer era contemplarlo, con los sentidos calmados, la mente tranquila, en perfecto logro de compostura por medio del control de la maestría, (como) un elefante perfectamente entrenado, amaestrado y alerta. Al verlo, fue a él, se tendió con la cabeza a sus pies y dijo esto al Ensalzado:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Señor, ¡Que el Ensalzado me enseñe dhamma! ¡Que el Bienhechor me enseñe dhamma para que sea en mi provecho y para mi felicidad por mucho tiempo¡</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">A estas palabras el Ensalzado dijo a Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">- Has llegado en momento inoportuno, Bahiya, hemos empezado a pedir la comida.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces, por segunda vez, Bahiya, el de las vestiduras de corteza de árbol, dijo al Ensalzado:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Señor es difícil saber que peligro hay para la duración de la vida del Ensalzado o para la mía ¡Que el Ensalzado me enseñe dhamma! ¡Que el Bienhechor me enseñe dhamma para que sea en mi provecho y para mi felicidad por mucho tiempo!</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Por segunda vez el Ensalzado dijo:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">- Has llegado en momento inoportuno, Bahiya, hemos empezado a pedir la comida.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Aun por tercera vez, , Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol, dijo al Ensalzado:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Señor es difícil saber que peligro hay para la duración de la vida del Ensalzado o para la mía ¡Que el Ensalzado me enseñe dhamma! ¡Que el Bienhechor me enseñe dhamma para que sea en mi provecho y para mi felicidad por mucho tiempo!</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Entonces, Bahiya, así has de entrenarte: En lo visto habrá sólo lo visto, en lo oído sólo lo oído, en lo imaginado sólo lo imaginado, en lo percibido sólo lo percibido. De modo que así no tendrás “por ser de ese modo...” Así es como has de entrenarte. Ahora bien, Bahiya, cuando en los visto haya para ti sólo lo visto en lo oído sólo lo oído, en lo imaginado sólo lo imaginado, en lo percibido sólo lo percibido. Entonces Bahiya, como no tendrás “por ser de ese modo...”, no tendrás “por lo tanto”. Como no tendrás “por lo tanto” se concluye que no tendrás “aquí” ni “más allá” ni “lo que está entre ambos”. Eso es el final del mal.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">En seguida, Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol, gracias a esta enseñanza concisa del dhamma del Ensalzado, por no apegarse, a partir de ese momento liberó su mente de los males. De modo que el Ensalzado tras aconsejar a Bahiya con esta enseñanza concisa, se marchó.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Poco después de que partiera el Ensalzado, un becerro atacó a Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol, y le causó la muerte. El Ensalzado, tras andar por Sávati mendigando comida, volvió de mendigar comida y después de comer, cuando dejaba la ciudad con un gran número de monjes, vio a Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol, cuya vida había quedado concluida. Al verlo dijo a los monjes:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Monjes tomad el cuerpo de Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol, traed una litera, llevároslo, quemadlo y levantad un montículo. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Si señor, respondieron esos monjes al Ensalzado, y tomaron el cuerpo, trajeron una litera, lo colocaron sobre ella y lo quemaron, cuando hubieron levantado un montículo, fueron a donde estaba el Ensalzado, lo saludaron y se sentaron a un lado.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces, estando sentados a un lado esos monjes dijeron esto al Ensalzado:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Señor, el cuerpo de Bahiya , el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol, ha sido quemado y se ha levantado un montículo. Os rogamos Señor, ¿Para adónde ha ido? ¿Cuál es su destino futuro?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Un sabio, monjes, era Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol. El se fue en acuerdo con el dhamma, y no me molestó en el asunto de la enseñanza del dhamma. Bahiya, el de la vestidura de corteza de árbol, ha logrado la liberación total.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">En seguida, el Ensalzado viendo el significado de ello pronunció este verso inspirador:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Donde el agua, la tierra, el fuego, el aire no encuentran donde posarse,</i></span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Allí no brilla estrella alguna, no se muestra ningún sol allí,</i></span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Allí no reluce ninguna luna, no se ve allí oscuridad.</i></span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Luego cuando el sabio, el brahmán, por la sabiduría </i></span> </div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>de su propio ser ha penetrado (en la verdad),</i></span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>de la forma y de la no-forma, del placer y del dolor él está libre.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Este verso inspirador fue también dicho por el Ensalzado, así lo oí yo.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Del “Udana”. Traducido por Shakyavamsa © No reproducir sin permiso de info@librosbudistas.com</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h1 class="western" lang="es-ES" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;"><a name="Maha-Mangala_Sutta"></a>Maha-Mangala Sutta</h1><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Esto he escuchado. En cierta ocasión el Bienaventurado residía cerca de Sávati en Jetavana, en el parque de Anathapindika. Estando la noche bien avanzada, cierta divinidad, cuyo insuperable resplandor iluminó todo Jetavana, se aproximó al Bienaventurado, lo saludó respetuosamente y se colocó a su lado. Una vez hecho esto se dirigió al Bienaventurado en verso:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;">Muchas divinidades y seres humanos que anhelan la felicidad han reflexionado (sobre la cuestión de) las bendiciones. Os ruego, decidme cuales son las mayores bendiciones.</span></div></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="2" style="text-align: justify;"><li><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;">No asociarse con el necio, sino asociarse con el sabio y rendir honor a los que son dignos de honor – esta es la mayor de las bendiciones.</span></div></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="3" style="text-align: justify;"><li><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;">Residir en lugar adecuado, haber ejecutado actos meritorios en el pasado y proceder en la dirección correcta – esta es la mayor de las bendiciones.</span></div></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="4" style="text-align: justify;"><li><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;">Vastos conocimientos, destreza en artesanía, disciplina bien establecida y habla agradable – esta es la mayor de las bendiciones.</span></div></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="5" style="text-align: justify;"><li><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;">Mantener a los propios padres, estimar a la esposa y a los hijos y practicar un oficio pacífico – esta es la mayor de las bendiciones.</span></div></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="6" style="text-align: justify;"><li><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;">Generosidad, conducta recta, prestar ayuda a los parientes y ejecutar actos no censurables – esta es la mayor de las bendiciones.</span></div></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="7" style="text-align: justify;"><li><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;">El cesar y el abstenerse del mal, abstenerse de bebidas intoxicantes y ser diligente para la ejecución de actos correctos – esta es la mayor de las bendiciones.</span></div></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="8" style="text-align: justify;"><li><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;">Reverencia, humildad, contentamiento, gratitud y escuchar en el momento apropiado el Dhamma, la enseñanza del Buda, - esta es la mayor de las bendiciones.</span></div></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="9" style="text-align: justify;"><li><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;">Paciencia, obediencia, ver a los Samanas (hombres santos) y la discusión sobre el Dhamma en el momento apropiado – esta es la mayor de las bendiciones.</span></div></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="10" style="text-align: justify;"><li><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;">Autocontrol, castidad, comprensión de las Verdades Nobles y el logro del Nibbana – esta es la mayor de las bendiciones.</span></div></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="11" style="text-align: justify;"><li><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;">La mente que no es tocada por las vicisitudes de la vida*, la mente libre de pena, sin tacha y segura – esta es la mayor de las bendiciones.</span></div></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="12" style="text-align: justify;"><li><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;">Aquellos que cumplen las condiciones (para tales bendiciones), son victoriosos en cualquier sitio y logran la felicidad en cualquier sitio – para ellos son las mayores bendiciones.</span></div></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">*Las vicisitudes de la vida son “los vientos mundanos”: la ganancia y la pérdida, la buena reputación y la mala reputación, la alabanza y la culpa, y finalmente, la alegría y la pena. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Traducido por Shakyavamsa © No reproducir sin permiso de info@librosbudistas.com</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h1 class="western" lang="es-ES" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;"><a name="Sutta_de_Meghiya"></a>Sutta de Meghiya</h1><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Esto he oído. En cierta ocasión, el Señor permanecía en Calika, en el cerro de Calika. En aquellos días, el venerable Meghiya era el asistente del Señor. Entonces el venerable Meghiya se aproximó al Señor, se postró, se colocó a un lado y dijo: </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">- Reverenciado Señor, deseo ir a Jantu, la aldea, a mendigar la comida.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Haz ahora, Meghiya, lo que pienses que es hora de hacer.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces el venerable Meghiya, tras haberse puesto el hábito en la mañana y habiendo cogido su cuenco y su hábito exterior, entró a la aldea de Jantu para mendigar comida. Tras haber caminado por Jantu para mendigar comida, después de comer, y de regreso de su recolección de comida, se acercó a la orilla del río Kimikala. Cuando caminaba y merodeaba junto al río para hacer ejercicio, vio una arboleda de mangos placentera y encantadora. Al verla pensó: “Esta arboleda es muy placentera y encantadora. Es eminentemente idónea para el esfuerzo (en la meditación) de un joven de buena familia que está resuelto a hacer ese esfuerzo.”</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces el venerable Meghiya se acercó al Señor, se postró, se sentó a un lado y dijo:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Reverenciado Señor, tras haberme puesto el hábito en la mañana ... me acerqué a la orilla del río Kimikala y vi una arboleda de mangos placentera y encantadora . Es eminentemente idónea para el esfuerzo (en la meditación) de un joven de buena familia que está resuelto a hacer ese esfuerzo. Si el Señor me diera permiso iría a esforzarme en esa arboleda de mangos.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Una vez dicho esto, el Señor le respondió al venerable Meghiya:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">- Puesto que estamos solos, Meghiya, espera un rato hasta que venga algún otro bhikkhu.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Por segunda vez el venerable Meghiya dijo al Señor:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Reverenciado Señor, el Señor no tiene ya cosa alguna que hacer, nada más que añadir a lo que ha hecho. Pero para mi, reverenciado Señor, hay aún cosas por hacer, más que añadir a lo que he hecho. Reverenciado Señor, si el Señor me diera permiso, iría a esforzarme (en la meditación) a esa arboleda de mangos.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Por segunda vez el Señor le respondió al venerable Meghiya:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">- Puesto que estamos solos, Meghiya, espera un rato hasta que venga algún otro bhikkhu.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Por tercera vez el venerable Meghiya dijo al Señor:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">- Reverenciado Señor, el Señor no tiene ya cosa alguna que hacer, nada más que añadir a lo que ha hecho. Pero para mi, reverenciado Señor, hay aún cosas por hacer, más que añadir a lo que he hecho. Reverenciado Señor, si el Señor me diera permiso, iría a esforzarme (en la meditación) a esa arboleda de mangos.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">- Ya que hablas de esforzarte, Meghiya ¿Qué puedo yo decir? Haz ahora, Meghiya, lo que pienses que es hora de hacer.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces el venerable Meghiya se alzó de su asiento, se postró ante el Buda y con su lado derecho hacia él se dirigió a la arboleda de mangos. Cuando entró a la arboleda de mangos se sentó al pie de uno de los árboles para el período de descanso del medio día.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ahora bien, mientras que el venerable Meghiya permanecía en la arboleda de mangos constantemente se le ocurrían tres tipos de pensamiento malo e insano: pensamiento sensual, pensamiento malévolo y pensamiento cruel. El venerable Meghiya reflexionó: “¡Es verdaderamente extraño! ¡Es verdaderamente chocante! Aunque por fe he renunciado al hogar por la mendicidad, todavía estoy abrumado por estos tres tipos de pensamiento malo e insano: pensamiento sensual, pensamiento malévolo y pensamiento cruel”</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces el venerable Meghiya, tras salir de la soledad, ya avanzada la tarde, se acercó al Señor, se postró, se sentó a un lado y dijo: </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">-Reverenciado Señor, mientras permanecía en la arboleda de mangos constantemente se me ocurrían tres tipos de pensamiento malo e insano: pensamiento sensual, pensamiento malévolo y pensamiento cruel. Y pensé: “¡Es verdaderamente extraño! ¡Es verdaderamente chocante! Aunque por fe he renunciado al hogar por la mendicidad, todavía estoy abrumado por estos tres tipos de pensamiento malo e insano: pensamiento sensual, pensamiento malévolo y pensamiento cruel”</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">- Cuando la liberación de la mente está todavía inmadura, cinco cosas la conducen a la madurez ¿Cuáles son estas cinco?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Escucha, Meghiya, un bhikkhu tiene buenos amigos, buenos compañeros. Cuando la liberación de la mente está todavía inmadura, esta es la primera cosa que conduce a su madurez.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además, Meghiya, un bhikkhu es virtuoso, vive restringido por las restricciones del Patimokkha, bien dotado de conducta y recurso; viendo peligro en la mínima de las faltas, se entrena en las reglas de entrenamiento que ha aceptado. Cuando la liberación de la mente está todavía inmadura, esta es la segunda cosa que conduce a su madurez.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además, Meghiya, un bhikkhu obtiene a voluntad, sin problema ni dificultad, habla que es modesta, una ayuda para la franqueza de la mente, y que conduce al apartamiento, la ausencia de pasión, la cesación, la paz, el conocimiento directo, la iluminación, el Nibbana – eso es, habla sobre la disminución de los deseos, habla sobre el contentamiento, habla sobre no ser gregario, habla sobre hacer el esfuerzo, habla sobre la virtud, habla sobre la concentración, habla sobre la sabiduría, habla sobre la liberación, habla sobre el conocimiento y la visión de la liberación. Cuando la liberación de la mente está todavía inmadura, esta es la tercera cosa que conduce a su madurez.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además Meghiya, un bhikkhu vive con energía empeñada en el abandono de los estados insanos y el logro de los estados sanos; él es vigoroso, enérgico y perseverante en cuanto a los estados sanos. Cuando la liberación de la mente está todavía inmadura, esta es la cuarta cosa que conduce a su madurez.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Además Meghiya, un bhikkhu es sabio, dotado con el conocimiento penetrante de los nobles sobre el surgimiento y la desaparición, que conduce al completo final del sufrimiento. Cuando la liberación de la mente está todavía inmadura, esta es la quinta cosa que conduce a su madurez. Cuando la liberación de la mente está todavía inmadura, Meghiya, estas cinco cosas conducen a su madurez.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Es de esperar que un bhikkhu que tiene buenos amigos, buenos compañeros, sea virtuoso, viva restringido por las restricciones del Patimokkha, bien dotado de conducta y recurso, viendo peligro en la mínima de las faltas, que se entrene en las reglas de entrenamiento que ha aceptado. Es de esperar que un bhikkhu que tiene buenos amigos... obtenga a voluntad, sin problema ni dificultad, habla que es modesta, una ayuda para la franqueza de la mente, y que conduce al apartamiento, la ausencia de pasión, la cesación, la paz, el conocimiento directo. Es de esperar que un bhikkhu que tiene buenos amigos... sea vigoroso, enérgico y perseverante en cuanto a los estados sanos... Es de esperar que un bhikkhu que tiene buenos amigos... sea sabio, dotado con el conocimiento penetrante de los nobles sobre el surgimiento y la desaparición, que conduce al completo final del sufrimiento.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Un bhikkhu, Meghiya, que está establecido en estas cinco cosas deberá también cultivar otras cuatro más: la (contemplación de la) suciedad se deberá cultivar para vencer la lujuria, metta será cultivada para vencer la malevolencia, seguimiento de la respiración será cultivado para el corte del pensamiento (discursivo), la percepción de la impermanencia será cultivada para la erradicación de la presunción de “yo soy”. Ya que cuando uno percibe la impermanencia, Meghiya, la percepción del no-ser está establecida. Cuando uno percibe el no-ser uno alcanza la erradicación de la presunción “yo soy”, lo que se llama el Nibbana aquí y ahora.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces, consciente de su significado, el Señor, profirió en esta ocasión estas palabras inspiradas: </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Pensamientos triviales, pensamientos sutiles,</i></span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Sacudidas mentales que te siguen:</i></span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Por no entender estos pensamientos,</i></span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Corres de allá para acá con mente inquieta.</i></span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Pero conociendo esos pensamientos,</i></span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>El que está en atención consciente y entregado los restringe.</i></span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Un iluminado ha abandonado completamente</i></span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Esas sacudidas mentales que te siguen.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Del “Udana”. Traducido por Shakyavamsa © No reproducir sin permiso de info@librosbudistas.com</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h1 class="western" lang="es-ES" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;"><a name="Anattalakkhana-Sutta"></a>Anattalakkhana-Sutta</h1><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Esto es lo que he oído. En una ocasión el Sublime estaba residiendo cerca de Benares, en Isipatana, en el Parque de los Venados. Allí el Sublime se dirigió al grupo de cinco monjes: ‘Oh monjes.’ Los monjes respondieron al Sublime: ‘Venerable Señor.’ El Sublime dijo esto: </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">La materia, oh monjes, es no alma. Si, oh monjes, la materia fuese alma, esta materia no conduciría a la aflicción y sería posible decir: ‘Qué mi materia sea así. Qué mi materia no sea así.’ Pero dado que, oh monjes, la materia es no alma, ésta conduce a la aflicción y no es posible decir: ‘Qué mi materia sea así. Qué mi materia no sea así.’</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">La sensación es no alma. Si, oh monjes, la sensación fuese alma, esta sensación no conduciría a la aflicción y sería posible decir: ‘Qué mi sensación sea así. Qué mi sensación no sea así.’ Pero dado que, oh monjes, la sensación es no alma, ésta conduce a la aflicción y no es posible decir: ‘Qué mi sensación sea así. Qué mi sensación no sea así.’</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">La percepción es no alma. Si, oh monjes, la percepción fuese alma, esta percepción no conduciría a la aflicción y sería posible decir: ‘Qué mi percepción sea así. Qué mi percepción no sea así.’ Pero dado que, oh monjes, la percepción es no alma, ésta conduce a la aflicción y no es posible decir: ‘Qué mi percepción sea así. Qué mi percepción no sea así.’</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Las formaciones son no alma. Si, oh monjes, las formaciones fuesen alma, estas formaciones no conducirían a la aflicción y sería posible decir: ‘Qué mis formaciones sean así. Qué mis formaciones no sean así.’ Pero dado que, oh monjes, las formaciones son no alma, éstas conducen a la aflicción y no es posible decir: ‘Qué mis formaciones sean así. Qué mis formaciones no sean así.’</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">La conciencia es no alma. Si, oh monjes, la conciencia fuese alma, esta conciencia no conduciría a la aflicción y sería posible decir: ‘Qué mi conciencia sea así. Qué mi conciencia no sea así.’ Pero dado que, oh monjes, la conciencia es no alma, ésta conduce a la aflicción y no es posible decir: ‘Qué mi conciencia sea así. Qué mi conciencia no sea así.’</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">¿Qué es lo que ustedes piensan, oh monjes? ¿Es la materia permanente o impermanente? Impermanente, Venerable Señor. ¿Y aquello que es impermanente, es insatisfactorio o satisfactorio? Insatisfactorio, Venerable Señor. ¿Y aquello que es impermanente, insatisfactorio, transitorio, es correcto considerarlo: ’esto es mío, esto soy yo, esto es mi alma’? No, Venerable Señor. </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">¿Es la sensación permanente o impermanente? Impermanente, Venerable Señor. ¿Y aquello que es impermanente, es insatisfactorio o satisfactorio? Insatisfactorio, Venerable Señor. ¿Y aquello que es impermanente, insatisfactorio, transitorio, es correcto considerarlo: ’esto es mío, esto soy yo, esto es mi alma’? No, Venerable Señor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">¿Es la percepción permanente o impermanente? Impermanente, Venerable Señor. ¿Y aquello que es impermanente, es insatisfactorio o satisfactorio? Insatisfactorio, Venerable Señor. ¿Y aquello que es impermanente, insatisfactorio, transitorio, es correcto considerarlo: ’esto es mío, esto soy yo, esto es mi alma’? No, Venerable Señor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">¿Son las formaciones permanentes o impermanentes? Impermanentes, Venerable Señor. ¿Y aquello que es impermanente, es insatisfactorio o satisfactorio? Insatisfactorio, Venerable Señor. ¿Y aquello que es impermanente, insatisfactorio, transitorio, es correcto considerarlo: ’esto es mío, esto soy yo, esto es mi alma’? No, Venerable Señor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">¿Es la conciencia permanente o impermanente? Impermanente, Venerable Señor. ¿Y aquello que es impermanente, es insatisfactorio o satisfactorio? Insatisfactorio, Venerable Señor. ¿Y aquello que es impermanente, insatisfactorio, transitorio, es correcto considerarlo: ’esto es mío, esto soy yo, esto es mi alma’? No, Venerable Señor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Por lo tanto aquí, oh monjes, cualquier materia pasada, futura o presente, interna o externa, basta o sutil, inferior o superior, distante o cercana, toda la materia debe ser considerada con recto entendimiento de acuerdo con la realidad: ’Esto no es mío, esto no soy yo, esto no es mi alma’.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cualquier sensación pasada, futura o presente, interna o externa, basta o sutil, inferior o superior, distante o cercana, toda la sensación debe ser considerada con recto entendimiento de acuerdo con la realidad: ’Esto no es mío, esto no soy yo, esto no es mi alma’.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cualquier percepción pasada, futura o presente, interna o externa, basta o sutil, inferior o superior, distante o cercana, toda la percepción debe ser considerada con recto entendimiento de acuerdo con la realidad: ’Esto no es mío, esto no soy yo, esto no es mi alma’.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cualesquiera formaciones pasadas, futuras o presentes, internas o externas, bastas o sutiles, inferiores o superiores, distantes o cercanas, todas las formaciones deben ser consideradas con recto entendimiento de acuerdo con la realidad: ’Esto no es mío, esto no soy yo, esto no es mi alma’.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cualquier conciencia pasada, futura o presente, interna o externa, basta o sutil, inferior o superior, distante o cercana, toda la conciencia debe ser considerada con recto entendimiento de acuerdo con la realidad: ’Esto no es mío, esto no soy yo, esto no es mi alma’.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Comprendiendo así, oh monjes, el instruido noble discípulo siente hastío de la materia, siente también hastío de la sensación, siente también hastío de la percepción, siente también hastío de las formaciones y siente también hastío de la conciencia. Sintiendo hastío, se desapega; con la liberación del apego surge el conocimiento: ‘Estoy liberado.’ Y comprende: ‘no hay más nacimiento; la vida noble ha sido vivida; se ha hecho lo que se debía hacer; no hay otra existencia.’</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Esto dijo el Sublime. Los cinco monjes se regocijaron de las palabras del Sublime. Durante la exposición del discurso las mentes de los monjes del grupo de los cinco se liberaron de las corrupciones por el no apego.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times Pali,serif;"><span lang="es-ES">Texto traducido del pali por Bhikkhu Nandisena. La edición usada es la del Sexto Concilio Budista. Referencia canónica: Samyutta-Nikàya ii, 55. Este material puede ser reproducido para uso personal, puede ser distribuido sólo en forma gratuita. ©CMBT 1999. Última revisión lunes, 13 de marzo de 2000. Fondo Dhamma Dana.</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span lang="es-ES"> </span></span></span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h1 class="western" lang="es-ES" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;"><a name="El_Sutta_de_los_Kalamas"></a>El Sutta de los Kalamas</h1><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>(Los Kalamas de Kesaputta visitan al Buda)</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Esto he escuchado. En una ocasión el Bendito, mientras merodeaba en el país de Kosala en compañía de una gran comunidad de monjes, entró en el pueblo de los Kalamas llamado Kesaputta. Los Kalamas que eran habitantes de Kesaputta exclamaron: "El reverendo Gotama, el monje, el hijo de los Sakiyas, mientras merodeaba en el país de Kosala, entró en Kesaputta. La buena reputación del reverendo Gotama se ha difundido de la siguiente forma: Efectivamente, el Bendito es consumado, totalmente iluminado, dotado de sabiduría y disciplina, sublime, conocedor de los planos de existencia, incomparable guía de hombres domables, maestro de seres humanos y divinos, a los cuales ha entendido claramente a través del conocimiento directo. Él ha expuesto el Dhamma, bueno en el inicio, bueno en la parte media, bueno en el final, dotado de forma y significado, y completo en todo aspecto; también proclama la vida santa que es perfectamente pura. El ver tales consumados es bueno en verdad."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Entonces los Kalamas de Kesaputta fueron a donde se encontraba el Bendito. Al llegar ahí algunos le rindieron homenaje y después se sentaron a un lado; algunos intercambiaron saludos con él y después de concluir conversación cordial memorable, se sentaron a un lado; algunos anunciaron sus nombres y el de sus familias y se sentaron a un lado; algunos sin decir cosa alguna se sentaron a un lado.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>(Los Kalamas de Kesaputta solicitan la guía de Buda)</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Los Kalamas que eran habitantes de Kesaputta sentados a un lado dijeron al Bendito: "Venerable señor, hay algunos monjes y brahmanes que visitan Kesaputta. Ellos exponen y explican solamente sus doctrinas; desprecian, insultan y hacen pedazos las doctrinas de otros. Otros monjes y brahmanes también, venerable señor, vienen a Kesaputta. Ellos también exponen y explican solamente sus doctrinas; desprecian, insultan y hacen pedazos las doctrinas de otros. Venerable señor, en lo que concierne a ellos tenemos dudas e incertidumbre. ¿Cuál de estos reverendos monjes y brahmanes habló con falsedad y cuál con la verdad?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>(El Criterio para el rechazo)</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¡Kalamas!, es propio para ustedes dudar y tener incertidumbre; la incertidumbre ha surgido en ustedes acerca de lo que es dudoso. ¡Vamos Kalamas! No se atengan a lo que ha sido adquirido mediante lo que se escucha repetidamente; o a lo que es tradición; o a lo que es rumor; o a lo que está en escrituras; o a lo que es conjetura; o a lo que es axiomático; o a lo que es un razonamiento engañoso; o a lo que es un prejuicio con respecto a una noción en la que se ha reflexionado; o a lo que aparenta ser la habilidad de otros; o a lo que es la consideración: ‘Este monje es nuestro maestro.’ ¡Kalamas!, cuando ustedes por sí mismos sepan: ‘Estas cosas son malas; estas cosas son censurables; estas cosas son censuradas por los sabios; cuando se emprenden y se siguen, estas cosas conducen al daño y al infortunio,’ abandónenlas."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>(Codicia, odio e ignorancia)</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¿Qué piensan, Kalamas? ¿La codicia aparece en un hombre para su beneficio o para su perjuicio?" "Para su perjuicio, venerable señor."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Kalamas, dado a la codicia, y estando mentalmente sumergido y vencido por la codicia, un hombre mata, roba, comete adulterio y dice mentiras; y así incita a otro a hacer lo mismo. ¿Por mucho tiempo será esto para su daño y su perjuicio?" "Sí, venerable señor."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¿Qué piensan, Kalamas? ¿El odio aparece en un hombre para su beneficio o para su perjuicio?" "Para su perjuicio, venerable señor."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Kalamas, dado al odio, y estando mentalmente sumergido y vencido por el odio, un hombre mata, roba, comete adulterio y dice mentiras; y así incita a otro a hacer lo mismo. ¿Por mucho tiempo será esto para su daño y su perjuicio?" "Sí, venerable señor."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¿Qué piensan, Kalamas? ¿El odio aparece en un hombre para su beneficio o para su perjuicio?" "Para su perjuicio, venerable señor."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Kalamas, dado a la ignorancia, y estando mentalmente sumergido y vencido por la ignorancia, un hombre mata, roba, comete adulterio y dice mentiras; y así incita a otro a hacer lo mismo. ¿Por mucho tiempo será esto para su daño y su perjuicio?" "Sí, venerable señor."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¿Qué piensan, Kalamas? ¿Estas cosas son buenas o malas?" "Malas, venerable señor." </span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¿Censuradas o alabadas por los sabios?" "Censuradas, venerable señor."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Cuando estas cosas se emprenden y se siguen, ¿conducen al daño y al infortunio? ¿O como les parece?" "Cuando estas cosas se emprenden y se siguen conducen al daño y al infortunio. Así nos parece esto."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Por lo tanto, dijimos, Kalamas, lo que se dijo: ‘¡Vamos Kalamas! No se atengan a lo que ha sido adquirido mediante lo que se escucha repetidamente; o a lo que es tradición; o a lo que es rumor; o a lo que está en escrituras; o a lo que es conjetura; o a lo que es axiomático; o a lo que es un razonamiento engañoso; o a lo que es un prejuicio con respecto a una noción en la que se ha reflexionado; o a lo que aparenta ser la habilidad de otros; o a lo que es la consideración: ‘Este monje es nuestro maestro.’ ¡Kalamas!, cuando ustedes por sí mismos sepan: ‘Estas cosas son malas; estas cosas son censurables; estas cosas son censuradas por los sabios; cuando se emprenden y se siguen, estas cosas conducen al daño y al infortunio,’ abandónenlas."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>(El Criterio de aceptación)</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¡Vamos Kalamas! No se atengan …, cuando ustedes por sí mismos sepan: ‘Estas cosas son buenas, estas cosas no son censurables; estas cosas son alabadas por los sabios; cuando se emprenden y se siguen, estas cosas conducen al beneficio y la felicidad,’ entren y permanezcan en ellas."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>(Ausencia de codicia, odio e ignorancia)</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¿Qué piensan, Kalamas? ¿La ausencia de codicia aparece en un hombre para su beneficio o para su perjuicio?" "Para su beneficio, venerable señor."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Kalamas, no dado a la codicia y no estando mentalmente sumergido y vencido por la codicia, un hombre no mata, no roba, no comete adulterio y no dice mentiras; y así incita a otro a hacer lo mismo. ¿Por mucho tiempo será esto para su beneficio y felicidad?" "Sí, venerable señor."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¿Qué piensan, Kalamas? ¿La ausencia de odio … La ausencia de ignorancia …"</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¿Qué piensan, Kalamas? ¿Estas cosas son buenas o malas?" "Buenas, venerable señor."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¿Censurables o no censurables?" "No censurables, venerable señor."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¿Censuradas o alabadas por los sabios?" "Alabadas, venerable señor."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Cuando estas cosas se emprenden y se siguen, ¿conducen al beneficio y la felicidad o no? ¿O cómo les parece?" "Cuando estas cosas se emprenden y se siguen conducen al beneficio y la felicidad. Así nos parece esto."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Por lo tanto, dijimos, Kalamas, lo que se dijo: .... (como arriba.).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>(Las Cuatro Moradas Exaltadas)</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"El discípulo de los Nobles, Kalamas, que en esta forma está libre de codicia, libre de rencor (mala voluntad), libre de ignorancia, claramente comprendiendo y atento, permanece, habiendo difundido con el pensamiento de amistad un cuarto; de la misma manera el segundo; de la misma manera el tercero; de la misma manera el cuarto; así también arriba, abajo y en derredor; él permanece, habiendo difundido debido a la existencia en el [espacio] de todos lo seres vivientes, por doquier, el mundo entero, con el gran, exaltado, ilimitado pensamiento de amistad que está libre de malicia u odio."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"El vive, habiendo difundido, con el pensamiento de compasión .... con el pensamiento de gozo solidario ... con el pensamiento de ecuanimidad ..., ilimitado pensamiento de ecuanimidad que está libre de malicia u odio."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>(Los Cuatro Consuelos)</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"El discípulo de los Nobles, Kalamas, que tiene tal mente libre de odio, tal mente libre de malicia, tal mente libre de mancha, tal mente purificada, es uno que encuentra cuatro consuelos aquí y ahora."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"‘Supongan que hay un más allá y que hay fruto, resultado, de acciones buenas y malas. Entonces, es posible que en la disolución del cuerpo después de la muerte, apareceré en el mundo celestial, el cual posee el estado de gozo.’ Éste es el primer consuelo que encuentra."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"‘Supongan que no hay más allá y que no hay fruto, resultado, de acciones buenas y malas. Sin embargo en este mundo, aquí y ahora, libre de odio, libre de malicia, seguro, saludable y contento me mantengo.’ Éste es el segundo consuelo que encuentra."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"‘Supongan que resultados malos caen sobre un hombre que actúa mal. Yo, si embargo, pienso en no hacerle mal a nadie. ¿Entonces, cómo es posible que resultados malos me afecten si no hago malas obras?’ Éste es el tercer consuelo que encuentra."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"‘Supongan que resultados malos no caen sobre un hombre que actúa mal. Entonces, de todos modos me veo purificado.’ Éste es el cuarto consuelo que encuentra."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"El discípulo de los Nobles, Kalamas, que posee tal mente libre de odio, tal mente libre de malicia, tal mente sin mancha, tal mente purificada, es aquel para el cual, aquí y ahora, cuatro consuelos encuentra."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"¡Maravilloso, venerable señor! ¡Maravilloso, venerable señor! Venerable señor, es como si una persona tornara boca arriba aquello que está boca abajo, o como si descubriera lo que está cubierto, o como si enseñara el camino a alguien que se encuentra perdido, o como si llevase un lámpara en la oscuridad pensando, ‘Aquellos que tengan ojos verán objetos visibles,’ así ha sido presentado el Dhamma en muchas formas por el Bendito. Venerable, señor, nosotros acudimos a tomar refugio en el Bendito, a tomar refugio en el Dhamma, y a tomar refugio en la comunidad de Bhikkhus. Venerable señor, permita el Bendito considerarnos como seguidores laicos que han tomado refugio por vida, a partir de hoy."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="es-ES">Viene de Anguttara Nikaya III, 65. </span><span lang="es-ES">Traducción al español por Samanera Thitapuñño. </span><span lang="es-ES">Este material puede ser reproducido para uso personal, puede ser distribuido sólo en forma gratuita. ©CMBT 1999. Última revisión lunes, 13 de marzo de 2000. Fondo Dhamma Dana. </span></span></div><div class="western" lang="es-ES"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
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<li>Greek font: <a href="http://www.williamwelty.com/william/fonts/BibLSI.ttf" linkindex="277">BibliaLS Italic</a></li>
<li>Hebrew font: <a href="http://www.williamwelty.com/william/fonts/SILEOT.ttf" linkindex="278">Ezra SIL</a></li>
<li>Hebrew font: <a href="http://www.williamwelty.com/william/fonts/SILEOTSR.ttf" linkindex="279">Ezra SIL SR</a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
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<a name="tablasMitolog.C3ADas"></a><span style="color: white;">Disculpen las Molestias</span><br />
<ul class="a"><li><a href="http://elagua.multiply.com/journal/item/25" linkindex="283">Página PRINCIPAL</a></li>
<li><a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3743" linkindex="284">OBRAS y AUTORES CLÁSICOS</a></li>
<li><a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/278/Agradecimientos" linkindex="285">Agradecimientos</a></li>
<li><a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/492/Cuadro_General" linkindex="286" rel="bookmark">Cuadro General</a></li>
</ul><br />
<a name="tablasMitGriega"></a><br />
<table class="tabla"><tbody>
<tr align="center"><th><a href="http://elagua.multiply.com/journal/item/1200/" linkindex="288" style="color: white;">Category: Greek Mythology</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="1" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 92%; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><br />
<span class="insertedphoto"><a href="#Contenido" linkindex="289"><img border="0" class="alignleft" src="http://multiply.com/mu/elagua/image/WvHO7KU2oqQ-V7VLy63h6g/photos/3143M/300x300/3168/Up.png?et=aGyRlvBU3Cx2PHqKBQ7mkQ&nmid=0" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;" /></a></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://elagua.multiply.com/journal/item/1200/" linkindex="290">Category: Greek Mythology</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3474" linkindex="291">A - Amp</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3551" linkindex="292">Amp - Az</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3795/Greek_mythology_-_Bacchoi_-_Byzas" linkindex="293">B</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3825/Greek_mythology_-_Caanthus_-_Cyzicus" linkindex="294">C</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4007/Greek_mythology_-_Dactyl_mythology_-_Dysnomia_mythology" linkindex="295">D</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4102/Greek_mythology_-_Echemus_-_Evslin_Bernard" linkindex="296">E</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4287/Greek_mythology_-_Fortunate_Isles" linkindex="297">F</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4244/" linkindex="298">G</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4288/Greek_mythology_-_Hades_-_Hyrtacus" linkindex="299">H</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4426/CategoryGreek_mythology_Iacchus_-_Iynx" linkindex="300">I</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4484/" linkindex="301">J</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4480" linkindex="302">K</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4514/CategoryGreek_mythology_Labda_-_Lysithea_mythology" linkindex="303">L</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4663/Greek_mythology_-_Macar_-_Mysus" linkindex="304">M</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4766/Greek_mythology_-_Nana_-_Nyx" linkindex="305">N</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4888/Greek_mythology_-_Ocalea_mythology_-_Oxyntes" linkindex="306">O</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/103" linkindex="307">P</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/181" linkindex="308">Q- R</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/180/Greek_Mythology_Salamis_mythology_-_Syrinx" linkindex="309">S</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/298/Greek_mythology_-_Taenarum_-_Tyro" linkindex="310">T</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/363/Greek_mythology_-_Unknown_God_-_User-Tuxedohamm-tree" linkindex="311">U</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/364/Greek_mythology_-_Vatican_Mythographer_-_Voluptas" linkindex="312">V</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/383/Greek_Mythology_Water_sprite_-_Works_and_Days" linkindex="313">W</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/384" linkindex="314">X</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/386/Greek_Mythology_Y" linkindex="315">Y</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/385" linkindex="316">Z</a><br />
<a href="http://elagua.multiply.com/journal/item/1218" linkindex="317">Greek Mythology stub</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/391/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Abaeus_-_Alcyoneus" linkindex="318">Ab - Al</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/397/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Alectryon_-_Azone" linkindex="319">Ale - Ant</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/403/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Anthus_mythology_-_Azan_mythology" linkindex="320">Ant - Az</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/408/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Bacchoi_-_Butes" linkindex="321">B</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/416/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Calesius_-_Cynurus" linkindex="322">C</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/435/Greek_mythology_stubs_-_Daedalion_-_Dymas" linkindex="323">D</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/446/Greek_mythology_stubs_-_Echemus_-_Evslin_Bernard" linkindex="324">E</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/453/Greek_mythology_stubs_-_Galanthis_-_Gorgophone_-_Fortunate_Isles" linkindex="325">F - G</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/456/Greek_mythology_stubs_-_Haemus_-_Hyrtacus" linkindex="326">H</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/490/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Iamus_-_Iynx" linkindex="327">I</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/491/CategoryGreek_mythology_stubs_Kalamos_-_Kyrvas" linkindex="328">K</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/552/Greek_mythology_stubs_Labda_-_Lysithea_mythology" linkindex="329">L</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/560/Greek_Mythology_stubs_Macar_-_Mysus" linkindex="330">M</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/566/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Nausinous_-_Nysa_mythology" linkindex="331">N</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/569/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Ocalea_mythology_-_Oxyntes" linkindex="332">O</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/574/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Palici_-_Pyreneus" linkindex="333">P</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/104/Queen_Rhodope" linkindex="334">Q - R</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/575/Greek_mythology_stubs_Rhacius_-_Rhexenor" linkindex="335">R</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/578/Greek_mythology_stubs_Salmoneus_-_Symplegades" linkindex="336">S</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/582/Greek_mythology_stubs_-_Taenarum_-_Tritons" linkindex="337">T</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/404/CategoryGreek_mythology_stubs" linkindex="338">A - K</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/454/CategoryGreek_mythology_stubs_F-J" linkindex="339" rel="bookmark">L - Z</a><br />
<a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/593" linkindex="340">Category:Greek deity stubs (593)EA2</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/591/CategoryGreek_deity_stubs_Acantha_-_Azone" linkindex="341">A</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/592/Category_Greek_deity_stubs_Balius_and_Xanthus_-_Brychon" linkindex="342">B</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/595/CategoryGreek_deity_stubs_Caanthus_-_Cyrene" linkindex="343">C</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/617/CategoryGreek_deity_stubs_Daphnaie_-_Dysnomia_mythology" linkindex="344">D</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/618/Greek_deity_stubs_Efreisone_-_Euthenia" linkindex="345">E</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/623/Greek_deity_stubs_Geras_-_Gynaecothoenas" linkindex="346">G</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/624/Greek_deity_stubs_Halirrhotius_-_Hypates" linkindex="347">H</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/626/Greek_deity_stubs_Iacchus_-_Iphimedeia" linkindex="348">I</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/627/Kallichore_mythology_-_Korkyra" linkindex="349">K</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/5023/Greek_deity_stubs_Lampades_-_Lysianassa" linkindex="350">L</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/630/Greek_deity_stubs_Mania_-_Morpheus" linkindex="351">M</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/633/Greek_deity_stubs_Nana_mythology_-_Nysiads" linkindex="352">N</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/634/Greek_deity_stubs_Ocyrhoe_-_Ourea" linkindex="353">O</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/641/Greek_deity_stubs_Pandia_-_Pylus_mythology" linkindex="354">P</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/643/Greek_deity_stubs_Sangarius_mythology_-_Sterope_Pleiad" linkindex="355">S</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/644/CategoryGreek_deity_stub_-_Taphius_-_Tyro" linkindex="356">T</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/645/Category_Greek_deity_stubs_Unknown_God_-_Urania" linkindex="357">U</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/380/Zelus_o_Zelo" linkindex="358">Z</a></div></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br />
</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><span class="insertedphoto"><a href="#Contenido" linkindex="359"><img border="0" class="alignleft" src="http://multiply.com/mu/elagua/image/WvHO7KU2oqQ-V7VLy63h6g/photos/3143M/300x300/3168/Up.png?et=aGyRlvBU3Cx2PHqKBQ7mkQ&nmid=0" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;" /></a></span><br />
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<a name="tablasMitRomana"></a><br />
<table class="tabla"><tbody>
<tr align="center"><th>Mitología Romana</th> </tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 92%; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><br />
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<a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/662/CategoryAeneid" linkindex="361">Category:Aeneid (662)EA2</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/670/CategoryCharacters_in_the_Aeneid" linkindex="362">Category:Characters in the Aeneid (670)EA2</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/718/CategoryCharacters_in_Book_VI_of_the_Aeneid" linkindex="363">Category:Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid (718)EA2</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/769/CategoryKings_of_Rome" linkindex="364">Category:Kings of Rome (769)EA2</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/772" linkindex="365">Category:Latin kings (772)EA2</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/803/CategoryDeities_in_the_Aeneid" linkindex="366">Category:Deities in the Aeneid (803)EA2</a><br />
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<a name="tablasMitEur"></a><br />
<table class="tabla"><tbody>
<tr align="center"><th>Otras Ramas de Mitología</th> </tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 92%; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><span class="insertedphoto"><a href="#Contenido" linkindex="368"><img border="0" class="alignleft" src="http://multiply.com/mu/elagua/image/WvHO7KU2oqQ-V7VLy63h6g/photos/3143M/300x300/3168/Up.png?et=aGyRlvBU3Cx2PHqKBQ7mkQ&nmid=0" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;" /></a></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/586/" linkindex="369">Mitología en General 1</a> | <a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/587/" linkindex="370">Mitología en General 2</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2865/CategoryFestival_in_Ancient_Greece" linkindex="371" rel="bookmark">Category:Festivals in Ancient Greece (2865)JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2207/Indo-European_mythology_-_59_pages" linkindex="372" rel="bookmark">Category:Indo-European mythology</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1483/CategoryFestivals_in_Ancient_Greece" linkindex="373" rel="bookmark">Category:Festivals in Ancient Greece (1483)JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1484/CategoryAncient_Olympic_Games" linkindex="374" rel="bookmark">Category:Ancient Olympic Games (1484)JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2876/CategoryAncient_Olympic_Games" linkindex="375" rel="bookmark">Category:Ancient Olympic Games (2876)JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2889/CategoryAncient_Olympic_competitors" linkindex="376" rel="bookmark">Category:Ancient Olympic competitors (2889)JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1485/CategoryAncient_Olympic_competitors" linkindex="377" rel="bookmark">Category:Ancient Olympic competitors (1485)JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2910/CategoryAncient_Olympic_competitors" linkindex="378" rel="bookmark">Category:Ancient Olympic competitors (2910)JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2938/CategoryAncient_Greek_athletes" linkindex="379" rel="bookmark">Category:Ancient Greek athletes (2938)JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1486/CategoryAncient_Greek_athletes" linkindex="380" rel="bookmark">Category:Ancient Greek athletes (1486)JC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3033" linkindex="381" rel="bookmark">Mitología General (3033)SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/101" linkindex="382">101SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3132" linkindex="383">3132SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3048" linkindex="384">3048SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3060" linkindex="385">3060SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3118" linkindex="386">3118SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3095" linkindex="387">3095SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/876" linkindex="388">876SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/938" linkindex="389">938SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/986" linkindex="390">986SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1289" linkindex="391">1289SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1109" linkindex="392">1109SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1407" linkindex="393">1407SC</a> | <a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1107" linkindex="394">1107SC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2494" linkindex="395">2494JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2495" linkindex="396">2495JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2876" linkindex="397">2876JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2865" linkindex="398">2865JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2889" linkindex="399">2889JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2938" linkindex="400">2938JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2596" linkindex="401">2596JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2606" linkindex="402">2606JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2621" linkindex="403">2621JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2450" linkindex="404">2450JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1476" linkindex="405">1476JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1477" linkindex="406">1477JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2825" linkindex="407">2825JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2740" linkindex="408">2740JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2694" linkindex="409">2694JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2806" linkindex="410">2806JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2738" linkindex="411">2738JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2660" linkindex="412">2660JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2808" linkindex="413">2808JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2734" linkindex="414">2734JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2703" linkindex="415">2703JC</a> | <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2910" linkindex="416">2910JC</a> | <a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3051" linkindex="417">3051SK</a></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span class="insertedphoto"><a href="#Contenido" linkindex="418"><img border="0" class="alignleft" src="http://multiply.com/mu/elagua/image/WvHO7KU2oqQ-V7VLy63h6g/photos/3143M/300x300/3168/Up.png?et=aGyRlvBU3Cx2PHqKBQ7mkQ&nmid=0" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;" /></a></span><br />
<a href="name="tablasReligi.C3B3n_Cat.C3B3lica"></a><br />
<table><tbody>
<tr align="center"><th>Religión Católica</th></tr>
<tr> <td><br />
<br />
<a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2020/CATHOLICS_RELIGION" linkindex="420">Religión Católica</a> | <a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3228/PAPAS_-_POPES" linkindex="421">PAPAS - POPES</a> | <a href="http://santoscatlicos.blogspot.com/2010/08/congratulationyou-have-won.html" linkindex="422">Diccionario Bíblico - VINE</a><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jfAj0WKKcY" id="video-long-title-7jfAj0WKKcY" linkindex="423" rel="nofollow" title="Via Crucis desde Roma - 10/04/2009"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Via Crucis desde Roma</span> - 10/04/2009 </a> (Completo) (www.populartv.net Oficiado por su Santidad el Papa Benedicto XVI).<br />
Papa Juan Pablo II (Karol Wojtyla). (<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEVt9CSkfBM&feature=related" linkindex="424" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" title="Rosarium Mysteria Gloriosa">Rosarium Mysteria Gloriosa</a> | <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7C1ckeQP5w&feature=related" linkindex="425" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" title="Rosarium Mysteria Doloris">Rosarium Mysteria Doloris</a> | <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02TFZVEZe7Y" id="video-long-title-02TFZVEZe7Y" linkindex="426" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" title="Rosarium Mysteria Gaudii">Rosarium Mysteria Gaudii</a>)</div><br />
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<ol><li><a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2020/CATHOLIC_RELIGION" linkindex="427">CATHOLIC RELIGION (2020)SK</a></li>
<li><a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3219/CategoryRoman_Catholicism" linkindex="428">Category:Roman Catholicism (3219)SK</a></li>
<li><a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3220/Catolicismo" linkindex="429">Catolicismo (3220)SK</a></li>
<li><a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3243/Pope_o_Papas" linkindex="430">Pope o Papas (3243)SK</a></li>
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-weight: bold;">3. Handel: Brockes Passion, HWV 48 / Marcus Creed (OedipusColoneus) (3243)SK</span> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkBV6tEmYx8 <span style="color: #cccccc; font-weight: bold;">4. Handel: Brockes Passion, HWV 48 / Marcus Creed (OedipusColoneus) (3243)SK</span> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xM3Y5CxvKcg
<li><a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3221/CategoryPopes" linkindex="431">Category:Popes (3221)SK</a></li>
<li><a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/738/Listado_de_Papas_desde_Pedro_hasta_el_presente" linkindex="432">Listado de Papas desde Pedro hasta el presente (738)EA2</a></li>
<li><a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2020/CATHOLICS_RELIGION" linkindex="433">Catholics </a></li>
</ol></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span class="insertedphoto"><a href="#Contenido" linkindex="434"><img border="0" class="alignleft" src="http://multiply.com/mu/elagua/image/WvHO7KU2oqQ-V7VLy63h6g/photos/3143M/300x300/3168/Up.png?et=aGyRlvBU3Cx2PHqKBQ7mkQ&nmid=0" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;" /></a></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/01/ri-garga-samhita-canto-eight-volume-two.html" linkindex="436">Sri Garga-Samhita</a> | <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2009/12/oraciones-selectas-al-senor-supremo.html" linkindex="437">Oraciones Selectas al Señor Supremo</a> | <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/" linkindex="438" rel="bookmark">Devotees Vaishnavas</a> | <a href="http://devoteesvaishnavas.blogspot.com/" linkindex="439" rel="bookmark">Dandavat pranams - All glories to Srila Prabhupada</a> | <a href="http://harikathapurebhakti.blogspot.com/" linkindex="440" rel="bookmark">Hari Katha</a> | <a href="http://santoscatlicos.blogspot.com/" linkindex="441" rel="bookmark">Santos Católicos</a> | <a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2010/04/judaismo-indice.html" linkindex="442">JUDAISMO</a> | <a href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/04/buddhism.html" linkindex="443">Buddhism</a> | <a href="http://elmundoegipcioantiguo.blogspot.com/" linkindex="444" rel="bookmark">El Mundo del ANTIGUO EGIPTO II</a> | <a href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/" linkindex="445" rel="bookmark">El Antiguo Egipto I</a> | <a href="http://archivodelcervantes.blogspot.com/" linkindex="446" rel="bookmark">Archivo Cervantes</a> | <a href="http://sivanandayogaindia.blogspot.com/" linkindex="447" rel="bookmark">Sivananda Yoga</a> | <a href="http://nealedonaldwalsh.blogspot.com/" linkindex="448" rel="bookmark">Neale Donald Walsch</a> | <a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1686/ISKCON_SWAMIS" linkindex="449">SWAMIS</a></div><h2 class="date-header" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">jueves 11 de marzo de 2010</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a name="444433801487145585"></a></span> </div><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/visio-professional-2007.html" linkindex="451">ENCICLOPEDIA - INDICE</a> | <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/ato-tv-and-video-iview-iview-780ptv.html" linkindex="452">DEVOTOS FACEBOOK</a> | <a href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/2010/03/usuarios-de-flickr.html" linkindex="453">EGIPTO - USUARIOS de FLICKR y PICASAWEB</a></span></h3><h3 style="color: #ff6666; font-weight: bold;">Otros Apartados</h3><br />
<table class="tabla" style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-size: auto auto; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; margin: auto;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-size: auto auto; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;">Main</th> <td colspan="1" style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-size: auto auto; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; font-size: 95%; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1686/ISKCON_SWAMIS" linkindex="454"> SWAMIS</a> · <a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1677/MEJORAS_a_la_WEB" linkindex="455">Mejoras</a> · <a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2020/CATHOLICS_RELIGION" linkindex="456">Catholics </a> <br />
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<div style="background-color: #ffccff; color: black; text-align: justify;">Nota: JC: http://juancastaneira.multiply.com | SC: http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com | SK: http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com | EA: http://elagua.multiply.com | EA2: http://elagua2.multiply.com | CA: http://casaindiasricaitanyamahaprabhu.blog.com</div></td></tr>
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</tbody></table>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-44552179032816411362010-08-12T11:36:00.002+02:002010-08-12T11:39:12.643+02:00Surgimiento condicionado (pratîtya-samutpâda)<p> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="700"> <tbody><tr><td><!-- This must be in the body, because some webmail GUIs ignore the head--> <br /><style type="text/css"> h1 { font-size: 18pt; font-family: Souv2; color: #47FF75 } h2 { font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold } h3 { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold } h4 { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; color: #ff6600 } Body { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } ul.a {list-style-type:circle;} table1 { width: 700px; } th { background-color:green; color:white; } table2 { background-color:#ffcc33; width: 340px; } th { background-color:green; color:white; } p.sans { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; font-family: Indevr } p.tradu { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; font-family: Souv2; color: #FF6600 } /* ff6600 es naranja */ p.verso { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; font-family: Souv2; color: #ffcc33 } /* ffcc33 es amarillo */ /* ccccff es lilaclaro */ p.unicode { FONT-FAMILY: verdana; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } p.sdendnote { font-size: 10pt } p.sdfootnote { margin-left: 0.5cm; text-indent: -0.5cm; font-size: 10pt } p,span,font,td,form,input,textarea,select { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } i { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify; FONT-STYLE: italic; color:#FFCC33 } a:link { text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #99AADD; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } /* unvisited link */ a:hover { text-decoration:underline; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AADD99 } /* mouse over link */ a:active { text-decoration:underline; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; color:#0000FF } /* selected link */ a:visited { text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AA77AA; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } /* visited link */ </style><br /><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Surgimiento_condicionado_.28prat.C4.ABtya-samutp.C4.81da.29">Surgimiento condicionado (<i>pratîtya-samutpâda</i>)</span></h3> <div class="noprint AP" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0.2ex 1em;"><i><span style="font-size: 87%;">Artículo principal:</span> <a linkindex="660" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratitya-samutpada" title="Pratitya-samutpada" class="mw-redirect">Surgimiento condicionado</a></i></div> <p style="text-align: justify;">El surgimiento condicionado es expuesto en el <i>Maha-nidana Sutta</i> o "Discurso de las causas".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a linkindex="661" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo#cite_note-28"><span class="corchete-llamada">(</span>29<span class="corchete-llamada">)</span></a></sup> Constituye una formulación elaborada del proceso de existir y de cómo los seres están atrapados por la ignorancia en un <a linkindex="662" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">ciclo de sufrimiento</a>. Este proceso es constante, y supone una explicación que abarca tanto la duración de todas las vidas pasadas como de la vida actual, instante tras instante. Por lo tanto el "ser" supone un ámbito que se crea y destruye momento tras momento.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">La originación dependiente contiene 12 eslabones:</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><i>Avidyâ</i>: ignorancia</li><li><i>Samskâra</i>: formaciones mentales</li><li><i>Vijñâna</i>: consciencia</li><li><i>Nâma Rûpa</i>: nombre y forma (pre-materialidad)</li><li><i>ŞaDâyatana</i>: sensorialidad (órganos sensoriales)</li><li><i>Sparsha</i>: contacto</li><li><i>Vedanâ</i>: sensación</li><li><i>Tèş</i><i>ò</i><i>a</i>: deseo, querer</li><li>‘‘Upâdâna’’: aferramiento</li><li><i>Bhava</i>: devenir</li><li><i>Jâti</i>: nacimiento</li><li><i>Jarâ-maraòa</i>: decaimiento, vejez, muerte.</li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Así, con la ignorancia como condición surgen las formaciones mentales. Con las formaciones mentales como condición surge la consciencia. Con la consciencia como condición surge el nombre y la forma. Con nombre y forma como condición surgen los órganos sensoriales. Con los órganos sensoriales como condición surge el contacto. Con el contacto como condición suge la sensación. Con la sensación como condición surge el deseo. Con el deseo como condición surge el aferramiento. Con el aferramiento como condición surge el devenir. Con el devenir como condición surge el nacimiento. Con el nacimiento como condición surge el decaer, la vejez y la muerte.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Mientras la ignorancia no se erradica, de nuevo se repite el proceso sin fin. El camino budista busca erradicar la ignorancia y romper ésta cadena, es lo que se conoce como nibbana o nirvana (el cese) de ésta cadena.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a linkindex="82" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo#Surgimiento_condicionado_.28prat.C4.ABtya-samutp.C4.81da.29"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Surgimiento condicionado (pratītya-samutpāda)</span></a></li></ul><br /><h3 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Fuentes - Fonts</h3><br><br><br><a linkindex="59" class="object_link" title="SOUV2P.TTF" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2P.TTF">SOUV2P.TTF</a> - <span class="file_size">57 KB</span><br><a linkindex="61" class="object_link" title="SOUV2I.TTF" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2I.TTF">SOUV2I.TTF</a> - <span class="file_size">59 KB</span><br><div><font size="3"><a linkindex="63" class="object_link" title="SOUV2B.TTF" 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rgb(255, 255, 255);">Disculpen las Molestias</span><ul class="a"><li><a linkindex="202" href="http://elagua.multiply.com/journal/item/25">Página PRINCIPAL</a></li><li><a linkindex="203" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3743">OBRAS y AUTORES CLÁSICOS</a></li><li><a linkindex="204" href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/278/Agradecimientos">Agradecimientos</a></li><li><a linkindex="205" rel="bookmark" href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/492/Cuadro_General">Cuadro General</a></li></ul><br /><table><tbody><tr align="center"><th><a linkindex="207" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1428" style="color: white;">Conceptos Hinduistas (1428)SC</a></th></tr><tr><td><div style="text-align:Justify;"><a linkindex="208" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3256/CategoryHindu_mythology">Category:Hindu (mythology) (3256)SC</a> | <a linkindex="209" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3270/CategoryHindu_mythology">Category:Hindu mythology (3270)SC</a> | <a linkindex="210" rel="bookmark" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3288/">Categoría:Mitología hindú (3288)SC (indice)</a> | <a linkindex="211" rel="bookmark" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3289/">Categoría:Mitología hindú (videos) (3289)SC</a> | <a linkindex="212" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3294/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_SK_y_SC_con_videos">Conceptos Hinduista (A - G) SK y SC (videos) (3294)SC</a><br><br /><a linkindex="213" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2528/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aa_-_Anc">Aa-Anc</a> · <a linkindex="214" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2907/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aga_-_Ahy">Aga - Ahy</a> · <a linkindex="215" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2908/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ai_-_Akshay">Ai - Akshay</a> · <a linkindex="216" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2909/Categoria_Hinduismo_Akshe_-_Amshum">Akshe - Amshum</a> · <a linkindex="217" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2910/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ana_-_Ancie">Ana - Ancie</a> · <a linkindex="218" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ag_-_Az">Ang - Asvayu</a> · <a linkindex="219" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2911/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ata_-_Az">Ata - Az</a> · <a linkindex="220" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1660/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_B_-">Baa-Baz</a> · <a linkindex="221" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bhak">Be-Bhak</a> · <a linkindex="222" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2912/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bu">Bhal-Bu</a> · <a linkindex="223" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_C">C</a> · <a linkindex="224" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1677/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Daz">Daa-Daz</a> · <a linkindex="225" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2913/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">De</a> · <a linkindex="226" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2914/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Dha_-_Dry">Dha-Dry</a> · <a linkindex="227" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2915/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Du_-_Dy">Du-Dy </a> · <a linkindex="228" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1777/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_E">E</a> · <a linkindex="229" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1779/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_F">F</a> · <a linkindex="230" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gayu">Gaa-Gayu</a> · <a linkindex="231" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2916/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gy">Ge-Gy</a> · <a linkindex="232" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1679/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ha_-_He">Ha-He</a> · <a linkindex="233" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2917/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hi_-_Hy">Hi-Hy</a> · <a linkindex="234" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1741/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_I">I</a> · <a linkindex="235" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1681/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_J">J</a> · <a linkindex="236" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1683/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_K">K</a> · <a linkindex="237" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2698/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ka_-_Kam">Ka - Kam</a> · <a linkindex="238" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kan-Khatu">Kan - Khatu</a> · <a linkindex="239" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2700/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ki_-_Ko">Ki - Ko</a> · <a linkindex="240" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2701/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr_-_Ku">Kr - Ku</a> · <a linkindex="241" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1774/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Relgiosos_en_General_-_L">L</a> · <a linkindex="242" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1685/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_M">M</a> · <a linkindex="243" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1709/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_N">N</a> · <a linkindex="244" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1775/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_O">O</a> · <a linkindex="245" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_P">P</a> · <a linkindex="246" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1773/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_R">R</a> · <a linkindex="247" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_S">S</a> · <a linkindex="248" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2687/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_San">Saa-San</a> · <a linkindex="249" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sap_-_Shy">Sap-Shy</a> · <a linkindex="250" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Si_-_Sy">Si-Sy</a> · <a linkindex="251" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1755/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ta_-_Te">Ta - Te</a> · <a linkindex="252" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1716/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_U">U</a> · <a linkindex="253" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_V">V</a> · <a linkindex="254" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2957/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ve_-_Vy">Ve-Vy</a> · <a linkindex="255" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1776/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Y">Y</a> · <a linkindex="256" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1778/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Z">Z</a></div></td></tr></table><br /><table><tbody><tr align="center"><th><a linkindex="257" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2919" style="color: white;">Conceptos Hinduistas (2919)SK</a> · <a linkindex="258" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2592/Pagina_Principal" style="color: white;">(2592)SK</a></th></tr><tr><td><div style="text-align: justify;"><a linkindex="259" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/459/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Aa_-_Ag">A<sub>a</sub>-A<sub>g</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="260" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/460/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ah_-_Am">A<sub>h</sub>-A<sub>m</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="261" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/461/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_An_-_Ar">A<sub>na</sub>-A<sub>nc</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="262" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2127/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ang_-_Anu">A<sub>nd</sub>-A<sub>nu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="263" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2128/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ap_-_Ar">A<sub>p</sub>-A<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="264" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/462/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_As_-_Az">A<sub>s</sub>-A<sub>x</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="265" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1972/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ay_-_Az">A<sub>y</sub>-A<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="266" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/519/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Baa_-_Ban">B<sub>aa</sub>-B<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="267" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/520/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bar_-_Bas">B<sub>ar</sub>-B<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="268" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/521/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bh">B<sub>e</sub>-B<sub>hak</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="269" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2067/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bhy">B<sub>hal</sub>-B<sub>hy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="270" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/522/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bo_-_Bu">B<sub>o</sub>-B<sub>u</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="271" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2443/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bra">B<sub>ra</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="272" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3166/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Brh_-_Bry">B<sub>rh</sub>-B<sub>ry</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="273" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2445/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bu_-_Bz">B<sub>u</sub>-B<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="274" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/612/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Caa_-_Can">C<sub>aa</sub>-C<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="275" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/613/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Car_-_Cas">C<sub>ar</sub>-C<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="276" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/614/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ce_-_Ch">C<sub>e</sub>-C<sub>ha</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="277" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2437/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Che_-_Chi">C<sub>he</sub>-C<sub>hi</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="278" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Cho_-_Chu">C<sub>ho</sub>-C<sub>hu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="279" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ci_-_Cn">C<sub>i</sub>-C<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="280" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/615/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Co_-_Cy">C<sub>o</sub>-C<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="281" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/526/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Dan">D<sub>aa</sub>-D<sub>an</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="282" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/527/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dar_-_Das">D<sub>ar</sub>-D<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="283" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/528/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">D<sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="284" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3167/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dha_-_Dny">D<sub>ha</sub>-D<sub>ny</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="285" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Do_-_Du">D<sub>o</sub>-D<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="286" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1432/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ea_-_En">E<sub>a</sub>-E<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="287" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1433/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ep_-_Ez">E<sub>p</sub>-E<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="288" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1484/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Faa_-_Fy">F<sub>aa</sub>-F<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="289" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gan">G<sub>aa</sub>-G<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="290" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gar_-_Gas">G<sub>ar</sub>-G<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="291" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gi">G<sub>e</sub>-G<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="292" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/691/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Go_-_Gy">G<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="293" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3170/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gra_-_Gy">G<sub>ra</sub>-G<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="294" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Haa_-_Han">H<sub>aa</sub>-H<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="295" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/660/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Har_-_Has">H<sub>ar</sub>-H<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="296" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_He_-_Hi">H<sub>e</sub>-H<sub>indk</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="297" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3171/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hindu_-_Histo">H<sub>indu</sub>-H<sub>isto</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="298" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ho_-_Hy">H<sub>o</sub>-H<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="299" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/609/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ia_-_In">I<sub>a</sub>-I<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="300" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/610/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ir_-_Is">I<sub>r</sub>-I<sub>s</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="301" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/611/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_It_-_Iy">I<sub>t</sub>-I<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="302" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jaa_-_Jaq">J<sub>aa</sub>-J<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="303" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jar_-_Jay">J<sub>ar</sub>-J<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="304" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Je_-_Jn">J<sub>e</sub>-J<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="305" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jo_-_Jy">J<sub>o</sub>-J<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="306" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kaa_-_Kan">K<sub>aa</sub>-K<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="307" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kar_-_Kas">K<sub>ar</sub>-K<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="308" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ke_-_Kh">K<sub>e</sub>-K<sub>h</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="309" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ko_-_Ku">K<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="310" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2331/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr">K<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="311" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2333/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ku_-_Kz">K<sub>u</sub> - K<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="312" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1489/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Laa_-_Laq">L<sub>aa</sub>-L<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="313" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1490/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lar_-_Lay">L<sub>ar</sub>-L<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="314" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1491/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Le_-_Ln">L<sub>e</sub>-L<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="315" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1492/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lo_-_Ly">L<sub>o</sub>-L<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="316" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/599/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ma_-_Man">M<sub>aa</sub>-M<sub>ag</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="317" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2083/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mah">M<sub>ah</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="318" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2084/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mai_-_Maj">M<sub>ai</sub>-M<sub>aj</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="319" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2085/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mak_-_Maq">M<sub>ak</sub>-M<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="320" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/600/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mar_-_Mas">M<sub>ar</sub>-M<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="321" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/601/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Me_-_Mi">M<sub>b</sub>-M<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="322" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/602/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mo_-_My">M<sub>o</sub>-M<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="323" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Naa_-_Naq">N<sub>aa</sub>-N<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="324" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Nar_-_Nay">N<sub>ar</sub>-N<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="325" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1440/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ne_-_Nn">N<sub>b</sub>-N<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="326" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1441/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_No_-_Ny">N<sub>o</sub>-N<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="327" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1502/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Oaa_-_Oz">O<sub>a</sub>-O<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="328" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/649">P<sub>aa</sub>-P<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="329" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/650/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Par_-_Pas">P<sub>ar</sub>-P<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="330" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/651/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Pe_-_Ph">P<sub>e</sub>-P<sub>h</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="331" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/652/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Po_-_Py">P<sub>o</sub>-P<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="332" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2607/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Raa_-_Raq">R<sub>aa</sub>-R<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><!-- <a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/984/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Raa_-_Raq">R<sub>aa</sub>-R<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> --> <a linkindex="333" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/985/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Rar_-_Rn">R<sub>ar</sub>-R<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="334" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/986/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Re_-_Rn">R<sub>e</sub>-R<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="335" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/987/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ro_-_Ry">R<sub>o</sub>-R<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="336" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/506/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_Sam">S<sub>aa</sub>-S<sub>am</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="337" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/507/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_San_-_Sar">S<sub>an</sub>-S<sub>ar</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="338" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/508/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sas_-_Si">S<sub>as</sub>-S<sub>g</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="339" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1940/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sha_-_Shy">S<sub>ha</sub>-S<sub>hy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="340" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1941/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sia_-_Sil">S<sub>ia</sub>-S<sub>il</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="341" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1942/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sim_-_Sk">S<sub>im</sub>-S<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="342" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/509/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_So_-_Su">S<sub>o</sub> - S<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="343" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2129/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sr">S<sub>r</sub> - S<sub>t</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="344" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2130/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Su_-_Sz">S<sub>u</sub>-S<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="345" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1008/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Taa_-_Tan">T<sub>aa</sub>-T<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="346" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1009/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Tar_-_Tay">T<sub>ar</sub>-T<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="347" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1010/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Te_-_Ti">T<sub>e</sub>-T<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="348" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1011/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_To_-_Ty">T<sub>o</sub>-T<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="349" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1493/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Uaa_-_Uaq">U<sub>a</sub>-U<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="350" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1494/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ur_-_Us">U<sub>r</sub>-U<sub>s</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="351" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1001/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Vaa_-_Van">V<sub>aa</sub>-V<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="352" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1002/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Var_-_Vaz">V<sub>ar</sub>-V<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="353" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1003/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ve_-_Vi">V<sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="354" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2217/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Vi_-_Vq">V<sub>i</sub>-V<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="355" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1004/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Vo_-_Vy">V<sub>o</sub>-V<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="356" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1496/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Waa_-_Wi">W<sub>aa</sub>-W<sub>i</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="357" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1497/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Wo_-_Wy">W<sub>o</sub>-W<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="358" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1498/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Yaa_-_Yav">Y<sub>aa</sub>-Y<sub>av</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="359" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1499/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ye_-_Yiy">Y<sub>e</sub>-Y<sub>iy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="360" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1500/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Yo_-_Yu">Y<sub>o</sub>-Y<sub>u</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="361" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1501/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Zaa_-_Zy">Z<sub>aa</sub>-Z<sub>y</sub></a></div></tr></table><br /><table><tbody><tr align="center"><th>GENERAL</th></tr><tr><td><div style="text-align:Justify;"><a linkindex="362" href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/">JUDAISMO</a> | <a style="font-family:Souv2" linkindex="362" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/01/ri-garga-samhita-canto-eight-volume-two.html">Ärî Garga-Samhita</a> | <a linkindex="363" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2009/12/oraciones-selectas-al-senor-supremo.html">Oraciones Selectas al Señor Supremo</a> | <a linkindex="364" rel="bookmark" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/">Devotees Vaishnavas</a> | <a linkindex="365" rel="bookmark" href="http://devoteesvaishnavas.blogspot.com/">Dandavat pranams - All glories to Srila Prabhupada</a> | <a linkindex="366" rel="bookmark" href="http://harikathapurebhakti.blogspot.com/">Hari Katha</a> | <a linkindex="367" rel="bookmark" href="http://santoscatlicos.blogspot.com/">Santos Católicos</a> | <a linkindex="369" rel="bookmark" href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/">El Antiguo Egipto I</a> | <a linkindex="370" rel="bookmark" href="http://archivodelcervantes.blogspot.com/">Archivo Cervantes</a> | <a linkindex="371" rel="bookmark" href="http://sivanandayogaindia.blogspot.com/">Sivananda Yoga</a> | <a linkindex="372" rel="bookmark" href="http://nealedonaldwalsh.blogspot.com/">Neale Donald Walsch</a> | <a linkindex="373" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1686/ISKCON_SWAMIS">SWAMIS</a> | <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/visio-professional-2007.html">ENCICLOPEDIA - INDICE</a> | <a linkindex="195" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/ato-tv-and-video-iview-iview-780ptv.html">DEVOTOS FACEBOOK</a> | <a href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/2010/03/usuarios-de-flickr.html">EGIPTO - USUARIOS de FLICKR y PICASAWEB</a></div><br /></tr></table></td></tr></tbody></table>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-67612917055762914122010-08-12T11:31:00.001+02:002010-08-12T11:34:24.136+02:00Noble Camino Óctuple<p> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="700"> <tbody><tr><td><!-- This must be in the body, because some webmail GUIs ignore the head--> <br /><style type="text/css"> h1 { font-size: 18pt; font-family: Souv2; color: #47FF75 } h2 { font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold } h3 { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold } h4 { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; color: #ff6600 } Body { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } ul.a {list-style-type:circle;} table1 { width: 700px; } th { background-color:green; color:white; } table2 { background-color:#ffcc33; width: 340px; } th { background-color:green; color:white; } p.sans { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; font-family: Indevr } p.tradu { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; font-family: Souv2; color: #FF6600 } /* ff6600 es naranja */ p.verso { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; font-family: Souv2; color: #ffcc33 } /* ffcc33 es amarillo */ /* ccccff es lilaclaro */ p.unicode { FONT-FAMILY: verdana; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } p.sdendnote { font-size: 10pt } p.sdfootnote { margin-left: 0.5cm; text-indent: -0.5cm; font-size: 10pt } p,span,font,td,form,input,textarea,select { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } i { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify; FONT-STYLE: italic; color:#FFCC33 } a:link { text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #99AADD; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } /* unvisited link */ a:hover { text-decoration:underline; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AADD99 } /* mouse over link */ a:active { text-decoration:underline; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; color:#0000FF } /* selected link */ a:visited { text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AA77AA; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } /* visited link */ </style><br /><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Noble_Camino_.C3.93ctuple">Noble Camino Óctuple</span></h3> <p>El <i><a linkindex="703" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_sendero_%C3%B3ctuple" title="Noble sendero óctuple" class="mw-redirect">Noble Camino</a></i> (en <a linkindex="704" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1nscrito" title="Sánscrito">sánscrito</a>: ârya Sṭâṅga Mârgaì) tiene ocho aspectos</p> <ul><li><i>Prajñâ</i>: <b>Sabiduría</b> <ul><li><i>saêyak dèëùi</i>: visión o comprensión correcta</li><li><i>saêyak saêkalpa</i>: pensamiento o intención<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a linkindex="705" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo#cite_note-29"><span class="corchete-llamada">(</span>30<span class="corchete-llamada">)</span></a></sup> correcta</li></ul> </li></ul> <ul><li><i><a linkindex="706" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica_budista" title="Ética budista">Äîla</a></i>: <b>Conducta Ética</b> <ul><li><i>saêyak vâc</i>: habla correcta</li><li><i>saêyak karmânta</i>: acción correcta</li><li><i>saêyak âjîva</i>: medio de vida correcto</li></ul> </li></ul> <ul><li><i><a linkindex="707" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi" title="Samâdhi">Samâdhi</a></i>: <b>Disciplina Mental</b><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a linkindex="708" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo#cite_note-30"><span class="corchete-llamada">(</span>31<span class="corchete-llamada">)</span></a></sup> o <b>Cultivo Meditativo</b><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a linkindex="709" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo#cite_note-31"><span class="corchete-llamada">(</span>32<span class="corchete-llamada">)</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i>saêyak vyâyâma</i>: esfuerzo<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a linkindex="710" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo#cite_note-32"><span class="corchete-llamada">(</span>33<span class="corchete-llamada">)</span></a></sup> o diligencia<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a linkindex="711" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo#cite_note-33"><span class="corchete-llamada">(</span>34<span class="corchete-llamada">)</span></a></sup> correcta</li><li><i>saêyak <a linkindex="712" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti" class="mw-redirect">smṛti</a></i>: consciencia del presente<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a linkindex="713" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo#cite_note-34"><span class="corchete-llamada">(</span>35<span class="corchete-llamada">)</span></a></sup> o atención<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a linkindex="714" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo#cite_note-35"><span class="corchete-llamada">(</span>36<span class="corchete-llamada">)</span></a></sup> correcta</li><li><i>saêyak samâdhi</i>: concentración<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a linkindex="715" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo#cite_note-36"><span class="corchete-llamada">(</span>37<span class="corchete-llamada">)</span></a></sup> o meditación correcta</li></ul> </li></ul><br /><h3 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Fuentes - Fonts</h3><br><br><br><a linkindex="59" class="object_link" title="SOUV2P.TTF" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2P.TTF">SOUV2P.TTF</a> - <span class="file_size">57 KB</span><br><a linkindex="61" class="object_link" title="SOUV2I.TTF" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2I.TTF">SOUV2I.TTF</a> - <span class="file_size">59 KB</span><br><div><font size="3"><a linkindex="63" class="object_link" title="SOUV2B.TTF" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2B.TTF">SOUV2B.TTF</a> - <span class="file_size">56 KB</span></font></div><font size="3"><a linkindex="65" class="object_link" title="bai_____.ttf" 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href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3743">OBRAS y AUTORES CLÁSICOS</a></li><li><a linkindex="204" href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/278/Agradecimientos">Agradecimientos</a></li><li><a linkindex="205" rel="bookmark" href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/492/Cuadro_General">Cuadro General</a></li></ul><br /><table><tbody><tr align="center"><th><a linkindex="207" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1428" style="color: white;">Conceptos Hinduistas (1428)SC</a></th></tr><tr><td><div style="text-align:Justify;"><a linkindex="208" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3256/CategoryHindu_mythology">Category:Hindu (mythology) (3256)SC</a> | <a linkindex="209" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3270/CategoryHindu_mythology">Category:Hindu mythology (3270)SC</a> | <a linkindex="210" rel="bookmark" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3288/">Categoría:Mitología hindú (3288)SC (indice)</a> | <a linkindex="211" rel="bookmark" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3289/">Categoría:Mitología hindú (videos) (3289)SC</a> | <a linkindex="212" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3294/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_SK_y_SC_con_videos">Conceptos Hinduista (A - G) SK y SC (videos) (3294)SC</a><br><br /><a linkindex="213" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2528/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aa_-_Anc">Aa-Anc</a> · <a linkindex="214" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2907/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aga_-_Ahy">Aga - Ahy</a> · <a linkindex="215" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2908/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ai_-_Akshay">Ai - Akshay</a> · <a linkindex="216" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2909/Categoria_Hinduismo_Akshe_-_Amshum">Akshe - Amshum</a> · <a linkindex="217" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2910/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ana_-_Ancie">Ana - Ancie</a> · <a linkindex="218" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ag_-_Az">Ang - Asvayu</a> · <a linkindex="219" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2911/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ata_-_Az">Ata - Az</a> · <a linkindex="220" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1660/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_B_-">Baa-Baz</a> · <a linkindex="221" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bhak">Be-Bhak</a> · <a linkindex="222" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2912/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bu">Bhal-Bu</a> · <a linkindex="223" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_C">C</a> · <a linkindex="224" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1677/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Daz">Daa-Daz</a> · <a linkindex="225" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2913/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">De</a> · <a linkindex="226" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2914/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Dha_-_Dry">Dha-Dry</a> · <a linkindex="227" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2915/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Du_-_Dy">Du-Dy </a> · <a linkindex="228" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1777/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_E">E</a> · <a linkindex="229" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1779/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_F">F</a> · <a linkindex="230" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gayu">Gaa-Gayu</a> · <a linkindex="231" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2916/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gy">Ge-Gy</a> · <a linkindex="232" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1679/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ha_-_He">Ha-He</a> · <a linkindex="233" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2917/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hi_-_Hy">Hi-Hy</a> · <a linkindex="234" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1741/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_I">I</a> · <a linkindex="235" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1681/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_J">J</a> · <a linkindex="236" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1683/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_K">K</a> · <a linkindex="237" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2698/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ka_-_Kam">Ka - Kam</a> · <a linkindex="238" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kan-Khatu">Kan - Khatu</a> · <a linkindex="239" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2700/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ki_-_Ko">Ki - Ko</a> · <a linkindex="240" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2701/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr_-_Ku">Kr - Ku</a> · <a linkindex="241" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1774/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Relgiosos_en_General_-_L">L</a> · <a linkindex="242" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1685/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_M">M</a> · <a linkindex="243" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1709/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_N">N</a> · <a linkindex="244" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1775/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_O">O</a> · <a linkindex="245" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_P">P</a> · <a linkindex="246" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1773/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_R">R</a> · <a linkindex="247" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_S">S</a> · <a linkindex="248" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2687/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_San">Saa-San</a> · <a linkindex="249" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sap_-_Shy">Sap-Shy</a> · <a linkindex="250" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Si_-_Sy">Si-Sy</a> · <a linkindex="251" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1755/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ta_-_Te">Ta - Te</a> · <a linkindex="252" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1716/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_U">U</a> · <a linkindex="253" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_V">V</a> · <a linkindex="254" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2957/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ve_-_Vy">Ve-Vy</a> · <a linkindex="255" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1776/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Y">Y</a> · <a linkindex="256" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1778/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Z">Z</a></div></td></tr></table><br /><table><tbody><tr align="center"><th><a linkindex="257" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2919" style="color: white;">Conceptos Hinduistas (2919)SK</a> · <a linkindex="258" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2592/Pagina_Principal" style="color: white;">(2592)SK</a></th></tr><tr><td><div style="text-align: justify;"><a linkindex="259" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/459/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Aa_-_Ag">A<sub>a</sub>-A<sub>g</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="260" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/460/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ah_-_Am">A<sub>h</sub>-A<sub>m</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="261" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/461/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_An_-_Ar">A<sub>na</sub>-A<sub>nc</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="262" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2127/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ang_-_Anu">A<sub>nd</sub>-A<sub>nu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="263" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2128/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ap_-_Ar">A<sub>p</sub>-A<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="264" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/462/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_As_-_Az">A<sub>s</sub>-A<sub>x</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="265" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1972/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ay_-_Az">A<sub>y</sub>-A<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="266" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/519/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Baa_-_Ban">B<sub>aa</sub>-B<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="267" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/520/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bar_-_Bas">B<sub>ar</sub>-B<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="268" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/521/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bh">B<sub>e</sub>-B<sub>hak</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="269" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2067/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bhy">B<sub>hal</sub>-B<sub>hy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="270" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/522/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bo_-_Bu">B<sub>o</sub>-B<sub>u</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="271" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2443/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bra">B<sub>ra</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="272" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3166/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Brh_-_Bry">B<sub>rh</sub>-B<sub>ry</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="273" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2445/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bu_-_Bz">B<sub>u</sub>-B<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="274" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/612/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Caa_-_Can">C<sub>aa</sub>-C<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="275" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/613/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Car_-_Cas">C<sub>ar</sub>-C<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="276" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/614/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ce_-_Ch">C<sub>e</sub>-C<sub>ha</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="277" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2437/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Che_-_Chi">C<sub>he</sub>-C<sub>hi</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="278" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Cho_-_Chu">C<sub>ho</sub>-C<sub>hu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="279" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ci_-_Cn">C<sub>i</sub>-C<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="280" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/615/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Co_-_Cy">C<sub>o</sub>-C<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="281" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/526/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Dan">D<sub>aa</sub>-D<sub>an</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="282" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/527/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dar_-_Das">D<sub>ar</sub>-D<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="283" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/528/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">D<sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="284" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3167/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dha_-_Dny">D<sub>ha</sub>-D<sub>ny</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="285" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Do_-_Du">D<sub>o</sub>-D<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="286" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1432/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ea_-_En">E<sub>a</sub>-E<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="287" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1433/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ep_-_Ez">E<sub>p</sub>-E<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="288" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1484/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Faa_-_Fy">F<sub>aa</sub>-F<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="289" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gan">G<sub>aa</sub>-G<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="290" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gar_-_Gas">G<sub>ar</sub>-G<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="291" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gi">G<sub>e</sub>-G<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="292" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/691/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Go_-_Gy">G<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="293" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3170/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gra_-_Gy">G<sub>ra</sub>-G<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="294" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Haa_-_Han">H<sub>aa</sub>-H<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="295" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/660/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Har_-_Has">H<sub>ar</sub>-H<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="296" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_He_-_Hi">H<sub>e</sub>-H<sub>indk</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="297" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3171/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hindu_-_Histo">H<sub>indu</sub>-H<sub>isto</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="298" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ho_-_Hy">H<sub>o</sub>-H<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="299" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/609/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ia_-_In">I<sub>a</sub>-I<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="300" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/610/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ir_-_Is">I<sub>r</sub>-I<sub>s</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="301" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/611/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_It_-_Iy">I<sub>t</sub>-I<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="302" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jaa_-_Jaq">J<sub>aa</sub>-J<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="303" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jar_-_Jay">J<sub>ar</sub>-J<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="304" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Je_-_Jn">J<sub>e</sub>-J<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="305" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jo_-_Jy">J<sub>o</sub>-J<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="306" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kaa_-_Kan">K<sub>aa</sub>-K<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="307" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kar_-_Kas">K<sub>ar</sub>-K<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="308" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ke_-_Kh">K<sub>e</sub>-K<sub>h</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="309" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ko_-_Ku">K<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="310" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2331/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr">K<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="311" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2333/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ku_-_Kz">K<sub>u</sub> - K<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="312" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1489/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Laa_-_Laq">L<sub>aa</sub>-L<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="313" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1490/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lar_-_Lay">L<sub>ar</sub>-L<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="314" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1491/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Le_-_Ln">L<sub>e</sub>-L<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="315" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1492/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lo_-_Ly">L<sub>o</sub>-L<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="316" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/599/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ma_-_Man">M<sub>aa</sub>-M<sub>ag</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="317" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2083/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mah">M<sub>ah</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="318" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2084/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mai_-_Maj">M<sub>ai</sub>-M<sub>aj</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="319" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2085/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mak_-_Maq">M<sub>ak</sub>-M<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="320" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/600/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mar_-_Mas">M<sub>ar</sub>-M<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="321" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/601/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Me_-_Mi">M<sub>b</sub>-M<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="322" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/602/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mo_-_My">M<sub>o</sub>-M<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="323" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Naa_-_Naq">N<sub>aa</sub>-N<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="324" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Nar_-_Nay">N<sub>ar</sub>-N<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="325" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1440/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ne_-_Nn">N<sub>b</sub>-N<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="326" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1441/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_No_-_Ny">N<sub>o</sub>-N<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="327" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1502/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Oaa_-_Oz">O<sub>a</sub>-O<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="328" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/649">P<sub>aa</sub>-P<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="329" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/650/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Par_-_Pas">P<sub>ar</sub>-P<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="330" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/651/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Pe_-_Ph">P<sub>e</sub>-P<sub>h</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="331" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/652/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Po_-_Py">P<sub>o</sub>-P<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="332" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2607/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Raa_-_Raq">R<sub>aa</sub>-R<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><!-- <a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/984/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Raa_-_Raq">R<sub>aa</sub>-R<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> --> <a linkindex="333" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/985/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Rar_-_Rn">R<sub>ar</sub>-R<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="334" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/986/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Re_-_Rn">R<sub>e</sub>-R<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="335" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/987/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ro_-_Ry">R<sub>o</sub>-R<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="336" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/506/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_Sam">S<sub>aa</sub>-S<sub>am</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="337" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/507/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_San_-_Sar">S<sub>an</sub>-S<sub>ar</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="338" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/508/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sas_-_Si">S<sub>as</sub>-S<sub>g</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="339" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1940/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sha_-_Shy">S<sub>ha</sub>-S<sub>hy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="340" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1941/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sia_-_Sil">S<sub>ia</sub>-S<sub>il</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="341" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1942/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sim_-_Sk">S<sub>im</sub>-S<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="342" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/509/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_So_-_Su">S<sub>o</sub> - S<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="343" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2129/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sr">S<sub>r</sub> - S<sub>t</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="344" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2130/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Su_-_Sz">S<sub>u</sub>-S<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="345" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1008/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Taa_-_Tan">T<sub>aa</sub>-T<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="346" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1009/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Tar_-_Tay">T<sub>ar</sub>-T<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="347" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1010/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Te_-_Ti">T<sub>e</sub>-T<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="348" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1011/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_To_-_Ty">T<sub>o</sub>-T<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="349" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1493/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Uaa_-_Uaq">U<sub>a</sub>-U<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="350" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1494/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ur_-_Us">U<sub>r</sub>-U<sub>s</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="351" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1001/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Vaa_-_Van">V<sub>aa</sub>-V<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="352" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1002/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Var_-_Vaz">V<sub>ar</sub>-V<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="353" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1003/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ve_-_Vi">V<sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="354" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2217/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Vi_-_Vq">V<sub>i</sub>-V<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="355" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1004/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Vo_-_Vy">V<sub>o</sub>-V<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="356" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1496/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Waa_-_Wi">W<sub>aa</sub>-W<sub>i</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="357" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1497/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Wo_-_Wy">W<sub>o</sub>-W<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="358" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1498/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Yaa_-_Yav">Y<sub>aa</sub>-Y<sub>av</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="359" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1499/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ye_-_Yiy">Y<sub>e</sub>-Y<sub>iy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="360" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1500/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Yo_-_Yu">Y<sub>o</sub>-Y<sub>u</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="361" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1501/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Zaa_-_Zy">Z<sub>aa</sub>-Z<sub>y</sub></a></div></tr></table><br /><table><tbody><tr align="center"><th>GENERAL</th></tr><tr><td><div style="text-align:Justify;"><a linkindex="362" href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/">JUDAISMO</a> | <a style="font-family:Souv2" linkindex="362" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/01/ri-garga-samhita-canto-eight-volume-two.html">Ärî Garga-Samhita</a> | <a linkindex="363" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2009/12/oraciones-selectas-al-senor-supremo.html">Oraciones Selectas al Señor Supremo</a> | <a linkindex="364" rel="bookmark" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/">Devotees Vaishnavas</a> | <a linkindex="365" rel="bookmark" href="http://devoteesvaishnavas.blogspot.com/">Dandavat pranams - All glories to Srila Prabhupada</a> | <a linkindex="366" rel="bookmark" href="http://harikathapurebhakti.blogspot.com/">Hari Katha</a> | <a linkindex="367" rel="bookmark" href="http://santoscatlicos.blogspot.com/">Santos Católicos</a> | <a linkindex="369" rel="bookmark" href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/">El Antiguo Egipto I</a> | <a linkindex="370" rel="bookmark" href="http://archivodelcervantes.blogspot.com/">Archivo Cervantes</a> | <a linkindex="371" rel="bookmark" href="http://sivanandayogaindia.blogspot.com/">Sivananda Yoga</a> | <a linkindex="372" rel="bookmark" href="http://nealedonaldwalsh.blogspot.com/">Neale Donald Walsch</a> | <a linkindex="373" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1686/ISKCON_SWAMIS">SWAMIS</a> | <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/visio-professional-2007.html">ENCICLOPEDIA - INDICE</a> | <a linkindex="195" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/ato-tv-and-video-iview-iview-780ptv.html">DEVOTOS FACEBOOK</a> | <a href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/2010/03/usuarios-de-flickr.html">EGIPTO - USUARIOS de FLICKR y PICASAWEB</a></div><br /></tr></table></td></tr></tbody></table>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-62899167974416462712010-08-12T10:21:00.000+02:002010-08-12T10:47:16.833+02:00Buddhism<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Buddhism</h1> <!-- /firstHeading --> <!-- bodyContent --> <div id="bodyContent"> <!-- tagline --> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <!-- /tagline --> <!-- subtitle --> <!-- /subtitle --> <!-- jumpto --> <div id="jump-to-nav"> Jump to: <a linkindex="2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a linkindex="3" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#p-search">search</a> </div> <!-- /jumpto --> <!-- bodytext --> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="4" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_Bodhgaya.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Buddha_Bodhgaya.JPG/220px-Buddha_Bodhgaya.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="295" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="5" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_Bodhgaya.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> A statue of <a linkindex="6" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> in <a linkindex="7" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhgaya" title="Bodhgaya" class="mw-redirect">Bodhgaya</a>, <a linkindex="8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Bodhgaya is traditionally considered the place of his awakening<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="9" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </div> <table style="float: right; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; clear: right; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px; border: 2px solid rgb(175, 70, 48);" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 221); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <td>Part of a <a linkindex="10" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">series</a> on<br /><b><span style="font-size:130%;color:#af4630;"><strong class="selflink">Buddhism</strong></span></b><br /><p><a linkindex="11" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="image"><img alt="Dharma Wheel.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/100px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" width="100" height="100" /></a><br /><b><a linkindex="12" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></b> · <b><a linkindex="13" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Portal</a></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 239, 128); border-top: 2px solid rgb(175, 70, 48);"> <p><b><a linkindex="14" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></b><br /><a linkindex="15" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a> · <a linkindex="16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a><br /><a linkindex="17" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a><br /><a linkindex="18" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_the_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of the Buddha">Disciples</a><br /><a linkindex="19" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 208, 104); border-top: 2px solid rgb(175, 70, 48);"><b><a linkindex="20" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_%28Buddhism%29" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></b> or <b><a linkindex="21" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_terms_and_concepts" title="Buddhist terms and concepts" class="mw-redirect">Concepts</a></b><br /><p><a linkindex="22" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a><br /><a linkindex="23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a><br /><a linkindex="24" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">Impermanence</a><br /><a linkindex="25" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a> · <a linkindex="26" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_way" title="Middle way">Middle Way</a><br /><a linkindex="27" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta">Non-self</a> · <a linkindex="28" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a><br /><a linkindex="29" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a><br /><a linkindex="30" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a> · <a linkindex="31" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_%28Buddhism%29" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a><br /><a linkindex="32" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_%28Buddhism%29" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Samsara</a> · <a linkindex="33" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 221); border-top: 2px solid rgb(175, 70, 48);"><b><a linkindex="34" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></b><br /><p><a linkindex="35" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Jewels" title="Three Jewels">Three Jewels</a><br /><a linkindex="36" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" title="Śīla">Precepts</a> · <a linkindex="37" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a><br /><a linkindex="38" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> · <a linkindex="39" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">Wisdom</a><br /><a linkindex="40" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a><br /><a linkindex="41" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Wings to Awakening</a><br /><a linkindex="42" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a> · <a linkindex="43" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householder_%28Buddhism%29" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Laity</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 239, 128); border-top: 2px solid rgb(175, 70, 48);"> <p><b><a linkindex="44" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space: normal; text-decoration: none;">Nirvāṇa</span></a></b><br /><a linkindex="45" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenment" title="Four stages of enlightenment">Four Stages</a> · <a linkindex="46" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahant_%28Buddhism%29" title="Arahant (Buddhism)">Arahant</a><br /><a linkindex="47" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a> · <a linkindex="48" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a><br /></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 208, 104); border-top: 2px solid rgb(175, 70, 48);"> <p><b><a linkindex="49" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a></b> · <b><a linkindex="50" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Canons</a></b><br /><a linkindex="51" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a> · <a linkindex="52" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon" class="mw-redirect">Pali</a><br /><a linkindex="53" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a> · <a linkindex="54" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese</a><br /><a linkindex="55" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a> · <a linkindex="56" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan</a><br /></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 221); border-top: 2px solid rgb(175, 70, 48); border-bottom: 0px solid rgb(175, 70, 48); padding: 0px 2px;"> <p><b><a linkindex="57" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></b> and <b><a linkindex="58" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_by_region" title="Buddhism by region">Regions</a></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 208, 104); border-top: 2px solid rgb(175, 70, 48); border-bottom: 0px solid rgb(175, 70, 48); padding: 0px 2px;"> <p><b><a linkindex="59" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Related topics</a></b><br /><a linkindex="60" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparative studies</a><br /><a linkindex="61" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_elements_of_Buddhism" title="Cultural elements of Buddhism">Cultural elements</a><br /><a linkindex="62" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Criticism</a><br /></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"><a linkindex="63" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><span title="View this template" style="">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="64" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><span title="Discuss this template" style="">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="65" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Buddhism&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style="">e</span></a></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Buddhism</b> is a <a linkindex="66" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and <a linkindex="67" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to <a linkindex="68" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Siddhartha Gautama</a>, commonly known as the <a linkindex="69" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a> (<a linkindex="70" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li" title="Pāli" class="mw-redirect">Pāli</a>/<a linkindex="71" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> "the awakened one"). The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern <a linkindex="72" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a linkindex="73" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> He is recognized by <a linkindex="74" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhists" title="Buddhists" class="mw-redirect">adherents</a> as an <a linkindex="75" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi" title="Bodhi">awakened</a> teacher who shared his insights to help <a linkindex="76" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentient_being_%28Buddhism%29" title="Sentient being (Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect">sentient beings</a> end <a linkindex="77" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a> (or <a linkindex="78" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a>), achieve <a linkindex="79" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>, and escape what is seen as a <a linkindex="80" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_%28Buddhism%29" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">cycle of suffering and rebirth</a>.</p> <p>Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: <a linkindex="81" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> ("The School of the Elders") and <a linkindex="82" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada—the oldest surviving branch—has a widespread following in <a linkindex="83" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a linkindex="84" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and Mahayana is found throughout <a linkindex="85" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and includes the traditions of <a linkindex="86" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land" title="Pure Land" class="mw-redirect">Pure Land</a>, <a linkindex="87" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, <a linkindex="88" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>, <a linkindex="89" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, <a linkindex="90" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon" class="mw-redirect">Shingon</a>, <a linkindex="91" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> and <a linkindex="92" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinnyo-en" title="Shinnyo-en">Shinnyo-en</a>. In some classifications <a linkindex="93" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>, a subcategory of Mahayana, is recognized as a third branch. While Buddhism remains most popular within Asia, both branches are now found throughout the world. Various sources put the number of Buddhists in the world at over a billion followers and possibly as many as 1.5 billion or 1.6 billion followers<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a linkindex="94" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a linkindex="95" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a linkindex="96" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>, making it one of the <a linkindex="97" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">world's largest religions</a> and possibly the second largest religion if upper estimates are accurate. Low estimates of Buddhism tend to come from sources that exclude Chinese Buddhists and refuse to acknowledge that one can combine Buddhism with other beliefs such as Hinduism in Nepal, Jainism in India, Taoism in Chinese populations, primal-indigenous beliefs in Burma and Laos, and Shintoism in Japan.</p> <p><a linkindex="98" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Buddhist schools</a> vary significantly on the exact nature of the path to <a linkindex="99" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">liberation</a>, the importance and <a linkindex="100" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">canonicity of various teachings and scriptures</a>, and especially their respective practices.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a linkindex="101" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> The foundations of Buddhist tradition and practice are the <a linkindex="102" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Jewels" title="Three Jewels">Three Jewels</a>: the Buddha, the <a linkindex="103" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> (the teachings), and the <a linkindex="104" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a> (the community).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a linkindex="105" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a linkindex="106" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Taking "<a linkindex="107" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuge_%28Buddhism%29" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">refuge</a> in the triple gem" has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the Buddhist path and in general distinguishes a Buddhist from a non-Buddhist.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a linkindex="108" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Other practices may include following <a linkindex="109" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABla" title="Sīla" class="mw-redirect">ethical precepts</a>, <a linkindex="110" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_%28Buddhism%29" title="Dana (Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect">support of the monastic community</a>, <a linkindex="111" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">renouncing</a> conventional living and becoming a <a linkindex="112" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">monastic</a>, <a linkindex="113" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditation</a> (this category includes <a linkindex="114" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness_%28Buddhism%29" title="Mindfulness (Buddhism)">mindfulness</a>), cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment, study of scriptures, <a linkindex="115" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">devotional</a> practices, ceremonies, and in the Mahayana tradition, invocation of buddhas and <a linkindex="116" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a>.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a linkindex="117" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Life_of_the_Buddha"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life of the Buddha</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a linkindex="118" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Buddhist_concepts"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Buddhist concepts</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a linkindex="119" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Life_and_the_world"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Life and the world</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a linkindex="120" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Karma_as_the_law_of_cause_and_effect"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Karma as the law of cause and effect</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a linkindex="121" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Rebirth"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rebirth</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a linkindex="122" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#The_cycle_of_sa.E1.B9.83s.C4.81ra"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">The cycle of saṃsāra</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a linkindex="123" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Suffering.27s_causes_and_solution"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Suffering's causes and solution</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a linkindex="124" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#The_Four_Noble_Truths"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Four Noble Truths</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a linkindex="125" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#The_Noble_Eightfold_Path"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Noble Eightfold Path</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a linkindex="126" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Middle_Way"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Way</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a linkindex="127" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#The_way_things_are"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">The way things are</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a linkindex="128" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Impermanence.2C_suffering_and_not-self"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Impermanence, suffering and not-self</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a linkindex="129" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Dependent_arising"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dependent arising</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a linkindex="130" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Emptiness"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Emptiness</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a linkindex="131" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Speculation_versus_direct_experience_in_Buddhist_epistemology"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Speculation versus direct experience in Buddhist epistemology</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a linkindex="132" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Liberation"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Liberation</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a linkindex="133" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Nirvana"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nirvana</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a linkindex="134" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Buddhas"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Buddhas</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a linkindex="135" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Theravada"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Theravada</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a linkindex="136" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Mahayana"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mahayana</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-21"><a linkindex="137" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Buddha_eras"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Buddha eras</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a linkindex="138" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Bodhisattvas"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bodhisattvas</span></a></li></ul> </li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a linkindex="139" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Practice"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Practice</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a linkindex="140" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Devotion"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Devotion</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a linkindex="141" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Refuge_in_the_Three_Jewels"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Refuge in the Three Jewels</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a linkindex="142" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Buddhist_ethics"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Buddhist ethics</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a linkindex="143" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Monastic_life"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Monastic life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a linkindex="144" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Meditation"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Meditation</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a linkindex="145" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Sam.C4.81dhi_.28meditative_cultivation.29:_samatha_meditation"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Samādhi (meditative cultivation): samatha meditation</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-30"><a linkindex="146" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#In_Therav.C4.81da"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">In Theravāda</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a linkindex="147" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Praj.C3.B1.C4.81_.28Wisdom.29:_vipassana_meditation"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Prajñā (Wisdom): vipassana meditation</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a linkindex="148" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Zen"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Zen</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a linkindex="149" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Vajrayana_and_Tantra"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Vajrayana and Tantra</span></a></li></ul> </li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a linkindex="150" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#History"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a linkindex="151" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Philosophical_roots"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophical roots</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a linkindex="152" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Indian_Buddhism"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Indian Buddhism</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a linkindex="153" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Pre-sectarian_Buddhism"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a linkindex="154" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Early_Buddhist_schools"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early Buddhist schools</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a linkindex="155" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Early_Mahayana_Buddhism"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Early Mahayana Buddhism</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a linkindex="156" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Late_Mahayana_Buddhism"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Late Mahayana Buddhism</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a linkindex="157" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Vajrayana_.28Esoteric_Buddhism.29"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Vajrayana (Esoteric Buddhism)</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a linkindex="158" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#The_early_development_of_Buddhism"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">The early development of Buddhism</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a linkindex="159" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Buddhism_today"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Buddhism today</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a linkindex="160" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a linkindex="161" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Schools_and_traditions"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Schools and traditions</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a linkindex="162" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Timeline"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a linkindex="163" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Theravada_school"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Theravada school</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a linkindex="164" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Mahayana_school"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mahayana school</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a linkindex="165" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Vajrayana_school"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Vajrayana school</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a linkindex="166" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Buddhist_texts"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Buddhist texts</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a linkindex="167" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#P.C4.81li_Tipitaka"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pāli Tipitaka</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a linkindex="168" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Mahayana_Sutras"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mahayana Sutras</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a linkindex="169" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Comparative_studies"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Comparative studies</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a linkindex="170" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#List_of_Buddhism_related_topics_in_comparative_studies"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">List of Buddhism related topics in comparative studies</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a linkindex="171" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a linkindex="172" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a linkindex="173" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a linkindex="174" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Online"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Online</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a linkindex="175" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life_of_the_Buddha">Life of the Buddha</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="176" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg/220px-Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="141" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="177" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Ascetic <a linkindex="178" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama</a> with his five companions, who later comprised the first <a linkindex="179" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a>. Wall painting in a <a linkindex="180" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laotian</a> temple</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="181" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></div> <p>The evidence of the early texts suggests that the Buddha was born in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE. It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.</p> <p>This community was not yet likely to have been absorbed into <a linkindex="182" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminism" title="Brahminism" class="mw-redirect">Brahmanical</a> culture (the tradition that would evolve into Hinduism),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a linkindex="183" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> and it is even possible that the Buddha's mother tongue was not <a linkindex="184" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan" title="Indo-Aryan">Indo-Aryan</a>. Following the Buddha's death, Buddhist tradition built up an alternative biography and mythologized some aspects of his early life.</p> <p>According to the Theravada <a linkindex="185" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipitaka" title="Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect">Tipitaka</a> <a linkindex="186" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">scriptures</a> (from Pali, meaning "three baskets"), the Buddha was born in <a linkindex="187" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, around the year 563 BCE, and raised in <a linkindex="188" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapilavastu" title="Kapilavastu">Kapilavastu</a>, both in modern-day <a linkindex="189" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a linkindex="190" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a linkindex="191" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>According to this narrative, shortly after the birth of young prince Siddhartha Gautama, an <a linkindex="192" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrologer</a> visited the young prince's father—King <a linkindex="193" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Śuddhodana</a>—and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man, depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls.</p> <p>Śuddhodana was determined to see his son become a king so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds. But at age 29, despite his father's efforts, Siddhartha ventured beyond the palace several times. In a series of encounters—known in Buddhist literature as the <a linkindex="194" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">four sights</a> he learned of the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an <a linkindex="195" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> <a linkindex="196" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">holy man</a>, apparently content and at peace with the world. These experiences prompted Gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest.</p> <p>Gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day, and mastered the meditative attainments they taught. But he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering, so he continued his quest. He next attempted an extreme asceticism, which was a religious pursuit common among the <a linkindex="197" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shramana" title="Shramana">Shramanas</a>, a religious culture distinct from the Vedic one. Gautama underwent prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain. He almost starved himself to death in the process. He realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit, and had not put an end to suffering. So in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach. He devoted himself to <a linkindex="198" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">anapanasati</a> meditation, through which he discovered what Buddhists call the <a linkindex="199" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way" class="mw-redirect">Middle Way</a> ("<i>madhyam path</i>"): a path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.</p> <p>Gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest. At the age of 35, he famously sat in meditation under a <a linkindex="200" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_fig" title="Sacred fig">sacred fig</a> tree — known as the <a linkindex="201" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree" class="mw-redirect">Bodhi tree</a> — in the town of <a linkindex="202" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, <a linkindex="203" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and vowed not to rise before achieving <a linkindex="204" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi" title="Bodhi">enlightenment</a>. After many days, he finally destroyed the <a linkindex="205" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetter_%28Buddhism%29" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">fetters</a> of his mind, thereby <a linkindex="206" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">liberating himself</a> from the <a linkindex="207" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">cycle of suffering and rebirth</a>, and arose as a <a linkindex="208" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahant" title="Arahant" class="mw-redirect">fully enlightened being</a>. Soon thereafter, he attracted a band of followers and instituted a <a linkindex="209" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">monastic order</a>. Now, as the Buddha, he spent the rest of his life teaching the <a linkindex="210" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_%28Buddhism%29" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">path of awakening he discovered</a>, traveling throughout the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a linkindex="211" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a linkindex="212" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> and died at the age of 80 (483 BCE) in <a linkindex="213" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>, India.</p> <p>The above narrative draws on the early scriptures. However, later texts, such as the Mahayana <i><a linkindex="214" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitavistara_Sutra" title="Lalitavistara Sutra">Lalitavistara Sutra</a></i>, give different accounts.</p> <p>Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a linkindex="215" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a linkindex="216" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> According to author Michael Carrithers, while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account, "the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a linkindex="217" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In writing her biography of Buddha, <a linkindex="218" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a> noted, "It is obviously difficult, therefore, to write a biography of the Buddha that will meet modern criteria, because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound... [but] we can be reasonably confident Siddhatta Gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a linkindex="219" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Buddhist_concepts">Buddhist concepts</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="220" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_terms_and_concepts" title="Buddhist terms and concepts" class="mw-redirect">Buddhist terms and concepts</a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Life_and_the_world">Life and the world</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="221" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhavachakra.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bhavachakra.jpg/220px-Bhavachakra.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="300" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="222" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhavachakra.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Traditional <a linkindex="223" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> <a linkindex="224" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a> depicting the "Wheel of Life" with its six realms</div> </div> </div> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Karma_as_the_law_of_cause_and_effect">Karma as the law of cause and effect</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="225" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma in Buddhism</a></div> <p><a linkindex="226" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a> (from <a linkindex="227" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: "action, work") <a linkindex="228" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">in Buddhism</a> is the force that drives <a linkindex="229" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a>—the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skillful deeds (<a linkindex="230" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li" title="Pāli" class="mw-redirect">Pāli</a>: "kusala") and bad, unskillful (Pāli: "akusala") actions produce "seeds" in the mind which <a linkindex="231" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vip%C4%81ka" title="Vipāka">come to fruition</a> either in this life or in a subsequent <a linkindex="232" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_%28Buddhism%29" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a linkindex="233" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called <a linkindex="234" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" title="Śīla">śīla</a> (from Sanskrit: "ethical conduct").</p> <p>In Buddhism, karma specifically refers to those actions (of body, speech, and mind) that spring from mental intent ("cetana"),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a linkindex="235" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> and which bring about a consequence (or fruit, "<a linkindex="236" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phala" title="Phala">phala</a>") or result ("<a linkindex="237" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vip%C4%81ka" title="Vipāka">vipāka</a>"). Every time a person acts there is some quality of intention at the base of the mind and it is that quality rather than the outward appearance of the action that determines its effect<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2010" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a linkindex="238" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>.</p> <p>In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one's karma, since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe. Some Mahayana traditions hold different views. For example, the texts of certain <a linkindex="239" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_sutra" title="Mahayana sutra" class="mw-redirect">Mahayana sutras</a> (such as the <i><a linkindex="240" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></i>, the <i><a linkindex="241" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angulimaliya_Sutra" title="Angulimaliya Sutra">Angulimaliya Sutra</a></i> and the <i><a linkindex="242" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_Sutra" title="Nirvana Sutra" class="mw-redirect">Nirvana Sutra</a></i>) claim that reciting or merely hearing their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma. Some forms of Buddhism (for example, <a linkindex="243" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>) regard the recitation of <a linkindex="244" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> as a means for cutting off previous negative karma.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a linkindex="245" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> The Japanese <a linkindex="246" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a> teacher <a linkindex="247" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genshin" title="Genshin">Genshin</a> taught that <a linkindex="248" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amida_Buddha" title="Amida Buddha" class="mw-redirect">Amida Buddha</a> has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in saṃsāra.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a linkindex="249" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a linkindex="250" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Rebirth">Rebirth</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="251" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wangdu_and_Puchung.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wangdu_and_Puchung.jpg/220px-Wangdu_and_Puchung.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="165" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="252" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wangdu_and_Puchung.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Two Buddhist monks in traditional clothing.</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="253" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_%28Buddhism%29" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth (Buddhism)</a></div> <p>Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of <a linkindex="254" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentient</a> life, each running from conception<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a linkindex="255" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> to death. Buddhism rejects the concepts of a permanent <a linkindex="256" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a> or an unchanging, eternal <a linkindex="257" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, as it is called in <a linkindex="258" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a linkindex="259" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. According to Buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe (the doctrine of <a linkindex="260" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta">anatta</a>). Rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic, ever-changing process of "dependent arising" ("<a linkindex="261" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">pratītyasamutpāda</a>") determined by the laws of cause and effect (karma) rather than that of one being, <a linkindex="262" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmigration_of_the_soul" title="Transmigration of the soul" class="mw-redirect">transmigrating</a> or <a linkindex="263" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnating</a> from one existence to the next.</p> <p>Each rebirth takes place within one of five realms according to Theravadins, or <a linkindex="264" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Realms" title="Six Realms" class="mw-redirect">six</a> according to other schools.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a linkindex="265" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a linkindex="266" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> These are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a linkindex="267" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ol><li><a linkindex="268" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_%28Buddhism%29" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka beings</a>: those who live in one of many Narakas (Hells)</li><li><a linkindex="269" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Preta</a>: sometimes sharing some space with humans, but invisible to most people; an important variety is the <a linkindex="270" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">hungry ghost</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a linkindex="271" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><a linkindex="272" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animals</a>: sharing space with humans, but considered another type of life</li><li><a linkindex="273" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human beings</a>: one of the realms of rebirth in which attaining Nirvana is possible</li><li><a linkindex="274" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura_%28Buddhism%29" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asuras</a>: variously translated as lowly deities, demons, titans, antigods; not recognized by Theravāda (Mahavihara) tradition as a separate realm<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a linkindex="275" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><a linkindex="276" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_%28Buddhism%29" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Devas</a> including <a linkindex="277" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_%28Buddhism%29" title="Brahma (Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect">Brahmas</a>: variously translated as gods, deities, spirits, angels, or left untranslated</li></ol> <p>Rebirths in some of the higher heavens, known as the <a linkindex="278" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology#Pure_Abodes_.28.C5.9Auddh.C4.81v.C4.81sa.29" title="Buddhist cosmology">Śuddhāvāsa Worlds</a> (Pure Abodes), can be attained only by skilled Buddhist practitioners known as <a linkindex="279" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">anāgāmis</a> (non-returners). Rebirths in the <a linkindex="280" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology#Formless_Realm_.28.C4.80r.C5.ABpyadh.C4.81tu.29" title="Buddhist cosmology">arupa-dhatu</a> (formless realms) can be attained only by those who can meditate on the <a linkindex="281" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C5%ABpajh%C4%81na" title="Arūpajhāna">arūpajhānas</a>, the highest object of meditation.</p> <p>According to East Asian and <a linkindex="282" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, there is an <a linkindex="283" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">intermediate state</a> (<a linkindex="284" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_language" title="Tibetan language" class="mw-redirect">Tibetan</a> "Bardo") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects this; however there are passages in the <i><a linkindex="285" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a></i> of the <a linkindex="286" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon" class="mw-redirect">Pali Canon</a> (the collection of texts on which the Theravada tradition is based), that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a linkindex="287" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a linkindex="288" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_cycle_of_sa.E1.B9.83s.C4.81ra">The cycle of saṃsāra</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="289" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_%28Buddhism%29" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra (Buddhism)</a></div> <p>Sentient beings crave pleasure and are averse to pain from birth to death. In being controlled by these attitudes, they perpetuate the cycle of conditioned existence and suffering (saṃsāra), and produce the causes and conditions of the next rebirth after death. Each rebirth repeats this process in an involuntary cycle, which Buddhists strive to end by eradicating these causes and conditions, applying the methods laid out by the Buddha and subsequent Buddhists.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Suffering.27s_causes_and_solution">Suffering's causes and solution</span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Four_Noble_Truths">The Four Noble Truths</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="290" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bon_shim.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bon_shim.jpg/220px-Bon_shim.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="331" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="291" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bon_shim.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Polish Buddhists</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="292" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></div> <p>According to the <a linkindex="293" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Tipitaka" title="Pali Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect">Pali Tipitaka</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a linkindex="294" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> and the <a linkindex="295" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80gama_%28Buddhism%29" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">Āgamas</a> of other <a linkindex="296" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist schools</a>, the Four Noble Truths were the first teaching of Gautama Buddha after attaining Nirvana. They are sometimes considered to contain the essence of the Buddha's teachings:</p> <ol><li>Life as we know it ultimately is or leads to suffering/uneasiness (<a linkindex="297" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a>) in one way or another.</li><li>Suffering is caused by <a linkindex="298" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanha" title="Tanha" class="mw-redirect">craving</a>. This is often expressed as a deluded clinging to a certain sense of existence, to selfhood, or to the things or phenomena that we consider the cause of happiness or unhappiness. Craving also has its negative aspect, i.e. one craves that a certain state of affairs not exist.</li><li>Suffering ends when craving ends. This is achieved by eliminating delusion, thereby reaching a liberated state of Enlightenment (<a linkindex="299" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi" title="Bodhi">bodhi</a>);</li><li>Reaching this liberated state is achieved by following the <a linkindex="300" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">path</a> laid out by the Buddha.</li></ol> <p>This method is described by early Western scholars, and taught as an introduction to Buddhism by some contemporary Mahayana teachers (for example, the <a linkindex="301" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a linkindex="302" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>According to other interpretations by Buddhist teachers and scholars, lately recognized by some Western non-Buddhist scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a linkindex="303" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> the "truths" do not represent mere statements, but are categories or aspects that most worldly phenomena fall into, grouped in two:</p> <ol><li>Suffering and causes of suffering</li><li>Cessation and the paths towards liberation from suffering.</li></ol> <p>Thus, according to the Macmillan <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a linkindex="304" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> they are</p> <ol><li>"The noble truth that is suffering"</li><li>"The noble truth that is the arising of suffering"</li><li>"The noble truth that is the end of suffering"</li><li>"The noble truth that is the way leading to the end of suffering"</li></ol> <p>The early teaching<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a linkindex="305" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> and the traditional Theravada understanding<sup id="cite_ref-penguin_36-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="306" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-penguin-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> is that the Four Noble Truths are an advanced teaching for those who are ready for them. The East Asian Mahayana position is that they are a preliminary teaching for people not yet ready for the higher and more expansive Mahayana teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a linkindex="307" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> They are little known in the Far East.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a linkindex="308" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> Within the Nalanda/Tibetan tradition of Mahayana Buddhism, the Four Noble Truths remain essential to the path.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a linkindex="309" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Noble_Eightfold_Path">The Noble Eightfold Path</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="310" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="311" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/220px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="312" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The <i><a linkindex="313" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra" class="mw-redirect">Dharmachakra</a></i> represents the <a linkindex="314" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>The <a linkindex="315" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>—the fourth of the Buddha's <a linkindex="316" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Noble Truths</a>—is the way to the cessation of suffering (dukkha). It has eight sections, each starting with the word "samyak" (Sanskrit, meaning "correctly", "properly", or "well", frequently translated into English as "right"), and presented in three groups known as the three higher trainings. (NB: Pāli transliterations appear in brackets after Sanskrit ones):</p> <ul><li><b><a linkindex="317" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Prajñā" class="mw-redirect">Prajñā</a></b> is the wisdom that purifies the mind, allowing it to attain spiritual insight into the true nature of all things. It includes:</li></ul> <ol><li><span class="Unicode">dṛṣṭi</span> (ditthi): viewing reality as it is, not just as it appears to be.</li><li><span class="Unicode">saṃkalpa</span> (sankappa): intention of renunciation, freedom and harmlessness.</li></ol> <ul><li><b><a linkindex="318" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" title="Śīla">Śīla</a></b> is the ethics or morality, or abstention from unwholesome deeds. It includes:</li></ul> <ol><li value="3"><span class="Unicode">vāc</span> (vāca): speaking in a truthful and non-hurtful way</li><li><span class="Unicode">karman</span> (kammanta): acting in a non-harmful way</li><li><span class="Unicode">ājīvana</span> (ājīva): a non-harmful livelihood</li></ol> <ul><li><b><a linkindex="319" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi" title="Samādhi" class="mw-redirect">Samādhi</a></b> is the mental discipline required to develop mastery over one’s own mind. This is done through the practice of various contemplative and meditative practices, and includes:</li></ul> <ol><li value="6"><span class="Unicode">vyāyāma</span> (vāyāma): making an effort to improve</li><li><span class="Unicode">smṛti</span> (sati): awareness to see things for what they are with clear consciousness, being aware of the present reality within oneself, without any craving or aversion</li><li><span class="Unicode">samādhi</span> (samādhi): correct meditation or concentration, explained as the first four <a linkindex="320" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jh%C4%81na" title="Jhāna">jhānas</a></li></ol> <p>The practice of the Eightfold Path is understood in two ways, as requiring either simultaneous development (all eight items practiced in parallel), or as a progressive series of stages through which the practitioner moves, the culmination of one leading to the beginning of another.</p> <p>The Eightfold Path is little known in the Far East.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a linkindex="321" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_Way">Middle Way</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="322" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way" class="mw-redirect">Middle Way</a></div> <p>An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the <a linkindex="323" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way" class="mw-redirect">Middle Way</a> (or Middle Path), which is said to have been discovered by Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment. The Middle Way has several definitions:</p> <ol><li>The practice of non-extremism: a path of moderation away from the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification</li><li>The middle ground between certain <a linkindex="324" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> <a linkindex="325" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_%28Buddhism%29" title="View (Buddhism)">views</a> (for example, that things ultimately either do or do not exist)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a linkindex="326" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>An explanation of <a linkindex="327" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a> (perfect enlightenment), a state wherein it becomes clear that all dualities apparent in the world are delusory (see <a linkindex="328" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a>)</li><li>Another term for <a linkindex="329" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a>, the ultimate nature of all phenomena (in the <a linkindex="330" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> branch), a lack of inherent existence, which avoids the extremes of permanence and nihilism or inherent existence and nothingness</li></ol> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_way_things_are">The way things are</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="331" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debating_Monks.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Debating_Monks.JPG/220px-Debating_Monks.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="293" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="332" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debating_Monks.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Debating monks at <a linkindex="333" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera Monastery</a>, <a linkindex="334" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></div> </div> </div> <p>Buddhist scholars have produced a remarkable quantity of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts (see, for example, <a linkindex="335" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a>, <a linkindex="336" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a linkindex="337" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality in Buddhism</a>). Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential, but most regard it as having a place, at least for some persons at some stages in Buddhist practice.</p> <p>In the earliest Buddhist teachings, shared to some extent by all extant schools, the concept of liberation (Nirvana)—the goal of the Buddhist path—is closely related to the correct understanding of how the mind causes stress. In awakening to the true nature of clinging, one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging, and is liberated from suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (saṃsāra). To this end, the Buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the <a linkindex="338" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">three marks of existence</a>.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Impermanence.2C_suffering_and_not-self">Impermanence, suffering and not-self</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="339" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></div> <p><a linkindex="340" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicca" title="Anicca" class="mw-redirect">Anicca</a> (Pāli for "inconstancy", usually translated as <a linkindex="341" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">impermanence</a>) is one of the three marks of existence. The term expresses the Buddhist notion that all <a linkindex="342" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankhara" title="Sankhara" class="mw-redirect">compounded or conditioned phenomena</a> (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent. Everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts, and its existence is dependent on external conditions. Everything is in constant flux, and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing. Things are constantly coming into being, and ceasing to be. Since nothing lasts, there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience.</p> <p>According to the impermanence doctrine, human life embodies this flux in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra), and in any experience of loss. The doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent, attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering (dukkha).</p> <p>Suffering or dukkha (Pāli दुक्ख; Sanskrit दुःख <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space: normal; text-decoration: none;">duḥkha</span>, which according to grammatical tradition derived from <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space: normal; text-decoration: none;">dus-kha</span> "uneasy", but according to <a linkindex="343" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier-Williams" title="Monier-Williams" class="mw-redirect">Monier-Williams</a> more likely a <a linkindex="344" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakritized</a> form of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space: normal; text-decoration: none;">dus-stha</span> "unsteady, disquieted") is a central concept in Buddhism. The word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in English including <a linkindex="345" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a>, <a linkindex="346" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, <a linkindex="347" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, dissatisfaction, discomfort, <a linkindex="348" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">anguish</a>, <a linkindex="349" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_%28medicine%29" title="Stress (medicine)" class="mw-redirect">stress</a>, <a linkindex="350" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misery" title="Misery">misery</a>, and <a linkindex="351" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">frustration</a>. Although dukkha is often translated as "suffering", its philosophical meaning is more analogous to "disquietude" as in the condition of being disturbed. As such, "suffering" is too narrow a translation with "negative emotional connotations"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a linkindex="352" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> which can give the impression that the Buddhist view is one of <a linkindex="353" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">pessimism</a>, but Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic, but realistic. Thus in English-language Buddhist literature "dukkha" is often left untranslated, so as to encompass its full range of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-rahula_43-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="354" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-rahula-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prebish_44-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="355" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-prebish-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keown_45-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="356" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-keown-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a linkindex="357" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta">Anatta</a> (Pāli) or anātman (Sanskrit) refers to the notion of "not-self". Upon careful examination, one finds that no phenomenon is really "I" or "mine"; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind. In the <i><a linkindex="358" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikayas" title="Nikayas" class="mw-redirect">Nikayas</a></i> anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion, but as an approach for gaining release from suffering. In fact, the Buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions "I have a <a linkindex="359" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_%28Hinduism%29" title="Atman (Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect">Self</a>" and "I have no Self" as <a linkindex="360" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> <a linkindex="361" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_%28Buddhism%29" title="View (Buddhism)">views</a> that bind one to suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a linkindex="362" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> When asked if the self was identical with the body, the Buddha <a linkindex="363" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_unanswerable_questions" title="Fourteen unanswerable questions">refused to answer</a>. By analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents (<a linkindex="364" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">skandhas</a>) of a person or object, the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Dependent_arising">Dependent arising</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="365" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></div> <p>The doctrine of pratītyasamutpāda (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppāda; Tibetan: rten.cing.'brel.bar.'byung.ba; Chinese: 緣起) is an important part of Buddhist metaphysics. It states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect. It is variously rendered into English as "dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency".</p> <p>The best-known application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda is the scheme of <a linkindex="366" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Nid%C4%81nas" title="Twelve Nidānas">Twelve Nidānas</a> (from Pāli "nidāna" meaning "cause, foundation, source or origin"), which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (saṃsāra) in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a linkindex="367" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="368" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Nid%C4%81nas" title="Twelve Nidānas">Twelve Nidānas</a></div> <p>The Twelve Nidānas describe a causal connection between the subsequent characteristics or conditions of cyclic existence, each one giving rise to the next:</p> <ol><li>Avidyā: ignorance, specifically spiritual ignorance of the nature of reality<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a linkindex="369" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Saṃskāras: literally formations, explained as referring to <a linkindex="370" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a></li><li>Vijñāna: <a linkindex="371" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, specifically discriminative<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a linkindex="372" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Nāmarūpa: literally name and form, referring to mind and body<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a linkindex="373" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Ṣaḍāyatana: the six sense bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and mind-organ</li><li>Sparśa: variously translated contact, impression, stimulation (by a sense object)</li><li>Vedanā: usually translated feeling: this is the "hedonic tone", i.e. whether something is pleasant, unpleasant or neutral</li><li>Tṛṣṇā: literally thirst, but in Buddhism nearly always used to mean craving</li><li>Upādāna: clinging or grasping; the word also means fuel, which feeds the continuing cycle of rebirth</li><li>Bhava: literally being (existence) or becoming. (The Theravada explains this as having two meanings: karma, which produces a new existence, and the existence itself.)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a linkindex="374" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Jāti: literally birth, but life is understood as starting at conception<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a linkindex="375" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Jarāmaraṇa: (old age and death) and also śokaparidevaduḥkhadaurmanasyopāyāsa (sorrow, lamentation, pain, sadness, and misery)</li></ol> <p>Sentient beings always suffer throughout saṃsāra, until they free themselves from this suffering by attaining <a linkindex="376" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a>. Then the absence of the first Nidāna—ignorance—leads to the absence of the others.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Emptiness">Emptiness</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="377" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMG_13442.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/IMG_13442.JPG/220px-IMG_13442.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="273" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="378" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMG_13442.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> A monk in the <a linkindex="379" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Buddha_Temple" title="Jade Buddha Temple">Jade Buddha Temple</a>, <a linkindex="380" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a linkindex="381" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="382" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></div> <p><a linkindex="383" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from <a linkindex="384" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> (perhaps c. 150–250 CE), arguably the most influential scholar within the Mahayana tradition. Nagarjuna's primary contribution to <a linkindex="385" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> was the systematic exposition of the concept of <a linkindex="386" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">śūnyatā</a>, or "emptiness," widely attested in the <i><a linkindex="387" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Prajñāpāramitā" class="mw-redirect">Prajñāpāramitā</a></i> sutras which were emergent in his era. The concept of emptiness brings together other key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and pratītyasamutpāda (dependent origination), to refute the metaphysics of <a linkindex="388" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivada</a> and <a linkindex="389" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sautrantika" title="Sautrantika" class="mw-redirect">Sautrantika</a> (extinct non-Mahayana schools). For Nagarjuna, it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of <a linkindex="390" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_%28Buddhism%29" title="Atman (Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect">ātman</a>; all phenomena (<a linkindex="391" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_%28Buddhism%29#Dharmas_in_Buddhist_phenomenology" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">dharmas</a>) are without any <a linkindex="392" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svabhava" title="Svabhava">svabhava</a> (literally "own-nature" or "self-nature"), and thus without any underlying essence; they are "empty" of being independent; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early Buddhism. Nagarjuna's school of thought is known as the <a linkindex="393" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="Mādhyamaka" class="mw-redirect">Mādhyamaka</a>. Some of the writings attributed to Nagarjuna made explicit references to Mahayana texts, but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the <a linkindex="394" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamas" title="Agamas" class="mw-redirect">agamas</a>. He may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent <a linkindex="395" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> of the Buddha's doctrine as recorded in the Canon. In the eyes of Nagarjuna the Buddha was not merely a forerunner, but the very founder of the Mādhyamaka system.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a linkindex="396" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Sarvastivada teachings—which were criticized by Nāgārjuna—were reformulated by scholars such as <a linkindex="397" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> and <a linkindex="398" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a> and were adapted into the <a linkindex="399" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogacara" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> (Sanskrit: yoga practice) school. While the Mādhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non-existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate, some exponents of Yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real (a doctrine known as <a linkindex="400" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cittamatra" title="Cittamatra" class="mw-redirect">cittamatra</a>). Not all Yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent; Vasubandhu and Asanga in particular did not.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a linkindex="401" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> These two schools of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition.</p> <p>Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (<a linkindex="402" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Prajñāpāramitā" class="mw-redirect">prajñāpāramitā</a>) and Buddha-nature (<a linkindex="403" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha" title="Tathāgatagarbha" class="mw-redirect">tathāgatagarbha</a>, meaning "Buddha embryo" or "Buddha-matrix"). According to the <i>Tathāgatagarbha Sutras</i>, the Buddha revealed the reality of the deathless Buddha-nature, which is said to be inherent in all <a linkindex="404" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentient_beings_%28Buddhism%29" title="Sentient beings (Buddhism)">sentient beings</a> and enables them all eventually to reach complete enlightenment, i.e. <a linkindex="405" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>. Buddha-nature is stated in the Mahayana <i><a linkindex="406" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angulimaliya_Sutra" title="Angulimaliya Sutra">Angulimaliya Sutra</a></i> and <i><a linkindex="407" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaparinirvana_Sutra" title="Mahaparinirvana Sutra" class="mw-redirect">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a></i> to not be śūnya, but to be replete with eternal Buddhic virtues. In the <i>Tathāgatagarbha Sutras</i> the Buddha is portrayed proclaiming that the teaching of the tathāgatagarbha constitutes the "absolutely final culmination" of his <a linkindex="408" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_%28Buddhism%29" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a>—the highest presentation of truth (other sūtras make similar statements about other teachings) and it has traditionally been regarded as the highest teaching in East Asian Buddhism. However, in modern China all doctrines are regarded as equally valid.<sup id="cite_ref-Welch.2C_1967.2C_p._395_55-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="409" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-Welch.2C_1967.2C_p._395-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> The Mahayana can also on occasion communicate a vision of the Buddha or Dharma which amounts to <a linkindex="410" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and gives expression to a form of mentalist <a linkindex="411" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a> (see <a linkindex="412" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" title="God in Buddhism">God in Buddhism</a>).</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Speculation_versus_direct_experience_in_Buddhist_epistemology">Speculation versus direct experience in Buddhist epistemology</span></h4> <p>Decisive in distinguishing Buddhism from other schools of <a linkindex="413" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a> is the issue of <a linkindex="414" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> justification. While all schools of <a linkindex="415" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Indian logic</a> recognize various sets of valid justifications for knowledge (<a linkindex="416" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">pramana</a>) Buddhism recognizes a smaller set than do the others. All accept <a linkindex="417" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> and <a linkindex="418" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inference</a>, for example, but for some schools of Buddhism the received textual tradition is an equally valid epistemological category.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a linkindex="419" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>According to the <a linkindex="420" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon" class="mw-redirect">scriptures</a>, during his lifetime the Buddha remained silent when asked several <a linkindex="421" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> <a linkindex="422" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_unanswerable_questions" title="Fourteen unanswerable questions">questions</a>. These regarded issues such as whether the universe is eternal or non-eternal (or whether it is finite or infinite), the unity or separation of the body and the <a linkindex="423" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_%28Buddhism%29" title="Atman (Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect">self</a>, the complete inexistence of a person after Nirvana and death, and others. One explanation for this silence is that such questions distract from activity that is practical to realizing <a linkindex="424" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi" title="Bodhi">enlightenment</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a linkindex="425" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> and bring about the danger of substituting the experience of liberation by conceptual understanding of the doctrine or by religious faith.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a linkindex="426" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> Another explanation is that both affirmative and negative positions regarding these questions are based on attachment to and misunderstanding of the <a linkindex="427" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandhas" title="Skandhas" class="mw-redirect">aggregates</a> and senses. That is, when one sees these things for what they are, the idea of forming positions on such metaphysical questions simply does not occur to one.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a linkindex="428" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> Another closely related explanation is that reality is devoid of designations, or empty, and therefore language itself is <i><a linkindex="429" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i> inadequate.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagao_60-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="430" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-Nagao-60"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Thus, the Buddha's silence does not indicate <a linkindex="431" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misology" title="Misology">misology</a> or disdain for philosophy. Rather, it indicates that he viewed these questions as not leading to true knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagao_60-1" class="reference"><a linkindex="432" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-Nagao-60"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> Dependent arising provides a framework for analysis of reality that is not based on metaphysical assumptions regarding existence or non-existence, but instead on direct cognition of phenomena as they are presented to the mind. This informs and supports the Buddhist approach to liberation via the Noble Eightfold Path.</p> <p>The Buddha of the earliest Buddhists texts describes Dharma (in the sense of "truth") as "beyond reasoning" or "transcending logic", in the sense that reasoning is a subjectively introduced aspect of the way humans perceive things, and the conceptual framework which underpins it is a part of the cognitive process, rather than a feature of things as they really are. Being "beyond reasoning" means in this context penetrating the nature of reasoning from the inside, and removing the causes for experiencing any future stress as a result of it, rather than functioning outside of the system as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a linkindex="433" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Most Buddhists agree that, to a greater or lesser extent, words are inadequate to describe the goal of the Buddhist path, but concerning the usefulness of words in the path itself, schools differ radically.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a linkindex="434" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In the Mahayana <i><a linkindex="435" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaparinirvana_Sutra" title="Mahaparinirvana Sutra" class="mw-redirect">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a></i>, the Buddha insists that while pondering upon Dharma is vital, one must then relinquish fixation on words and letters, as these are utterly divorced from liberation and the <a linkindex="436" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>. The Tibetan <a linkindex="437" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantra</a> entitled the "All-Creating King" (<i><a linkindex="438" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunjed_Gyalpo_Tantra" title="Kunjed Gyalpo Tantra" class="mw-redirect">Kunjed Gyalpo Tantra</a></i>) also emphasizes how Buddhist truth lies beyond the range of discursive/verbal thought and is ultimately mysterious. Samantabhadra, states there: "The mind of perfect purity ... is beyond thinking and inexplicable..."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a linkindex="439" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> Also later, the famous Indian Buddhist practitioner and teacher, <a linkindex="440" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">mahasiddha</a> <a linkindex="441" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Tilopa</a> discouraged any intellectual activity in his <a linkindex="442" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilopa#Six_Words_of_Advice" title="Tilopa">six words of advice</a>.</p> <p>Professor C. D. Sebastian describes the nature of enlightenment according to one Mahayana text:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a linkindex="443" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div><i>Bodhi</i> is the final goal of a <a linkindex="444" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a>'s career and it is indicated by such words as <i>buddha-jnana</i> (knowledge of Buddha), <i>sarvjnata</i> (omniscience), <i>sarvakarajnata</i> (the quality of knowing things as they are), ... and <i>acintyam jnanam</i> (inconceivable knowledge) ... <i>Bodhi</i> is pure universal and immediate knowledge, which extends over all time, all universes, all beings and elements, conditioned and unconditioned. It is absolute and identical with Reality and thus it is <i><a linkindex="445" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tathata" title="Tathata" class="mw-redirect">Tathata</a>.</i> <i>Bodhi</i> is immaculate and non-conceptual, and it, being not an outer object, cannot be understood by discursive thought. It has neither beginning, nor middle nor end and it is indivisbile. It is non-dual (<i>advayam</i>)... The only possible way to comprehend it is through <i><a linkindex="446" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a></i> by the yogin</div> </blockquote> <p>The early texts, in contrast, contain explicit repudiations of attributing <a linkindex="447" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a> to the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a linkindex="448" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a linkindex="449" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the non-duality ascribed to the nature of enlightenment in the early texts is not ontological.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a linkindex="450" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Mahayana often adopts a <a linkindex="451" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatic concept of truth</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a linkindex="452" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> doctrines are "true" in the sense of being spiritually beneficial. In modern <a linkindex="453" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism" class="mw-redirect">Chinese Buddhism</a>, all doctrinal traditions are regarded as equally valid.<sup id="cite_ref-Welch.2C_1967.2C_p._395_55-1" class="reference"><a linkindex="454" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-Welch.2C_1967.2C_p._395-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Theravada promotes the concept of <a linkindex="455" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibhajjavada" title="Vibhajjavada">vibhajjavada</a> (Pāli, literally "Teaching of Analysis") to non-Buddhists. This doctrine says that insight must come from the aspirant's experience, critical investigation, and reasoning instead of by blind faith. As the Buddha said according to the canonical scriptures:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a linkindex="456" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div>Do not accept anything by mere tradition ... Do not accept anything just because it accords with your scriptures ... Do not accept anything merely because it agrees with your pre-conceived notions ... But when you know for yourselves—these things are moral, these things are blameless, these things are praised by the wise, these things, when performed and undertaken, conduce to well-being and happiness—then do you live acting accordingly.</div> </blockquote> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Liberation">Liberation</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="457" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahabodhitemple.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mahabodhitemple.jpg/220px-Mahabodhitemple.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="293" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="458" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahabodhitemple.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a linkindex="459" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabodhi" title="Mahabodhi" class="mw-redirect">Mahabodhi temple</a> in <a linkindex="460" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhgaya" title="Bodhgaya" class="mw-redirect">Bodhgaya</a>, <a linkindex="461" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, where Gautama Buddha attained <a linkindex="462" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a> under the <a linkindex="463" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a> (left)</div> </div> </div> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Nirvana">Nirvana</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="464" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></div> <p><a linkindex="465" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a> (Sanskrit; Pali: "Nibbana") means "cessation", "extinction" (of <a linkindex="466" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanha" title="Tanha" class="mw-redirect">craving</a> and <a linkindex="467" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avijja" title="Avijja" class="mw-redirect">ignorance</a> and therefore <a linkindex="468" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha">suffering</a> and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (<a linkindex="469" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a>), "extinguished", "quieted", "calmed"; it is also known as "Awakening" or "Enlightenment" in the West. The term for anybody who has achieved <i>nirvana</i>, including the Buddha, is <i><a linkindex="470" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahant" title="Arahant" class="mw-redirect">arahant</a></i>.</p> <p><i><a linkindex="471" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></i> (Pāli and Sanskrit, in <a linkindex="472" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">devanagari</a>: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. <i>Bodhi</i> literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In <a linkindex="473" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhism" title="Early Buddhism">Early Buddhism</a>, <i>bodhi</i> carried a meaning synonymous to <i><a linkindex="474" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>,</i> using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implies the extinction of <i>raga</i> (greed, craving),<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a linkindex="475" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>dosa</i> (hate, aversion)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a linkindex="476" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> and <i>moha</i> (delusion).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a linkindex="477" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> In the later school of <a linkindex="478" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" title="Mahayana Buddhism" class="mw-redirect">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, the status of <i>nirvana</i> was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained <i>nirvana,</i> and that one needed to attain <i>bodhi</i> to eradicate delusion:</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div>An important development in the Mahayana [was] that it came to separate nirvana from bodhi ('awakening' to the truth, Enlightenment), and to put a lower value on the former (Gombrich, 1992d). Originally nirvana and bodhi refer to the same thing; they merely use different metaphors for the experience. But the Mahayana tradition separated them and considered that nirvana referred only to the extinction of craving (passion and hatred), with the resultant escape from the cycle of rebirth. This interpretation ignores the third fire, delusion: the extinction of delusion is of course in the early texts identical with what can be positively expressed as <a linkindex="479" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a>, Enlightenment.</div> <div class="templatequotecite">—Richard F. Gombrich, <cite><i>How Buddhism Began</i><sup id="cite_ref-Gombrich_73-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="480" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-Gombrich-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </blockquote> <p>Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the <i><a linkindex="481" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahant" title="Arahant" class="mw-redirect">arahant</a></i> has attained only <i>nirvana,</i> thus still being subject to delusion, while the <i><a linkindex="482" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a></i> not only achieves <i>nirvana</i> but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains <i>bodhi</i> and becomes a <i>buddha.</i> In <a linkindex="483" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" title="Theravada Buddhism" class="mw-redirect">Theravada Buddhism</a>, <i>bodhi</i> and <i>nirvana</i> carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.</p> <p>The term <i><a linkindex="484" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">parinirvana</a></i> is also encountered in Buddhism, and this generally refers to the complete <i>nirvana</i> attained by the <i>arhat</i> at the moment of death, when the physical body expires.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Buddhas">Buddhas</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="485" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StandingBuddha.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/StandingBuddha.jpg/220px-StandingBuddha.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="385" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="486" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StandingBuddha.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a linkindex="487" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, 1st century CE, <a linkindex="488" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="489" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></div> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Theravada">Theravada</span></h5> <p>In Theravada doctrine, a person may awaken from the "sleep of ignorance" by directly realizing the true nature of <a linkindex="490" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">reality</a>; such people are called <i><a linkindex="491" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahant" title="Arahant" class="mw-redirect">arahants</a></i> and occasionally <i>buddhas.</i> After numerous lifetimes of spiritual striving, they have reached the end of the cycle of rebirth, no longer reincarnating as human, animal, ghost, or other being. The commentaries to the Pali Canon classify these awakened beings into three types:</p> <ul><li><i><a linkindex="492" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Sammasambuddha</a>,</i> usually just called Buddha, who discovers the truth by himself and teaches the path to awakening to others</li><li><i><a linkindex="493" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" title="Pratyekabuddha">Paccekabuddha</a>,</i> who discovers the truth by himself but lacks the skill to teach others</li><li><i><a linkindex="494" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savakabuddha" title="Savakabuddha" class="mw-redirect">Savakabuddha</a>,</i> who receive the truth directly or indirectly from a Sammasambuddha</li></ul> <p><i>Bodhi</i> and <i>nirvana</i> carry the same meaning, that of being freed from craving, hate, and delusion. In attaining <i>bodhi,</i> the <i>arahant</i> has overcome these obstacles. As a further distinction, the extinction of only hatred and greed (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, is called <i><a linkindex="495" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagami" title="Anagami" class="mw-redirect">anagami</a>.</i></p> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Mahayana">Mahayana</span></h5> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="496" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg/220px-Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="328" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="497" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The Great Statue of <a linkindex="498" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha" class="mw-redirect">Buddha Amitabha</a> in <a linkindex="499" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a>, <a linkindex="500" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div> </div> </div> <p>In the <a linkindex="501" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see <i><a linkindex="502" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmakaya" title="Dharmakaya" class="mw-redirect">Dharmakaya</a></i>) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the <a linkindex="503" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_Buddha" title="Eternal Buddha">eternal Buddha</a> himself.</p> <p>Celestial Buddhas are individuals who no longer exist on the material plane of existence, but who still aid in the enlightenment of all beings.</p> <p>Nirvana came to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may not be factual or accurate from November 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a linkindex="504" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">dubious</a> <span class="metadata">– <a linkindex="505" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Buddhism#Dubious" title="Talk:Buddhism">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup> implying that delusion was still present in one who attained Nirvana. Bodhi became a higher attainment that eradicates delusion entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-Gombrich_73-1" class="reference"><a linkindex="506" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-Gombrich-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> Thus, the <i><a linkindex="507" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahant" title="Arahant" class="mw-redirect">Arahant</a></i> attains Nirvana but not Bodhi, thus still being subject to delusion, while the <a linkindex="508" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a> attains Bodhi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may not be factual or accurate from November 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a linkindex="509" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">dubious</a> <span class="metadata">– <a linkindex="510" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Buddhism#Dubious" title="Talk:Buddhism">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup></p> <p>The method of self-exertion or "self-power"—without reliance on an external force or being—stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism, <a linkindex="511" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a>, which is characterised by utmost trust in the salvific "other-power" of <a linkindex="512" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha" class="mw-redirect">Amitabha</a> Buddha. Pure Land Buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith-orientated manifestation of Buddhism and centres upon the conviction that faith in Amitabha Buddha and the chanting of homage to his name will liberate one at death into the "happy land" (安樂) or "pure land" (淨土) of Amitabha Buddha. This Buddhic realm is variously construed as a foretaste of Nirvana, or as essentially Nirvana itself. The great vow of Amitabha Buddha to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering is viewed within Pure Land Buddhism as universally efficacious, if only one has faith in the power of that vow or chants his name.</p> <p>Nearly all Chinese Buddhists accept that the chances of attaining sufficient enlightenment by one's own efforts are very slim,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may not be factual or accurate from November 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a linkindex="513" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">dubious</a> <span class="metadata">– <a linkindex="514" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Buddhism#Dubious" title="Talk:Buddhism">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup> so that Pure Land practice is essential as an "insurance policy" even if one practises something else.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a linkindex="515" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Buddha_eras">Buddha eras</span></h5> <p>Buddhists believe <a linkindex="516" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> was the first to achieve enlightenment in this Buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of Buddhism. A Buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest <i>known</i> Buddha. This Buddha era will end when all the knowledge, evidence and teachings of Gautama Buddha have vanished. This belief therefore maintains that many Buddha eras have started and ended throughout the course of human existence.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a linkindex="517" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a linkindex="518" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> The Gautama Buddha, then, is <i>the Buddha of this era</i>, who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas in it (see types of Buddhas).</p> <p>In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a linkindex="519" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a linkindex="520" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The idea of the decline and gradual disappearance of the teaching has been influential in East Asian Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism holds that it has declined to the point where few, if any, are capable of following the path, so most or all must rely on the power of the Buddha Amitabha. Zen and Nichiren traditionally hold that most are incapable of following the "complicated" paths of some other schools and present what they view as a simple practice instead.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="521" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattvas" title="Bodhisattvas" class="mw-redirect">Bodhisattvas</a></div> <p>Mahayana Buddhism puts great emphasis and, in fact, encourages anybody to follow the path of a <a linkindex="522" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a>.</p> <p><a linkindex="523" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> means either "enlightened (<a linkindex="524" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi" title="Bodhi">bodhi</a>) existence (<a linkindex="525" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">sattva</a>)" or "enlightenment-being" or, given the variant Sanskrit spelling <i>satva</i> rather than <i>sattva</i>, "heroic-minded one (<a linkindex="526" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satva" title="Satva" class="mw-redirect">satva</a>) for enlightenment (<a linkindex="527" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi" title="Bodhi">bodhi</a>)". Another translation is "Wisdom-Being".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a linkindex="528" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The various divisions of Buddhism understand the word Bodhisattva in different ways. Theravada and some Mahayana sources consider a Bodhisattva as someone on the path to Buddhahood, while other Mahayana sources speak of Bodhisattvas renouncing Buddhahood,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a linkindex="529" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a linkindex="530" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> but especially in Mahayana Buddhism, it mainly refers to a being that compassionately refrains from entering nirvana in order to save others. So the Bodhisattva is a person who already has a considerable degree of enlightenment and seeks to use their wisdom to help other sentient beings to become liberated themselves.</p> <p>While Theravada regards it as an option, Mahayana encourages everyone to follow a Bodhisattva path and to take the <a linkindex="531" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva_vows" title="Bodhisattva vows">Bodhisattva vows</a>. With these vows, one makes the promise to work for the complete enlightenment of all sentient beings.</p> <p>A famous saying by the 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar-saint <a linkindex="532" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a>, which the <a linkindex="533" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> often cites as his favourite verse, summarizes the Bodhisattva's intention (<a linkindex="534" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a>) as follows: "For as long as space endures, and for as long as living beings remain, until then may I too abide to dispel the misery of the world."</p> <p>According to the Mahayana, a Bodhisattva practices in the six <a linkindex="535" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramitas" title="Paramitas" class="mw-redirect">perfections</a>: <a linkindex="536" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana" title="Dana">giving</a>, <a linkindex="537" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila" title="Sila">morality</a>, <a linkindex="538" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">patience</a>, <a linkindex="539" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virya" title="Virya" class="mw-redirect">joyous effort</a>, <a linkindex="540" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhyana" title="Dhyana" class="mw-redirect">concentration</a> and <a linkindex="541" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajna" title="Prajna" class="mw-redirect">wisdom</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Practice">Practice</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Devotion">Devotion</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="542" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Buddhist devotion</a></div> <p>Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a linkindex="543" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> Devotional practices include bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Refuge_in_the_Three_Jewels">Refuge in the Three Jewels</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="544" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha-Footprint.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Buddha-Footprint.jpeg/220px-Buddha-Footprint.jpeg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="383" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="545" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha-Footprint.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Footprint of <a linkindex="546" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">the Buddha</a> with <a linkindex="547" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra" class="mw-redirect">Dharmachakra</a> and <a linkindex="548" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Jewels" title="Three Jewels">triratna</a>, 1st century CE, <a linkindex="549" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhāra</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a linkindex="550" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuge_%28Buddhism%29" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">Refuge (Buddhism)</a> and <a linkindex="551" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Jewels" title="Three Jewels">Three Jewels</a></div> <p>Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (<a linkindex="552" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <i>tri-ratna</i>, <a linkindex="553" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li" title="Pāli" class="mw-redirect">Pāli</a>: <i>ti-ratana</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a linkindex="554" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a linkindex="555" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> in the <i><a linkindex="556" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" title="Majjhima Nikaya">Majjhima Nikaya</a>,</i> recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. <a linkindex="557" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a>). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the <i><a linkindex="558" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lama</a></i>. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the <i><a linkindex="559" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a></i> path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a linkindex="560" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Three Jewels are:</p> <ul><li>The <a linkindex="561" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha" class="mw-redirect">Buddha</a>. This is a title for those who have attained Nirvana. See also the <a linkindex="562" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tathagata" title="Tathagata" class="mw-redirect">Tathāgata</a> and <a linkindex="563" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>. The Buddha could also be represented as a concept instead of a specific person: the perfect wisdom that understands <i>Dharma</i> and sees reality in its true form. In Mahayana Buddhism, the Buddha can be viewed as the supreme Refuge: "Buddha is the Unique Absolute Refuge. Buddha is the Imperishable, Eternal, Indestructible and Absolute Refuge."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a linkindex="564" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>The <i><a linkindex="565" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_%28Buddhism%29" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></i>. The teachings or law of nature as expounded by the Gautama Buddha. It can also, especially in Mahayana, connote the ultimate and sustaining Reality which is inseparable from the Buddha. Further, from some Mahayana perspectives, the Dharma embodied in the form of a great sutra (Buddhic scripture) can replace the need for a personal teacher and can be a direct and spontaneous gateway into Truth (Dharma). This is especially said to be the case with the <a linkindex="566" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>. Dr. Hiroshi Kanno writes of this view of the <i>Lotus Sutra</i>: "it is a Dharma-gate of sudden enlightenment proper to the Great Vehicle; it is a Dharma-gate whereby one awakens spontaneously, without resorting to a teacher".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a linkindex="567" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The <i><a linkindex="568" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></i>. Those who have attained to any of the <a linkindex="569" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenment" title="Four stages of enlightenment">Four stages of enlightenment</a>, or simply the congregation of <a linkindex="570" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">monastic practitioners</a>.</li></ul> <p>According to the scriptures, Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model. The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana. The Sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha's teachings is attainable.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Buddhist_ethics">Buddhist ethics</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="571" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_buddhist_monk_by_Arashiyama_cut.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japanese_buddhist_monk_by_Arashiyama_cut.jpg/220px-Japanese_buddhist_monk_by_Arashiyama_cut.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="303" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="572" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_buddhist_monk_by_Arashiyama_cut.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Japanese Buddhist monk</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="573" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Precepts" title="The Five Precepts" class="mw-redirect">The Five Precepts</a></div> <p><i><a linkindex="574" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila" title="Sila">Śīla</a></i> (Sanskrit) or <i>sīla</i> (Pāli) is usually translated into English as "virtuous behavior", "morality", "ethics" or "precept". It is an action committed through the body, speech, or mind, and involves an intentional effort. It is one of the <i>three practices</i> (<i>sila</i>, <i>samadhi</i>, and <i>panya</i>) and the second <i><a linkindex="575" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramita" title="Paramita" class="mw-redirect">pāramitā</a></i>. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of <i>śīla</i> are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment.</p> <p><i>Śīla</i> is the foundation of <i>Samadhi/Bhāvana</i> (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts are meritorious and it acts as causes which would bring about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence.</p> <p><i>Śīla</i> refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of <i>sila</i>, which correspond to "basic morality" (<a linkindex="576" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts" class="mw-redirect">five precepts</a>), "basic morality with asceticism" (<a linkindex="577" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts" class="mw-redirect">eight precepts</a>), "novice monkhood" (<a linkindex="578" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_precepts" title="Ten precepts" class="mw-redirect">ten precepts</a>) and "monkhood" (<i><a linkindex="579" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></i> or <i><a linkindex="580" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patimokkha" title="Patimokkha">Patimokkha</a></i>). Lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the <a linkindex="581" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts" class="mw-redirect">eight precepts</a>, which add basic asceticism.</p> <p>The five precepts are training rules in order to live a better life in which one is happy, without worries, and can meditate well:</p> <ol><li>To refrain from taking life (<a linkindex="582" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa#Buddhism" title="Ahimsa">non-violence</a> towards <a linkindex="583" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentient</a> life forms), or <i>ahimsā</i></li><li>To refrain from taking that which is not given (not committing <a linkindex="584" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a>)</li><li>To refrain from sensual (including sexual) misconduct</li><li>To refrain from lying (speaking truth always)</li><li>To refrain from intoxicants which lead to loss of <a linkindex="585" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness" class="mw-redirect">mindfulness</a> (specifically, drugs and alcohol)</li></ol> <p>The precepts are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a linkindex="586" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of <a linkindex="587" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_%28Buddhism%29" title="Dana (Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect">dana</a> and ethical conduct will themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely, even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a linkindex="588" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In the <a linkindex="589" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts" class="mw-redirect">eight precepts</a>, the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict, and becomes a precept of <a linkindex="590" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a>. The three additional precepts are:</p> <dl><dd>6. To refrain from eating at the wrong time (only eat from sunrise to noon)</dd><dd>7. To refrain from dancing and playing music, wearing jewelry and cosmetics, attending shows and other performances</dd><dd>8. To refrain from using high or luxurious seats and bedding</dd></dl> <p>The complete list of ten precepts may be observed by laypeople for short periods. For the complete list, the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added:</p> <dl><dd>6. To refrain from taking food at an unseasonable time, that is after the mid-day meal</dd><dd>7. To refrain from dancing, music, singing and unseemly shows</dd><dd>8. To refrain from the use of garlands, perfumes, ointments, and from things that tend to beautify and adorn (the person)</dd><dd>9. To refrain from (using) high and luxurious seats (and beds)</dd><dd>10. To refrain from accepting gold and silver<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a linkindex="591" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Monastic_life">Monastic life</span></h3> <p><a linkindex="592" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the <a linkindex="593" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patimokkha" title="Patimokkha">Patimokkha</a>, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the <a linkindex="594" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinayapitaka" title="Vinayapitaka" class="mw-redirect">vinayapitaka</a> (scriptures on Vinaya) differ slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. <a linkindex="595" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Novice-monks</a> use the <a linkindex="596" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_precepts" title="Ten precepts" class="mw-redirect">ten precepts</a>, which are the basic precepts for monastics.</p> <p>Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as "islands unto themselves". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: "more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a linkindex="597" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In Eastern Buddhism, there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana <a linkindex="598" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmajala_Sutra" title="Brahmajala Sutra" class="mw-redirect">Brahmajala Sutra</a> (not to be confused with the Pali text of that name) for <a linkindex="599" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattvas" title="Bodhisattvas" class="mw-redirect">Bodhisattvas</a>, where, for example, the eating of meat is frowned upon and <a linkindex="600" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> is actively encouraged (see <i><a linkindex="601" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_in_Buddhism" title="Vegetarianism in Buddhism" class="mw-redirect">vegetarianism in Buddhism</a></i>). In Japan, this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya, and allows clergy to marry.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Meditation">Meditation</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="602" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rank_celebration_of_Thai_Buddhist_monk_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rank_celebration_of_Thai_Buddhist_monk_1.jpg/220px-Rank_celebration_of_Thai_Buddhist_monk_1.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="190" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="603" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rank_celebration_of_Thai_Buddhist_monk_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Buddhist monks praying in Thailand</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="604" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a></div> <p>Buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes: transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and other phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a linkindex="605" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> According to Theravada Buddhism the Buddha taught two types of meditation, <a linkindex="606" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samatha_meditation" title="Samatha meditation" class="mw-redirect"><i>samatha</i> meditation</a> (Sanskrit: <i>śamatha</i>) and <a linkindex="607" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipassana" title="Vipassana" class="mw-redirect"><i>vipassanā</i> meditation</a> (Sanskrit: <i>vipaśyanā</i>). In Chinese Buddhism, these exist (translated <i>chih kuan</i>), but Chan (Zen) meditation is more popular.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a linkindex="608" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> According to Peter Harvey, whenever Buddhism has been healthy, not only monks, nuns, and married lamas, but also more committed lay people have practiced meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a linkindex="609" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> According to Routledge's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, in contrast, throughout most of Buddhist history before modern times, serious meditation by lay people has been unusual.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a linkindex="610" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> The evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the Buddha, many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation, some even to the point of proficiency in all eight <a linkindex="611" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhana" title="Jhana" class="mw-redirect">jhānas</a> (see the next section regarding these).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a linkindex="612" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Sam.C4.81dhi_.28meditative_cultivation.29:_samatha_meditation">Samādhi (meditative cultivation): samatha meditation</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a linkindex="613" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi_%28Buddhism%29" title="Samādhi (Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect">Samādhi (Buddhism)</a> and <a linkindex="614" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na" title="Dhyāna">Dhyāna</a></div> <p>In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, <i>samyaksamādhi</i> is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating <i>samādhi</i> is meditation. Upon development of <i>samādhi</i>, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.</p> <p>Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration (<i><a linkindex="615" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhyana" title="Dhyana" class="mw-redirect">jhāna</a></i>, Sanskrit ध्यान <i>dhyāna</i>), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (<a linkindex="616" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipassana" title="Vipassana" class="mw-redirect">vipassanā</a>) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of <a linkindex="617" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness" class="mw-redirect">mindfulness</a> is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight.</p> <p><a linkindex="618" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samatha" title="Samatha">Samatha</a> meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (<i>jhāna</i>) There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The most common method of meditation is to concentrate on one's breath (<a linkindex="619" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">anapanasati</a>), because this practice can lead to both <i>samatha</i> and <i>vipassana'.</i></p> <p>In Buddhist practice, it is said that while <i>samatha</i> meditation can calm the mind, only <i>vipassanā</i> meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to knowledge (<i><a linkindex="620" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnana" title="Jnana">jñāna</a></i>; Pāli <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space: normal; text-decoration: none;">ñāṇa</span></i>) and understanding (<i><a linkindex="621" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Prajñā" class="mw-redirect">prajñā</a></i> Pāli <i>paññā</i>), and thus can lead to <i>nirvāṇa</i> (Pāli <i>nibbāna</i>). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (<i>prajñā</i> or <i>vipassana</i>) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states which <i><a linkindex="622" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahants" title="Arahants" class="mw-redirect">Arahants</a></i> abide in order to rest.</p> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Therav.C4.81da">In Theravāda</span></h5> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="623" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jh%C4%81na_in_Theravada" title="Jhāna in Theravada" class="mw-redirect">Jhāna in Theravada</a></div> <p>In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed to be deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. In order to be free from suffering and stress, these defilements need to be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using <i>jhāna</i>, a technique which is part of the Noble Eightfold Path. It will then lead the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and <i><a linkindex="624" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nibbana</a></i>. Nibbana is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Praj.C3.B1.C4.81_.28Wisdom.29:_vipassana_meditation">Prajñā (Wisdom): vipassana meditation</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a linkindex="625" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Prajñā" class="mw-redirect">Prajñā</a> and <a linkindex="626" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipassana" title="Vipassana" class="mw-redirect">Vipassana</a></div> <p><i>Prajñā</i> (Sanskrit) or <i>paññā</i> (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of <a linkindex="627" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratitya-samutpada" title="Pratitya-samutpada" class="mw-redirect">dependent origination</a>, The Four Noble Truths and the <a linkindex="628" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">three marks of existence</a>. <i>Prajñā</i> is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about <i>bodhi</i>. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining <i><span class="Unicode">nirvāṇa</span></i>, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as <i><a linkindex="629" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a></i> (unsatisfactoriness), <i><a linkindex="630" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicca" title="Anicca" class="mw-redirect">anicca</a></i> (impermanence) and <i><a linkindex="631" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta">anatta</a></i> (not-self). <i>Prajñā</i> is also listed as the sixth of the six <i><a linkindex="632" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramita" title="Paramita" class="mw-redirect">pāramitās</a></i> of the Mahayana.</p> <p>Initially, <i>prajñā</i> is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Zen">Zen</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="633" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></div> <p>Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced <i>chán</i> in Chinese, <i>seon</i> in Korean or <i>zen</i> in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term <i>dhyāna</i>, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a linkindex="634" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.</p> <p>Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: <a linkindex="635" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinzai" title="Rinzai" class="mw-redirect">Rinzai</a> (臨済宗) and <a linkindex="636" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto" title="Soto" class="mw-redirect">Soto</a> (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the <a linkindex="637" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koan" title="Koan" class="mw-redirect">koan</a> (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on <i>shikantaza</i> or "just sitting".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a linkindex="638" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a linkindex="639" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> According to Zen master, Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little 'I' are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: ' When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence.'<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a linkindex="640" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup>. Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one. Nevertheless, Zen does not neglect the scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a linkindex="641" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Vajrayana_and_Tantra">Vajrayana and Tantra</span></h4> <p>Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice <i><a linkindex="642" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></i> or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, <a linkindex="643" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> Buddhism, or <a linkindex="644" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotericism" title="Esotericism">esoteric</a> Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a linkindex="645" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> One component of the Vajrayāna is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include <a linkindex="646" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_yoga" title="Sexual yoga" class="mw-redirect">sexual yoga</a>, though only for some very advanced practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a linkindex="647" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="648" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History of Buddhism</a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophical_roots">Philosophical roots</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="649" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElloraPuja.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ElloraPuja.jpg/220px-ElloraPuja.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="165" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="650" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElloraPuja.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The Buddhist "Carpenter's Cave" at <a linkindex="651" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellora" title="Ellora" class="mw-redirect">Ellora</a> in <a linkindex="652" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India.</div> </div> </div> <p>Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of <a linkindex="653" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_India" title="Iron Age India">Ancient India</a> during the second half of the first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a linkindex="654" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of <a linkindex="655" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Brahmanism" title="Vedic Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect">Vedic Brahmanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ebbuddh_105-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="656" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-ebbuddh-105"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> It was challenged by numerous new <a linkindex="657" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascetic" title="Ascetic" class="mw-redirect">ascetic</a> religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the <a linkindex="658" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and the <a linkindex="659" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmans" title="Brahmans" class="mw-redirect">Brahmans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ebhindu_106-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="660" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-ebhindu-106"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a linkindex="661" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> These groups, whose members were known as <a linkindex="662" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shramana" title="Shramana">shramanas</a>, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a linkindex="663" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a linkindex="664" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and <a linkindex="665" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by <a linkindex="666" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Brahmanism" title="Vedic Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect">Brahmin</a> orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a linkindex="667" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-110"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a linkindex="668" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-111"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a linkindex="669" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-112"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a linkindex="670" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a linkindex="671" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-114"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a linkindex="672" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-115"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup> At the same time, they were influenced by, and in some respects continued, earlier philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the <a linkindex="673" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a linkindex="674" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-116"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup> These movements included, besides Buddhism, various <a linkindex="675" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptic" title="Skeptic" class="mw-redirect">skeptics</a> (such as <a linkindex="676" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjaya_Belatthiputta" title="Sanjaya Belatthiputta" class="mw-redirect">Sanjaya Belatthiputta</a>), <a linkindex="677" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomist" title="Atomist" class="mw-redirect">atomists</a> (such as <a linkindex="678" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakudha_Kaccayana" title="Pakudha Kaccayana">Pakudha Kaccayana</a>), <a linkindex="679" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialist" title="Materialist" class="mw-redirect">materialists</a> (such as <a linkindex="680" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajita_Kesakambali" title="Ajita Kesakambali">Ajita Kesakambali</a>), <a linkindex="681" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomians" title="Antinomians" class="mw-redirect">antinomians</a> (such as <a linkindex="682" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana_Kassapa" title="Purana Kassapa">Purana Kassapa</a>); the most important ones in the 5th century BC were the <a linkindex="683" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajivikas" title="Ajivikas" class="mw-redirect">Ajivikas</a>, who emphasized the rule of fate, the <a linkindex="684" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokayata" title="Lokayata" class="mw-redirect">Lokayata</a> (<a linkindex="685" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialists" title="Materialists" class="mw-redirect">materialists</a>), the <a linkindex="686" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajnana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajnana (page does not exist)">Ajnanas</a> (<a linkindex="687" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnostics" title="Agnostics" class="mw-redirect">agnostics</a>) and the <a linkindex="688" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a>, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a linkindex="689" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-117"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary - <a linkindex="690" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman" title="Atman">atman</a> (“Self"), <a linkindex="691" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha" class="mw-redirect">buddha</a> ("awakened one”), <a linkindex="692" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhamma" title="Dhamma" class="mw-redirect">dhamma</a> (“rule” or “law”), <a linkindex="693" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> (“action”), <a linkindex="694" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a> (“extinguishing”), <a linkindex="695" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara" class="mw-redirect">samsara</a> (“eternal recurrence”) and <a linkindex="696" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> (“spiritual practice”).<sup id="cite_ref-ebbuddh_105-1" class="reference"><a linkindex="697" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-ebbuddh-105"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed to be in possession of revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means; moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees for the performance of bogus rites and the giving of futile advice.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a linkindex="698" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-118"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup> A particular criticism of the Buddha's was Vedic animal sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-westernbuddhistreview.com_119-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="699" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-westernbuddhistreview.com-119"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup> Their leaders, including Buddha, were often known as <a linkindex="700" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shramana" title="Shramana">śramaṇas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a linkindex="701" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup> The Buddha declared that priests reciting the Vedas were like blind leading the blind.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a linkindex="702" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-121"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup> According to him, those priests who had memorized the Vedas really knew nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a linkindex="703" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-122"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> He also mocked the Vedic "<a linkindex="704" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purusha_Sukta" title="Purusha Sukta" class="mw-redirect">hymn of the cosmic man</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a linkindex="705" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-123"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup> He declared that the primary goal of Upanishadic thought, the <a linkindex="706" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_%28Hinduism%29" title="Atman (Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect">Atman</a>, was in fact non-existent,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a linkindex="707" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup>, and, having explained that Brahminical attempts to achieve liberation at death were futile, proposed his new idea of liberation in life.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a linkindex="708" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a linkindex="709" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-126"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the traditional Brahminical religion itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early <a linkindex="710" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ebbuddh_105-2" class="reference"><a linkindex="711" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-ebbuddh-105"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ebhindu_106-1" class="reference"><a linkindex="712" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-ebhindu-106"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ebvedic_127-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="713" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-ebvedic-127"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup> In particular, the brahmans thus developed "philosophical systems of their own, meeting the new ideas with adaptations of their doctrines".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a linkindex="714" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-128"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Indian_Buddhism">Indian Buddhism</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="715" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a></div> <p>The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods:<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a linkindex="716" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-129"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup> Early Buddhism (occasionally called <a linkindex="717" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a>), <a linkindex="718" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaya_Buddhism" title="Nikaya Buddhism">Nikaya Buddhism</a> or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the <a linkindex="719" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a>, Early <a linkindex="720" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" title="Mahayana Buddhism" class="mw-redirect">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called <a linkindex="721" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana_Buddhism" title="Vajrayana Buddhism" class="mw-redirect">Vajrayana Buddhism</a>).</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-sectarian_Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="722" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></div> <p>Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the <a linkindex="723" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" title="Vinaya Pitaka">Vinaya Pitaka</a> and the four principal <a linkindex="724" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaya" title="Nikaya" class="mw-redirect">Nikayas</a> or <a linkindex="725" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">Agamas</a>. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the <a linkindex="726" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a>, the <a linkindex="727" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five aggregates</a>, <a linkindex="728" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a>, <a linkindex="729" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a> and <a linkindex="730" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_%28Buddhism%29" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a>, the <a linkindex="731" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a>, the <a linkindex="732" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>, and <a linkindex="733" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a linkindex="734" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-130"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup> Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a linkindex="735" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a linkindex="736" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-132"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Buddhist_schools">Early Buddhist schools</span></h4> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="737" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="738" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></div> <p>According to the scriptures, soon after the <a linkindex="739" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space: normal; text-decoration: none;">parinirvāṇa</span></a> (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the <a linkindex="740" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Buddhist_council" title="First Buddhist council">first Buddhist council</a> was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, <a linkindex="741" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda" title="Ananda">Ānanda</a>, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (<i>sūtras</i>, Pāli <i>sutta</i>s) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the <a linkindex="742" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidhamma" title="Abhidhamma" class="mw-redirect">abhidhamma</a>. <a linkindex="743" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upali" title="Upali">Upāli</a>, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (<i><a linkindex="744" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">vinaya</a></i>). Scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a linkindex="745" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-133"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the <i>Sangha</i> began to break into separate factions.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a linkindex="746" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-134"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup> The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the <i><a linkindex="747" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipavamsa" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></i> of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the <a linkindex="748" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivada</a> tradition of <a linkindex="749" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasumitra" title="Vasumitra">Vasumitra</a> says it was in the time of Asoka and the <a linkindex="750" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasanghika" title="Mahasanghika" class="mw-redirect">Mahasanghika</a> tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE.</p> <p>The root schism was between the <a linkindex="751" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sthaviras" title="Sthaviras" class="mw-redirect">Sthaviras</a> and the <a linkindex="752" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%85ghikas" title="Mahāsāṅghikas" class="mw-redirect">Mahāsāṅghikas</a>. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own <i>vinaya</i>, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the <i>vinaya</i> and may also have challenged what they perceived to be excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for <a linkindex="753" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhatship</a>. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a linkindex="754" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-135"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a linkindex="755" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-136"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an <a linkindex="756" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidhamma" title="Abhidhamma" class="mw-redirect">Abhidharma</a>, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the <a linkindex="757" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABtra" title="Sūtra">Suttas</a>, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Abhidamma_137-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="758" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-Britannica_Abhidamma-137"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup> Every school had its own version of the Adhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Adhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Abhidamma_137-1" class="reference"><a linkindex="759" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-Britannica_Abhidamma-137"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a linkindex="760" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-138"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Mahayana_Buddhism">Early Mahayana Buddhism</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="761" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddainalmaty.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Buddainalmaty.JPG/220px-Buddainalmaty.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="165" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="762" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddainalmaty.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Rock carving known as "<a linkindex="763" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakh Buddha (page does not exist)">Kazakh Buddha</a>" (<a linkindex="764" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaty_Province" title="Almaty Province">Almaty Province</a>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="765" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></div> <p>The period of Early Mahayana Buddhism concerns the origins of Mahayana and the contents of early <a linkindex="766" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Sutras" title="Mahayana Sutras" class="mw-redirect">Mahayana Sutras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a linkindex="767" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-139"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup> The development of the various <a linkindex="768" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Schools" title="Early Buddhist Schools" class="mw-redirect">Early Buddhist Schools</a> and the arising of Mahayana were not always consecutive. For example, the early schools continued to exist alongside Mahayana.</p> <p>The commonly expressed misconception that Mahayana started as a lay-inspired movement is based on a selective reading of a very tiny sample of extant Mahayana Sutra literature. Currently scholars have moved away from this limited corpus, and have started to examine early Mahayana literature, which is very ascetic and expounds the ideal of the monks' life in the forest. A scholarly consensus about the origin of the Mahayana has not yet been reached, but it has been suggested that when Mahayana became popular, in the 5th century CE, it had become something it had previously objected to: a landed monastic institution with a lay orientation. Prior to this, the movement may well have been either a marginalized ascetic group of monks living in the forest, or a group of conservatives embedded in mainstream, socially engaged <a linkindex="769" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist</a> monasteries. Most scholars conclude that Mahayana remained a marginal movement until the 5th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a linkindex="770" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-140"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The earliest Mahayana Sutras are called the <a linkindex="771" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Mahayana_Sutras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Mahayana Sutras (page does not exist)">Proto-Mahayana Sutras</a> such as the <a linkindex="772" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajitasena_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajitasena Sutra (page does not exist)">Ajitasena Sutra</a> which contains a mixture of Mahayana and pre-Mahayana ideas. It occurs in a world where monasticism is the norm, which is typical of the Pali Suttas; there is none of the usual antagonism towards the followers of the Early Buddhist Schools or the notion of Arahantship, which is typical of many Mahayana Sutras such as the White Lotus, or Vimalakirti Nirdesha. However, the sutra also has an Arahant seeing all the Buddha fields, it is said that reciting the name of the sutra will save beings from suffering and the hell realms, and a meditative practice is described which allows the practitioner to see with the eyes of a Buddha, and to receive teachings from them that are very much typical of Mahayana Sutras. Some early Mahayana Sutras are <a linkindex="773" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratnagunasamcayagatha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratnagunasamcayagatha (page does not exist)">Ratnagunasamcayagatha</a> and the <a linkindex="774" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astasaharika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astasaharika (page does not exist)">Astasaharika</a>.</p> <p>Some scholars contend that the Mahayana sutras were mainly composed in the south<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a linkindex="775" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-141"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup> of India, and that later the activity of writing additional scriptures was continued in the east<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a linkindex="776" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-142"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup> and north<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a linkindex="777" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-143"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup> of India.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Late_Mahayana_Buddhism">Late Mahayana Buddhism</span></h4> <p>During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: <a linkindex="778" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a>, <a linkindex="779" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogacara" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a>, <a linkindex="780" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tathagatagarbha" title="Tathagatagarbha" class="mw-redirect">Tathagatagarbha</a>, and <a linkindex="781" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_logic#Buddhist_logic" title="Indian logic">Buddhist Logic</a> as the last and most recent.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a linkindex="782" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-144"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup> In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a linkindex="783" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-145"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup> According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a linkindex="784" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-146"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup> There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a linkindex="785" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-147"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Vajrayana_.28Esoteric_Buddhism.29">Vajrayana (Esoteric Buddhism)</span></h4> <p>Scholarly research concerning <a linkindex="786" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Esoteric Buddhism</a> is still in its early stages and has a number of problems which make research difficult:<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a linkindex="787" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-148"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ol><li>Vajrayana Buddhism was influenced by <a linkindex="788" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and therefore the research has to include research on Hinduism as well.</li><li>The scriptures of Vajrayana have not yet been put in any kind of order.</li><li>Ritual has to be examined as well, not just doctrine.</li></ol> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_early_development_of_Buddhism">The early development of Buddhism</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="789" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline of Buddhism</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="790" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asoka_Kaart.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Asoka_Kaart.gif/220px-Asoka_Kaart.gif" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="132" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="791" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asoka_Kaart.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Buddhist <a linkindex="792" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a> at the time of emperor <a linkindex="793" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (260–218 BCE).</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="794" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MenandrosCoin.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MenandrosCoin.jpg/220px-MenandrosCoin.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="214" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="795" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MenandrosCoin.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Buddhist tradition records in the <a linkindex="796" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a> that the 2nd century BCE <a linkindex="797" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek" title="Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect">Indo-Greek</a> king <a linkindex="798" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander</a> converted to the Buddhist faith and became an <a linkindex="799" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the <a linkindex="800" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan</a> emperor <a linkindex="801" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more <a linkindex="802" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stūpas</a> (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands—particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of <a linkindex="803" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a linkindex="804" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of <a linkindex="805" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into <a linkindex="806" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and in the second case, to the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of <a linkindex="807" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.</p> <p>This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the <a linkindex="808" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">edicts of Aśoka</a>, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India in order to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring <a linkindex="809" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, and even farther to <a linkindex="810" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> kingdoms of the <a linkindex="811" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean" title="Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect">Mediterranean</a>. This led, a century later, to the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the <a linkindex="812" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom" class="mw-redirect">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>, and to the development of the <a linkindex="813" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> of <a linkindex="814" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhāra</a>. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, and from changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a linkindex="815" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-149"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BC, to Sri Lanka and <a linkindex="816" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a linkindex="817" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> and later also <a linkindex="818" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BC) north to <a linkindex="819" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan). In the 2nd century AD, Mahayana Sutras spread from that general area to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and <a linkindex="820" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Buddhism_today">Buddhism today</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="821" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism#Common_Era" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline of Buddhism:Common Era</a></div> <p>By the late Middle Ages, Buddhism had become virtually extinct in India, and although it continued to exist in surrounding countries, its influence was no longer expanding. It is now again gaining strength in India and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a linkindex="822" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-150"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a linkindex="823" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-151"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the number of Buddhist followers by scholars range from 230 million to 500 million, with most around 350 million. Most scholars classify similar numbers of people under a category they call "Chinese folk" or "traditional" religion, an amalgam of various traditions that includes Buddhism.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="824" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_statues_in_a_temple_on_Jejudo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Buddha_statues_in_a_temple_on_Jejudo.jpg/220px-Buddha_statues_in_a_temple_on_Jejudo.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="146" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="825" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_statues_in_a_temple_on_Jejudo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Typical interior of a temple in <a linkindex="826" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></div> </div> </div> <p>Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The <a linkindex="827" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Jewels" title="Three Jewels">Three Jewels</a>: the <i><a linkindex="828" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha" class="mw-redirect">Buddha</a></i>, the <i><a linkindex="829" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_%28Buddhism%29" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></i> (the teachings of the Buddha), and the <i><a linkindex="830" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></i> (the Buddhist community).</p> <p>Estimates are uncertain for several reasons:</p> <ul><li>difficulties in defining who counts as a Buddhist;</li><li><a linkindex="831" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> among the <a linkindex="832" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions" class="mw-redirect">Eastern religions</a>. Buddhism is practiced by adherents alongside many other religious traditions- including <a linkindex="833" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a linkindex="834" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a linkindex="835" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, <a linkindex="836" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">traditional religions</a>, <a linkindex="837" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, and <a linkindex="838" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>- throughout East and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a linkindex="839" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-152"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a linkindex="840" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-153"><span>[</span>154<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a linkindex="841" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-154"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a linkindex="842" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-155"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a linkindex="843" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-156"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a linkindex="844" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-157"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a linkindex="845" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-158"><span>[</span>159<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>difficulties in estimating the number of Buddhists who do not have congregational memberships and often do not participate in public ceremonies;<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a linkindex="846" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-159"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>official policies on religion in several historically Buddhist countries that make accurate assessments of religious adherence more difficult; most notably <a linkindex="847" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a>, <a linkindex="848" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a linkindex="849" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a linkindex="850" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-160"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a linkindex="851" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-161"><span>[</span>162<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a linkindex="852" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-162"><span>[</span>163<span>]</span></a></sup> In many current and former Communist governments in Asia, government policies may discourage adherents from reporting their religious identity, or may encourage official counts to underestimate religious adherence.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h2> <p>According to one analysis, Buddhism is the fourth-largest <a linkindex="853" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_world_religions" title="Major world religions" class="mw-redirect">religion in the world</a> behind <a linkindex="854" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a linkindex="855" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a linkindex="856" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a linkindex="857" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-163"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup> The monks' order (<a linkindex="858" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a>), which began during the lifetime of the Buddha, is among the oldest organizations on earth.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 402px;"><a linkindex="859" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddhism_percentage_by_country.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/Buddhism_percentage_by_country.png/400px-Buddhism_percentage_by_country.png" class="thumbimage" width="400" height="187" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="860" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddhism_percentage_by_country.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Buddhism is most common in the Far East.</div> </div> </div> <ul><li><a linkindex="861" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a> Buddhism, using <a linkindex="862" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li" title="Pāli" class="mw-redirect">Pāli</a> as its scriptural language, is the dominant form of Buddhism in <a linkindex="863" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a linkindex="864" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a linkindex="865" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a linkindex="866" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and <a linkindex="867" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a>. The <a linkindex="868" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a> in India (inspired by <a linkindex="869" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>) also practices Theravada. Approximately 124 million adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-adherents.com_164-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="870" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-adherents.com-164"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>East Asian forms of <a linkindex="871" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism that use scriptures in <a linkindex="872" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> are dominant in most of China, Japan, <a linkindex="873" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a linkindex="874" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a linkindex="875" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a linkindex="876" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> as well as such communities within Indochina, Southeast Asia and the West. Approximately 185 million adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-adherents.com_164-1" class="reference"><a linkindex="877" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-adherents.com-164"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><a linkindex="878" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> is found in <a linkindex="879" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a linkindex="880" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a linkindex="881" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, surrounding areas in India, <a linkindex="882" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a linkindex="883" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and the <a linkindex="884" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation" title="Russian Federation" class="mw-redirect">Russian Federation</a>. Approximately 20 million adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-adherents.com_164-2" class="reference"><a linkindex="885" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-adherents.com-164"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Most Buddhist groups in the West are at least nominally affiliated with one of these three traditions.</p> <p>At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While, in the West, Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East, Buddhism is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In a number of countries, it is recognized as an official religion and receives state support. In the <a linkindex="886" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">West</a>, Buddhism is recognized as one of the growing spiritual influences. Modern influences increasingly lead to <a linkindex="887" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">new forms of Buddhism</a> that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.</p> <p>Overall there is an overwhelming diversity of recent forms of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a linkindex="888" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-165"><span>[</span>166<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Schools_and_traditions">Schools and traditions</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="889" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools of Buddhism</a></div> <p>Buddhists generally classify themselves as either <a linkindex="890" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> or <a linkindex="891" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a linkindex="892" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-166"><span>[</span>167<span>]</span></a></sup> This classification is also used by some scholars<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a linkindex="893" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-167"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a linkindex="894" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a></i>]</sup> and is the one ordinarily used in the English language.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a linkindex="895" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-168"><span>[</span>169<span>]</span></a></sup> An alternative scheme used by some scholars<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a linkindex="896" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-169"><span>[</span>170<span>]</span></a></sup> divides Buddhism into the following three traditions or geographical or cultural areas: <a linkindex="897" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>, <a linkindex="898" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a> and <a linkindex="899" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.</p> <p>Some scholars<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a linkindex="900" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-170"><span>[</span>171<span>]</span></a></sup> use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. <a linkindex="901" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a> (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including <a linkindex="902" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravakayana" title="Shravakayana" class="mw-redirect">Śrāvakayāna</a>, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism.</p> <p>Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them.</p> <p>Mahayana Buddhism shows a great deal of doctrinal variation and development over time, and even more variation in terms of practice. While there is much agreement on general principles, there is disagreement over which texts are more authoritative.</p> <p>Despite differences among the Theravada and Mahayana schools there are, for example according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a linkindex="903" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-171"><span>[</span>172<span>]</span></a></sup> several <a linkindex="904" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Points_Unifying_the_Theravada_and_the_Mahayana" title="Basic Points Unifying the Theravada and the Mahayana" class="mw-redirect">concepts common to both major Buddhist branches</a>:</p> <ul><li>Both accept <a linkindex="905" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">the Buddha</a> as their teacher.</li><li>Both accept the <a linkindex="906" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_way" title="Middle way">Middle way</a>, <a linkindex="907" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a>, the <a linkindex="908" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a>, the <a linkindex="909" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> and the <a linkindex="910" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a>, in theory, though in practice these have little or no importance in some traditions.</li><li>Both accept that members of the laity and of the <a linkindex="911" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">sangha</a> can pursue the path toward enlightenment (<a linkindex="912" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi" title="Bodhi">bodhi</a>).</li><li>Both consider buddhahood to be the highest attainment; however Theravadins consider the <a linkindex="913" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a> (<a linkindex="914" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibbana" title="Nibbana" class="mw-redirect">nibbana</a> to the Theravadins) attained by <a linkindex="915" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahants" title="Arahants" class="mw-redirect">arahants</a> as identical to that attained by the Buddha himself, as there is only one type of nirvana. According to Theravadins, a buddha is someone who has discovered the path all by himself and taught it to others.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline">Timeline</span></h3> <p>This is a rough timeline of the development of the different schools/traditions:</p> <table style="color: black; border-top: 1px solid dimgray; border-bottom: 1px solid dimgray; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="12" style="text-align: left; border-bottom: 1px solid dimgray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% WhiteSmoke; padding-left: 10pt; padding-top: 3pt; padding-bottom: 3pt;"> <p><span style="font-size:85%;color:black;"><b>Timeline: Development and propagation of Buddhist traditions</b></span> <span style="font-size:85%;color:dimgray;">(ca. 450 BCE – ca. 1300 CE)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100"><br /></td> <td width="70"><br /></td> <td width="20"><br /></td> <td width="140"><br /></td> <td width="80"><br /></td> <td width="80"><br /></td> <td width="60"><br /></td> <td width="60"><br /></td> <td width="60"><br /></td> <td width="80"><br /></td> <td width="80"><br /></td> <td width="100"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="color: DimGray;"> <td style="border-right: 1pt solid black; height: 4pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>450 BCE</b></span><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a linkindex="916" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-172"><span>[</span>173<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="border-right: 1pt solid black; padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>250 BCE</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>100 CE</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>500 CE</b></span></td> <td style="border-right: 1pt solid black; padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>700 CE</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>800 CE</b></span></td> <td style="padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>1200 CE</b></span><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a linkindex="917" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-173"><span>[</span>174<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"> <p style="font-size: 2pt;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="padding-left: 5pt;"> <p style="font-size: 10pt;"><i><a linkindex="918" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" title="Buddhism in India" class="mw-redirect">India</a></i></p> </td> <td rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="border-left: 1pt solid gray; border-top: 1pt solid gray; border-bottom: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 192); text-align: center;"> <p style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a linkindex="919" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism"><b>Early<br />Sangha</b></a></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="border-top: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; text-align: center;"> <p style="font-size: 1pt;"> </p> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="7" style="border-top: 1pt solid gray; border-right: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peru; text-align: center;"> <p style="font-size: 2pt;"> </p> </td> <td rowspan="5"> <p style="font-size: 13pt;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><a linkindex="920" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></b></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peru; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><a linkindex="921" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></b></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="border-right: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% indianred; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><a linkindex="922" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="border-right: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% indianred;"> <p style="font-size: 2pt;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="border-right: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"> <p style="font-size: 1pt;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="border-bottom: 1px solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"> <p style="font-size: 1pt;"> </p> </td> <td colspan="8" style="border-right: 1pt solid gray; border-bottom: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% gold;"> <p style="font-size: 1pt;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"> <p style="font-size: 2pt;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding-left: 5pt;"> <p style="font-size: 8pt;"><i><a linkindex="923" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> &<br /><a linkindex="924" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></i></p> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="border-width: 1pt 0pt 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: gray -moz-use-text-color gray gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% gold; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><a linkindex="925" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" title="Theravada Buddhism" class="mw-redirect">Theravada Buddhism</a></b></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="5" style="border-top: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peru; text-align: center;"> <p style="font-size: 3pt;"> </p> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="border-top: 1pt solid gray; border-bottom: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% gold; text-align: center;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="5" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% gold;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% gold;"> <p style="font-size: 3pt;"> </p> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% indianred;"> <p style="font-size: 3pt;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"> <p style="font-size: 2pt;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding-left: 5pt;"> <p style="font-size: 10pt;"><i><a linkindex="926" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a></i></p> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"> <p style="font-size: 13pt;"> </p> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(230, 194, 32); border: 1px solid gray; text-align: center;"> <p style="font-size: 6pt;"><a linkindex="927" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></p> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1"> <p style="font-size: 13pt;"> </p> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="4" style="border-width: 1pt 0pt 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: gray -moz-use-text-color gray gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% indianred; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><a linkindex="928" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4"> <p style="font-size: 1pt;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(230, 194, 32); border: 1px solid gray; text-align: center;"> <p style="font-size: 6pt;"><a linkindex="929" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road Buddhism</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"> <p style="font-size: 2pt;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 5pt;"> <p style="font-size: 10pt;"><i><a linkindex="930" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_East_Asia" title="Buddhism in East Asia" class="mw-redirect">East Asia</a></i></p> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1pt 0pt 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: gray -moz-use-text-color gray gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peru; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><a linkindex="931" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1n" title="Chán" class="mw-redirect">Chán</a>, <a linkindex="932" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a>, <a linkindex="933" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land" title="Pure Land" class="mw-redirect">Pure Land</a>, <a linkindex="934" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, <a linkindex="935" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></b></span></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% indianred; text-align: center;"> <p style="font-size: 6pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><a linkindex="936" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon" class="mw-redirect">Shingon</a></b></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid gray; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peru; text-align: center;"> <p style="font-size: 7pt;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"> <p style="font-size: 2pt;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="color: dimgray;"> <td style="border-right: 1pt solid black; height: 4pt;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>450 BCE</b></span></td> <td style="border-right: 1pt solid black; padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>250 BCE</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>100 CE</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>500 CE</b></span></td> <td style="border-right: 1pt solid black; padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>700 CE</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>800 CE</b></span></td> <td style="padding-left: 2pt; height: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><b>1200 CE</b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"> <table style="border-top: 1px solid dimgray; color: black; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% WhiteSmoke; font-size: 90%;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td width="100"><b>Legend:</b></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% gold; border: 1px solid gray;" width="30"> </td> <td width="200">= <b><a linkindex="937" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> tradition</b></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peru; border: 1px solid gray;" width="30"> </td> <td width="200">= <b><a linkindex="938" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> traditions</b></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% indianred; border: 1px solid gray;" width="30"> </td> <td width="200">= <b><a linkindex="939" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> traditions</b></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Theravada_school">Theravada school</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="940" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></div> <p><a linkindex="941" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a> ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and <i>generally</i> closest to early Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a linkindex="942" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-174"><span>[</span>175<span>]</span></a></sup> This school is derived from the <a linkindex="943" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibhajjavada" title="Vibhajjavada">Vibhajjavāda</a> grouping which emerged amongst the older <a linkindex="944" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sthavira" title="Sthavira" class="mw-redirect">Sthavira</a> group at the time of the Third Buddhist Council (c. 250 BCE). This school gradually declined on the Indian subcontinent, but its branch in Sri Lanka and South East Asia continues to survive.</p> <p>The Theravada school bases its practice and doctrine exclusively on the <a linkindex="945" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon" class="mw-redirect">Pāli Canon</a> and its commentaries. After being orally transmitted for a few centuries, its scriptures, the Pali Canon, were finally committed to writing in the last century BCE, in Sri Lanka, at what the Theravada usually reckon as the fourth council. It is also one of the first Buddhist schools to commit the complete set of its canon into writing. The <a linkindex="946" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra" class="mw-redirect">Sutta</a> collections and <a linkindex="947" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> texts of the Pāli Canon (and the corresponding texts in other versions of the <a linkindex="948" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect">Tripitaka</a>), are generally considered by modern scholars to be the earliest Buddhist literature, and they are accepted as authentic in every branch of Buddhism.</p> <p>Theravāda is primarily practiced today in <a linkindex="949" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a linkindex="950" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a linkindex="951" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a linkindex="952" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a linkindex="953" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> as well as small portions of China, <a linkindex="954" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a linkindex="955" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a linkindex="956" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. It has a growing presence in <a linkindex="957" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a linkindex="958" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mahayana_school">Mahayana school</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="959" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="960" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Status_of_Kuan_Yin.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Status_of_Kuan_Yin.jpg/220px-Status_of_Kuan_Yin.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="293" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="961" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Status_of_Kuan_Yin.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Chinese <a linkindex="962" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty" class="mw-redirect">Ming dynasty</a> porcelain figure of <a linkindex="963" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin" class="mw-redirect">Guanyin</a>, "Goddess of Mercy."</div> </div> </div> <p>Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the <a linkindex="964" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Guptas</a>. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the <a linkindex="965" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda_University" title="Nalanda University" class="mw-redirect">Nālandā University</a> in north-eastern India.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="966" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahayanabuddha.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mahayanabuddha.jpg/220px-Mahayanabuddha.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="297" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="967" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahayanabuddha.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Chinese seated Buddha, <a linkindex="968" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" title="Tang Dynasty">Tang Dynasty</a>, Chinese Buddhism is of the <a linkindex="969" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> tradition, with popular schools today being <a linkindex="970" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land" title="Pure Land" class="mw-redirect">Pure Land</a> and <a linkindex="971" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the <a linkindex="972" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Sutras" title="Mahayana Sutras" class="mw-redirect">Mahayana Sutras</a>. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the <a linkindex="973" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> and the <a linkindex="974" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaparinirvana_Sutra" title="Mahaparinirvana Sutra" class="mw-redirect">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a>) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself.</p> <p>Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, <a linkindex="975" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a linkindex="976" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, parts of Russia and most of <a linkindex="977" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but will be discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as "Northern Buddhism". There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which "the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today."<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a linkindex="978" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-175"><span>[</span>176<span>]</span></a></sup>. In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: <a linkindex="979" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a>, peculiar to Japan; <a linkindex="980" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a>; <a linkindex="981" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon" class="mw-redirect">Shingon</a>, a form of Vajrayana; <a linkindex="982" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a>; and <a linkindex="983" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Chan/Zen</a>. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is officially Son (Zen), but with substantial elements from other traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a linkindex="984" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-176"><span>[</span>177<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vajrayana_school">Vajrayana school</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="985" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 232px;"><a linkindex="986" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMG_0361_Kathmandu_Bodnath.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IMG_0361_Kathmandu_Bodnath.jpg/230px-IMG_0361_Kathmandu_Bodnath.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="230" height="153" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="987" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMG_0361_Kathmandu_Bodnath.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a linkindex="988" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhnath" title="Bodhnath" class="mw-redirect">Bodhnath</a> <a linkindex="989" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a>, <a linkindex="990" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a linkindex="991" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></div> </div> </div> <p>The Vajrayana school of Buddhism spread to China, Mongolia, and Tibet. In Tibet, Vajrayana has always been a main component of Tibetan Buddhism, while in China it formed a separate sect. However, Vajrayana Buddhism became extinct in China but survived in elements of Japan's Shingon and Tendai sects.</p> <p>There are differing views as to just when Vajrayāna and its <a linkindex="992" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra_techniques_%28Vajrayana%29" title="Tantra techniques (Vajrayana)">tantric practice</a> started. In the <a linkindex="993" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan tradition</a>, it is claimed that the historical Śākyamuni Buddha taught tantra, but as these are esoteric teachings, they were passed on orally first and only written down long after the Buddha's other teachings. Nālandā University became a center for the development of Vajrayāna theory and continued as the source of leading-edge Vajrayāna practices up through the 11th century. These practices, scriptures and theories were transmitted to China, <a linkindex="994" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, Indochina and Southeast Asia. China generally received Indian transmission up to the 11th century including tantric practice, while a vast amount of what is considered to be <a linkindex="995" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> (Vajrayāna) stems from the late (9th–12th century) Nālandā tradition.</p> <p>In one of the first major contemporary academic treatises on the subject, <a linkindex="996" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_University" title="Fairfield University">Fairfield University</a> professor Ronald M. Davidson argues that the rise of Vajrayana was in part a reaction to the changing political climate in India at the time. With the fall of the <a linkindex="997" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta" title="Gupta">Gupta</a> dynasty, in an increasingly fractious political environment, institutional Buddhism had difficulty attracting patronage, and the folk movement led by <a linkindex="998" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhas" title="Siddhas" class="mw-redirect">siddhas</a> became more prominent. After perhaps two hundred years, it had begun to get integrated into the monastic establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a linkindex="999" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-177"><span>[</span>178<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a linkindex="1000" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a></i>]</sup></p> <p>Vajrayana combined and developed a variety of elements, a number of which had already existed for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a linkindex="1001" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-178"><span>[</span>179<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition to the Mahāyāna scriptures, Vajrayāna Buddhists recognise a large body of <a linkindex="1002" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_texts#Vajrayana_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist Tantras</a>, some of which are also included in Chinese and Japanese collections of Buddhist literature, and versions of a few even in the <a linkindex="1003" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon" class="mw-redirect">Pali Canon</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Buddhist_texts">Buddhist texts</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="1004" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div> <p>Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are written in these languages: <a linkindex="1005" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li" title="Pāli" class="mw-redirect">Pāli</a>, <a linkindex="1006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_%28language%29" title="Tibetan (language)" class="mw-redirect">Tibetan</a>, <a linkindex="1007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_%28language%29" title="Mongolian (language)" class="mw-redirect">Mongolian</a>, <a linkindex="1008" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, along with some texts that still exist in <a linkindex="1009" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a linkindex="1010" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a>.</p> <p>Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the <a linkindex="1011" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" title="Vinaya Pitaka">Vinaya Pitaka</a> and the first four Nikayas of the <a linkindex="1012" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta Pitaka</a> as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a linkindex="1013" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-179"><span>[</span>180<span>]</span></a></sup> However, this could be considered misleading, as Mahāyāna considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching, the Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the āgamas, though theoretically they recognize them, and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a linkindex="1014" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-180"><span>[</span>181<span>]</span></a></sup> Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a linkindex="1015" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-181"><span>[</span>182<span>]</span></a></sup> The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer <a linkindex="1016" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babasaheb_Ambedkar" title="Babasaheb Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect">Babasaheb Ambedkar</a>) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.</p> <p>The followers of Theravāda Buddhism take the scriptures known as the Pāli Canon as definitive and authoritative, while the followers of Mahāyāna Buddhism base their faith and philosophy primarily on the Mahāyāna sūtras and their own <i>vinaya</i>. The Pāli sutras, along with other, closely related scriptures, are known to the other schools as the <i><a linkindex="1017" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_%28text%29" title="Agama (text)" class="mw-redirect">āgamas</a></i>.</p> <p>Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the <a linkindex="1018" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Later in <a linkindex="1019" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the <a linkindex="1020" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a> was championed as a unifying scripture.</p> <p>Dwight <a linkindex="1021" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard" title="Goddard">Goddard</a> collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of <a linkindex="1022" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern philosophy</a>, such as the <a linkindex="1023" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a>, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. <a linkindex="1024" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babasaheb_Ambedkar" title="Babasaheb Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect">Babasaheb Ambedkar</a> attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in <a linkindex="1025" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"The Buddha and His Dhamma"</a>. Other such efforts have persisted to present day, but currently there is no single text that represents all Buddhist traditions.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="P.C4.81li_Tipitaka">Pāli Tipitaka</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="1026" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></div> <table style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; font-size: 75%; margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px; float: right;" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border: 2px solid Sienna;"> <p><span style="font-size:180%;"><b><a linkindex="1027" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon" class="mw-redirect">Pali Canon</a></b></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Ivory;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-left: 2px solid Sienna;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-bottom: 2px solid Sienna; text-align: left;"><a linkindex="1028" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" title="Vinaya Pitaka"><span style="font-size:100%;">Vinaya Pitaka</span></a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-right: 2px solid Sienna;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Ivory;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Ivory;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-left: 2px solid Sienna; border-right: 2px solid Sienna;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% black;"> <table style="width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1029" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suttavibhanga" title="Suttavibhanga">SV.</a></td> <td colspan="4" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1030" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandhaka" title="Khandhaka">Khandhaka</a></td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1031" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parivara" title="Parivara">Vin V</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-left: 2px solid Sienna; border-right: 2px solid Sienna;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Ivory;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Ivory;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-left: 2px solid Sienna;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-top: 2px solid Sienna; border-bottom: 2px solid Sienna; text-align: left;"><a linkindex="1032" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" title="Sutta Pitaka"><span style="font-size:100%;">Sutta Pitaka</span></a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-right: 2px solid Sienna;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Ivory;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Ivory;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-left: 2px solid Sienna; border-right: 2px solid Sienna;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% black;"> <table style="width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1033" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1034" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a></td> <td colspan="5" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1035" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a></td> <td colspan="5" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1036" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a></td> <td colspan="9" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1037" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuddaka_Nikaya" title="Khuddaka Nikaya">KN</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-left: 2px solid Sienna; border-right: 2px solid Sienna;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Ivory;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Ivory;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-left: 2px solid Sienna;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-top: 2px solid Sienna; border-bottom: 2px solid Sienna; text-align: left;"><a linkindex="1038" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pitaka" title="Abhidhamma Pitaka"><span style="font-size:100%;">Abhidhamma Pitaka</span></a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-right: 2px solid Sienna;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Ivory;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Ivory;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-left: 2px solid Sienna; border-right: 2px solid Sienna;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% black;"> <table style="width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-top: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1039" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammasangani" title="Dhammasangani">Dhs.</a></td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1040" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibhanga" title="Vibhanga">Vbh.</a></td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1041" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhatukatha" title="Dhatukatha">Dhk.</a><br /><a linkindex="1042" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puggalapannatti" title="Puggalapannatti">Pug.</a></td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1043" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathavatthu" title="Kathavatthu">Kvu.</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1044" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaka" title="Yamaka">Yam.</a></td> <td colspan="6" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Gold; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"><a linkindex="1045" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patthana" title="Patthana">Patthana</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MediumBlue; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border-left: 2px solid Sienna; border-right: 2px solid Sienna;"> </td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Ivory;"> <p><br /></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Goldenrod; border: 2px solid Sienna;"> <div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"><a linkindex="1046" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PaliCanon" title="Template:PaliCanon"><span title="View this template" style="">view</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1047" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:PaliCanon" title="Template talk:PaliCanon"><span title="Discuss this template" style="">talk</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1048" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:PaliCanon&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style="">edit</span></a></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the <i>Vinaya Pitaka</i>, the <i>Sutta Pitaka</i>, and the <i>Abhidhamma Pitaka</i>. The <i><a linkindex="1049" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya Pitaka</a></i> contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist <a linkindex="1050" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> and <a linkindex="1051" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a>, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. The <i><a linkindex="1052" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta Pitaka</a></i> contains discourses ascribed to <a linkindex="1053" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>. The <i><a linkindex="1054" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidhamma" title="Abhidhamma" class="mw-redirect">Abhidhamma Pitaka</a></i> contains material often described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha's teachings.</p> <p>The Pāli Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: <i>Tripiṭaka</i>) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the Sārvāstivāda, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mahāsaṅghika, Kāśyapīya, and Mahīśāsaka schools, most of which survive in Chinese translation only. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a linkindex="1055" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-182"><span>[</span>183<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named <a linkindex="1056" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakasyapa" title="Mahakasyapa" class="mw-redirect">Mahākāśyapa</a> (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. <a linkindex="1057" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upali" title="Upali">Upāli</a> recited the <i>vinaya</i>. <a linkindex="1058" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda" title="Ananda">Ānanda</a>, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dhamma. These became the basis of the Tripitaka. However, this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting, and was committed to text in the last century BCE. Both the sūtras and the <i>vinaya</i> of every Buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the Dharma, commentaries on other teachings, cosmological and cosmogonical texts, stories of the Gautama Buddha's previous lives, and various other subjects.</p> <p>Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically "Theravadin", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material which is at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: "The Theravadins, then, may have <i>added</i> texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period."<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a linkindex="1059" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-183"><span>[</span>184<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mahayana_Sutras">Mahayana Sutras</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a linkindex="1060" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Sutras" title="Mahayana Sutras" class="mw-redirect">Mahayana Sutras</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a linkindex="1061" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konchog-wangdu.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Konchog-wangdu.jpeg/220px-Konchog-wangdu.jpeg" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="246" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a linkindex="1062" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konchog-wangdu.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Buddhist monk Geshe Konchog Wangdu reads <a linkindex="1063" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_sutra" title="Mahayana sutra" class="mw-redirect">Mahayana sutras</a> from an old woodblock copy of the Tibetan Kanjur.</div> </div> </div> <p>The <a linkindex="1064" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a> are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the <a linkindex="1065" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of <a linkindex="1066" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">the Buddha</a>. The adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a linkindex="1067" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-184"><span>[</span>185<span>]</span></a></sup>) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding.</p> <p>The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the <a linkindex="1068" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name <i>Mahāyāna</i> (lit., <i>the Great Vehicle</i>).</p> <p>According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or <a linkindex="1069" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a>, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time couldn't understand them:<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a linkindex="1070" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-185"><span>[</span>186<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div>Some of our sources maintain the authenticity of certain other texts not found in the canons of these schools (the early schools). These texts are those held genuine by the later school, not one of the eighteen, which arrogated to itself the title of Mahayana, 'Great Vehicle'. According to the Mahayana historians these texts were admittedly unknown to the early schools of Buddhists. However, they had all been promulgated by the Buddha. [The Buddha's] followers on earth, the sravakas ('pupils'), had not been sufficiently advanced to understand them, and hence were not given them to remember, but they were taught to various supernatural beings and then preserved in such places as the Dragon World.</div> </blockquote> <p>Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in <a linkindex="1071" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> or <a linkindex="1072" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_language" title="Tibetan language" class="mw-redirect">Tibetan</a> translations. In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars to be of Chinese rather than Indian origin.</p> <p>Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: "Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century",<sup id="cite_ref-MacMillan_186-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="1073" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-MacMillan-186"><span>[</span>187<span>]</span></a></sup> five centuries after the historical <a linkindex="1074" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>. Some of these had their roots in other scriptures composed in the 1st century BCE. It was not until after the 5th century CE that the Mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream Buddhists in India: "But outside of texts, at least in India, at exactly the same period, very different—in fact seemingly older—ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior, and old and established Hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported."<sup id="cite_ref-MacMillan_186-1" class="reference"><a linkindex="1075" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-MacMillan-186"><span>[</span>187<span>]</span></a></sup> These texts were apparently not universally accepted among Indian Buddhists when they appeared; the pejorative label <i><a linkindex="1076" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">hinayana</a></i> was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.</p> <p>Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the <i>hinayana</i> designation; in the modern era, this label is seen as derogatory, and is generally avoided.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparative_studies">Comparative studies</span></h2> <p>Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, <a linkindex="1077" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratitya-samutpada" title="Pratitya-samutpada" class="mw-redirect">dependent origination</a> can be considered one of Buddhism's contributions to metaphysics. Additionally, Buddhism's emphasis on the <a linkindex="1078" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_way" title="Middle way">Middle way</a> not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries in which it has resided throughout its history. Also, Its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought—for example, with various tenets of Christianity—have been subjects of close study.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_Buddhism_related_topics_in_comparative_studies">List of Buddhism related topics in comparative studies</span></h3> <ul><li><a linkindex="1079" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism and Jainism</a></li><li><a linkindex="1080" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism and Hinduism</a></li><li><a linkindex="1081" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Buddhism and Christianity</a></li><li><a linkindex="1082" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" title="God in Buddhism">God in Buddhism</a> (Buddhism, mysticism, and monotheism)</li><li><a linkindex="1083" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_teaching" title="Buddhism and Eastern teaching" class="mw-redirect">Buddhism and Eastern teaching</a> (Buddhism and East Asian teaching)</li><li><a linkindex="1084" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Buddhism and psychology</a></li><li><a linkindex="1085" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Buddhism and science</a></li><li><a linkindex="1086" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist ethics</a> (Buddhism and ethics)</li><li><a linkindex="1087" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> (Buddhism and Western philosophy)</li><li>Buddhism and <a linkindex="1088" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a><sup id="cite_ref-IAO131_187-0" class="reference"><a linkindex="1089" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_note-IAO131-187"><span>[</span>188<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a linkindex="1090" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="image"><img alt="Dharma Wheel.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/28px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" width="28" height="28" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em;"><i><b><a linkindex="1091" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul><li><a linkindex="1092" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline of Buddhism</a></li><li><a linkindex="1093" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a></li><li><a linkindex="1094" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_related_to_Buddhism" title="List of books related to Buddhism">List of books related to Buddhism</a></li><li><a linkindex="1095" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" title="Theravada Buddhism" class="mw-redirect">Theravada Buddhism</a></li><li><a linkindex="1096" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" title="Mahayana Buddhism" class="mw-redirect">Mahayana Buddhism</a></li><li><a linkindex="1097" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana_Buddhism" title="Vajrayana Buddhism" class="mw-redirect">Vajrayana Buddhism</a></li><li><a linkindex="1098" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">List of Buddhist temples</a></li><li><a linkindex="1099" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></li><li><a linkindex="1100" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_by_region" title="Buddhism by region">Buddhism by region</a></li><li><a linkindex="1101" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Criticism of Buddhism</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a linkindex="1102" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1103" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/bodgaya.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Info on Bodhgaya</a></li><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a linkindex="1104" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> "Buddhism". (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 26, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition.</li><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a linkindex="1105" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1106" href="http://www.nrn.org.np/speeches/rmshakya.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.nrn.org.np/speeches/rmshakya.html</a></li><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a linkindex="1107" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1108" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/forum/story/2008/03/080323_tibet_analysis.shtml" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/forum/story/2008/03/080323_tibet_analysis.shtml</a></li><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a linkindex="1109" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1110" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/worldrel.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.religioustolerance.org/worldrel.htm</a></li><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a linkindex="1111" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> Robinson et al., <i>Buddhist Religions</i>, page xx; <i>Philosophy East and West</i>, vol 54, ps 269f; Williams, <i>Mahayana Buddhism</i>, Routledge, 1st ed., 1989, pp. 275f (2nd ed., 2008, p. 266)</li><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a linkindex="1112" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1113" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=_A2QS03MP5EC&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q=&f=false" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=_A2QS03MP5EC&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q=&f=false</a></li><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a linkindex="1114" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1115" href="http://www.vridhamma.org/Teachers-4.aspx" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.vridhamma.org/Teachers-4.aspx</a></li><li id="cite_note-8"><b><a linkindex="1116" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1117" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qjbBKG06To0C&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q=&f=false" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=qjbBKG06To0C&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q=&f=false</a></li><li id="cite_note-9"><b><a linkindex="1118" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> Sue Hamilton, <i>Early Buddhism: A New Approach: The I of the Beholder.</i> Routledge 2000, page 47.</li><li id="cite_note-10"><b><a linkindex="1119" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> UNESCO, <a linkindex="1120" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Lumbini is the birthplace of the Lord Buddha</a>, Gethin <i>Foundations,</i> p. 19, which states that in the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor <a linkindex="1121" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> determined that Lumbini was the Buddha's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "... this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (<i>Śākyamuni</i>), was born."</li><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a linkindex="1122" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> For instance, Gethin <i>Foundations,</i> p. 14, states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a <i>rājan</i>—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now the Indian–Nepalese border." However, Professor Gombrich (<i>Theravāda Buddhism</i>, p. 1) and the old but specialized study by Edward Thomas, <i>The Life of the Buddha</i>, ascribe the name Siattha/fitta to later sources.</li><li id="cite_note-12"><b><a linkindex="1123" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> Keown, <i>Dictionary of Buddhism</i>, p. 267</li><li id="cite_note-13"><b><a linkindex="1124" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> Skilton, <i>Concise</i>, p. 25</li><li id="cite_note-14"><b><a linkindex="1125" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <i>Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i> Vol. 1, p. 352</li><li id="cite_note-15"><b><a linkindex="1126" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Lopez (1995). <i>Buddhism in Practice</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 16. <a linkindex="1127" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1128" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691044422" title="Special:BookSources/0691044422">0691044422</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Practice&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.au=Lopez&rft.date=1995&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B16&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.isbn=0691044422&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-16"><b><a linkindex="1129" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> Carrithers, Michael. "The Buddha," in the Oxford University paperback <i>Founders of Faith,</i> 1986, p. 10.</li><li id="cite_note-17"><b><a linkindex="1130" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a linkindex="1131" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong, Karen</a> (September 28, 2004). <i>Buddha</i>. <a linkindex="1132" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Press" title="Penguin Press" class="mw-redirect">Penguin Press</a>. p. xii. <a linkindex="1133" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1134" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0143034367" title="Special:BookSources/0143034367">0143034367</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddha&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Armstrong%2C%26%2332%3BKaren&rft.date=September+28%2C+2004&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3Bxii&rft.pub=%5B%5BPenguin+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0143034367&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-18"><b><a linkindex="1135" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <i>Journal of Buddhist Ethics:</i> <a linkindex="1136" href="http://www.buddhistethics.org/13/zse1-kasulis.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Zen as a Social Ethics of Responsiveness"</a> (<a linkindex="1136" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF" class="mw-redirect">PDF</a>), T. P. Kasulis, Ohio State University</li><li id="cite_note-19"><b><a linkindex="1137" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> Harvey, <i>Introduction to Buddhism</i>, p. 40</li><li id="cite_note-20"><b><a linkindex="1138" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> Dr. Richard K. Payne (ed.), <i>Tantric Buddhism in East Asia</i>, Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2006, p. 74</li><li id="cite_note-21"><b><a linkindex="1139" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> Lopez, <i>Story of Buddhism</i>. p. 239</li><li id="cite_note-22"><b><a linkindex="1140" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> Lopez, <i>Buddhism</i>. p. 248</li><li id="cite_note-23"><b><a linkindex="1141" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> Keown, <i>Buddhism</i>, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 107</li><li id="cite_note-24"><b><a linkindex="1142" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> Harvey, <i>Introduction to Buddhism</i>, p. 34</li><li id="cite_note-25"><b><a linkindex="1143" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> Macmillan <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i> (Volume Two), p. 711</li><li id="cite_note-26"><b><a linkindex="1144" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1145" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/allexistence.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>The 31 Planes of Existence</i></a> (<a linkindex="1145" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF" class="mw-redirect">PDF</a>), Ven. Suvanno Mahathera</li><li id="cite_note-27"><b><a linkindex="1146" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> Harvey, <i>Introduction to Buddhism</i>, p. 33</li><li id="cite_note-28"><b><a linkindex="1147" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> André Bareau, <i>Les Sectes bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule</i>, École Française d'Extrême-Orient, Saigon, 1955, pp. 212–223: the top of p. 212 says "Voici les thèses des Theravâdin du Mahâvihâra:" ("Here are the theses of the Theravadins of the Mahavihara"); then begins a numbered list of doctrines over the following pages, including on p. 223 "Il n'y a que cinq (<i>pañca</i>) destinées (<i>gati</i>) ... les Asura Kâlakañjika ont même couleur (<i>samânava</i>nn<i>a</i>), même nourriture (<i>samânabhoga</i>), mêmes aliments (<i>samânâhâra</i>), même durée de vie (<i>samânâyuka</i>) que les Peta avec lesquels ... ils se marient (<i>âvâhavivâha</i>m <i>gacchanti</i>). Quant aux Vepacittiparisa, ils ont même couleur, même nourriture, mêmes aliments, même durée de vie que les Dieux, avec lesquels ils se marient." ("There are only five destinies ... the kalakanjika asuras have the same colour, same nourishment, same foods, same lifespan as the petas, with whom ... they marry. As for the Vepacittiparisa, they have the same colour, same nourishment, same foods, same lifespan as the gods, with whom they marry.")</li><li id="cite_note-29"><b><a linkindex="1148" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> Macmillan <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. Vol. 1, p. 377</li><li id="cite_note-30"><b><a linkindex="1149" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> The Connected Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya, Bhikkhu Bodhi, Translator. Wisdom Publications.</li><li id="cite_note-31"><b><a linkindex="1150" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Thera, Piyadassi (1999). <a linkindex="1151" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.piya.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta"</a>. <i>The Book of Protection</i>. Buddhist Publication Society<span class="printonly">. <a linkindex="1152" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.piya.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.piya.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Dhammacakkappavattana+Sutta&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Protection&rft.aulast=Thera%2C+Piyadassi&rft.au=Thera%2C+Piyadassi&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> In what is said in Theravāda to be the Buddha's first sermon, the <i><a linkindex="1153" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta" title="Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta">Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta</a>,</i> which was given to the five ascetics with whom he had practiced austerities. He talks about the Middle Way, the noble eightfold path and the Four Noble Truths.</li><li id="cite_note-32"><b><a linkindex="1154" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> See for example: <a linkindex="1155" href="http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/fourtruths.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>The Four Noble Truths</i></a></li><li id="cite_note-33"><b><a linkindex="1156" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> Gethin, <i>Foundations</i>, p. 60</li><li id="cite_note-34"><b><a linkindex="1157" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> (2004), Volume One, p. 296</li><li id="cite_note-35"><b><a linkindex="1158" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> Harvey, <i>Introduction</i>, p. 47</li><li id="cite_note-penguin-36"><b><a linkindex="1159" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-penguin_36-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Hinnels, John R. (1998). <i>The New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions</i>. London: Penguin Books. pp. 393f. <a linkindex="1160" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1161" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140514805" title="Special:BookSources/0140514805">0140514805</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Penguin+Handbook+of+Living+Religions&rft.aulast=Hinnels%2C+John+R.&rft.au=Hinnels%2C+John+R.&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B393f&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.isbn=0140514805&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-37"><b><a linkindex="1162" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> Harvey, <i>Introduction to Buddhism</i>, p. 92</li><li id="cite_note-38"><b><a linkindex="1163" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> Eliot, <i>Japanese Buddhism</i>, Edward Arnold, London, 1935, p. 60</li><li id="cite_note-39"><b><a linkindex="1164" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> "Once we reject the Four Noble Truths, the essential ingredients of Buddhist practice becomes unintelligible." –Jay Garfield 1995, <a linkindex="1165" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195093364" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-509336-4</a> p294</li><li id="cite_note-40"><b><a linkindex="1166" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> Eliot, <i>Japanese Buddhism</i>, Edward Arnold, London, 1935, pages 59f</li><li id="cite_note-41"><b><a linkindex="1167" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> Kohn, <i>Shambhala</i>, pp. 131, 143</li><li id="cite_note-42"><b><a linkindex="1168" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> Jeffrey Po, <a linkindex="1169" href="http://www.4ui.com/eart/172eart1.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Is Buddhism a Pessimistic Way of Life?"</a></li><li id="cite_note-rahula-43"><b><a linkindex="1170" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-rahula_43-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a linkindex="1171" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpola_Rahula" title="Walpola Rahula">Rahula, Walpola</a> (1959). "Chapter 2". <i>What the Buddha Taught</i>. <a linkindex="1172" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. <a linkindex="1173" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1174" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3031-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3031-3">0-8021-3031-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+2&rft.atitle=What+the+Buddha+Taught&rft.aulast=Rahula&rft.aufirst=Walpola&rft.au=Rahula%2C%26%2332%3BWalpola&rft.date=1959&rft.pub=%5B%5BGrove+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0-8021-3031-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-prebish-44"><b><a linkindex="1175" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-prebish_44-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Prebish, Charles (1993). <i>Historical Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. The Scarecrow Press. <a linkindex="1176" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1177" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-2698-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-2698-4">0-8108-2698-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.aulast=Prebish&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Prebish%2C%26%2332%3BCharles&rft.date=1993&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.isbn=0-8108-2698-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-keown-45"><b><a linkindex="1178" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-keown_45-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Keown, Damien (2003). <i>Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. <a linkindex="1179" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a linkindex="1180" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1181" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860560-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860560-9">0-19-860560-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft.au=Keown%2C%26%2332%3BDamien&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0-19-860560-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-46"><b><a linkindex="1182" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> Thanissaro Bhikkhu, <a linkindex="1183" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/notself.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>The Not-Self Strategy</i></a>, See Point 3 – The Canon quote Thanissaro Bhikkhu draws attention to is the <i><a linkindex="1184" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.002.than.html#ayoniso" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Sabbasava Sutta</a>.</i></li><li id="cite_note-47"><b><a linkindex="1185" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> This twelve nidana scheme can be found, for instance, in multiple discourses in chapter 12 of the <i><a linkindex="1186" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a></i>—<i>Nidana Vagga</i> (e.g., see SN 12.2, <a linkindex="1187" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.002.than.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Thanissaro, 1997a)</a>. Other "applications" of what might be termed "mundane dependent origination" include the nine-nidana scheme of <i><a linkindex="1188" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" title="Digha Nikaya">Digha Nikaya</a></i> 15 (e.g., <a linkindex="1189" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.15.0.than.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Thanissaro, 1997b)</a> and the ten-nidana scheme of <i>Samyutta Nikaya</i> 12.65 (e.g., <a linkindex="1190" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.065.than.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Thanissaro, 1997c).</a> So-called "transcendental dependent origination" (also involving twelve nidanas) is described in <i>Samyutta Nikaya</i> 12.23 (e.g., see <a linkindex="1191" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel277.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Bodhi, 1995).</a> In addition, Digha Nikaya 15 describes an eleven-nidana scheme (starting with "feeling") that leads to interpersonal suffering ("the taking up of sticks and knives; conflicts, quarrels, and disputes; accusations, divisive speech, and lies").</li><li id="cite_note-48"><b><a linkindex="1192" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, page 56</li><li id="cite_note-49"><b><a linkindex="1193" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, p. 57</li><li id="cite_note-50"><b><a linkindex="1194" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, p. 58</li><li id="cite_note-51"><b><a linkindex="1195" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, p. 59</li><li id="cite_note-52"><b><a linkindex="1196" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, p. 60</li><li id="cite_note-53"><b><a linkindex="1197" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> Christian Lindtner, <i>Master of Wisdom.</i> Dharma Publishing 1997, p. 324.</li><li id="cite_note-54"><b><a linkindex="1198" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1199" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Lusthaus" title="Dan Lusthaus">Dan Lusthaus</a>, <a linkindex="1200" href="http://www.acmuller.net/yogacara/articles/intro-uni.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"What is and isn't Yogacara"</a></li><li id="cite_note-Welch.2C_1967.2C_p._395-55">^ <a linkindex="1201" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-Welch.2C_1967.2C_p._395_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a linkindex="1202" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-Welch.2C_1967.2C_p._395_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Welch, <i>Practice of Chinese Buddhism</i>, Harvard, 1967, p. 395</li><li id="cite_note-56"><b><a linkindex="1203" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> The <a linkindex="1204" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> commentary on the <i><a linkindex="1205" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettipakarana" title="Nettipakarana">Nettipakarana</a>,</i> ascribed to <a linkindex="1206" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammapala" title="Dhammapala">Dhammapala</a>, says (Pali "-pamāṇa" is equivalent to Sanskrit "-pramāṇa"): "na hi pāḷito aññaṃ pamāṇataraṃ atthi" (quoted in <a linkindex="1207" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a> edition of the <i>Nettipakarana,</i> 1902, p. xi) which Nanamoli translates as: "for there is no other criterion beyond a text" (<i>The Guide</i>, Pali Text Society, 1962, p. xi</li><li id="cite_note-57"><b><a linkindex="1208" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1209" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 72 <a linkindex="1210" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.072.than.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">(Thanissaro, 1997)</a>. For further discussion of the context in which these statements was made, see <a linkindex="1211" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn44/sn44.intro.than.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Thanissaro (2004)</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-58"><b><a linkindex="1212" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> "Experience is ... the path most elaborated in early Buddhism. The doctrine on the other hand was kept low. The Buddha avoided doctrinal formulations concerning the final reality as much as possible in order to prevent his followers from resting content with minor achievements on the path in which the absence of the final experience could be substituted by conceptual understanding of the doctrine or by religious faith, a situation which sometimes occurs, in both varieties, in the context of <a linkindex="1213" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> systems of doctrine", Karel Werner, <i>Mysticism and Indian Spirituality.</i> In Karel Werner, ed., <i>The Yogi and the Mystic</i>. Curzon Press, 1989: p. 27.</li><li id="cite_note-59"><b><a linkindex="1214" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> Thanissaro Bhikkhu, <a linkindex="1215" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn44/sn44.intro.than.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Introduction to the Avyakata Samyutta"</a></li><li id="cite_note-Nagao-60">^ <a linkindex="1216" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-Nagao_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a linkindex="1217" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-Nagao_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Gadjin M. Nagao, <i>Madhyamika and Yogachara.</i> Leslie S. Kawamura, translator, SUNY Press, Albany 1991, pp. 40–41.</li><li id="cite_note-61"><b><a linkindex="1218" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> Sue Hamilton, <i>Early Buddhism</i>. Routledge, 2000, page 135.</li><li id="cite_note-62"><b><a linkindex="1219" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. Vol. 26, p. 138</li><li id="cite_note-63"><b><a linkindex="1220" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <i>The Sovereign All-Creating Mind</i> tr. by E. K. Neumaier-Dargyay, pp. 111–112.</li><li id="cite_note-64"><b><a linkindex="1221" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> Professor C. D. Sebastian, <i>Metaphysics and Mysticism in Mahayana Buddhism</i>, Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi, 2005, p. 274)</li><li id="cite_note-65"><b><a linkindex="1222" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1223" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._K._Warder" title="A. K. Warder">A. K. Warder</a>, <i>Indian Buddhism.</i> Third edition published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2000, pages 132-133.</li><li id="cite_note-66"><b><a linkindex="1224" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1225" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Kalupahana" title="David J. Kalupahana" class="mw-redirect">David J. Kalupahana</a>, <i>A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities.</i> University of Hawaii Press, 1992, page 43: <a linkindex="1226" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=SlDArya3YvcC&pg=PA43&dq=inauthor:Kalupahana+omniscience" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[1]</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-67"><b><a linkindex="1227" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> Alexander Wynne, <i>The Origin of Buddhist Meditation</i>. 2007, page 109.</li><li id="cite_note-68"><b><a linkindex="1228" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> Williams, <i>Mahayana Buddhism</i>, Routledge, 1989, p. 2</li><li id="cite_note-69"><b><a linkindex="1229" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> <i>Kalama Sutta,</i> <a linkindex="1230" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" title="Anguttara Nikaya">Anguttara Nikaya</a> III.65</li><li id="cite_note-70"><b><a linkindex="1231" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <i>raga</i>, <a linkindex="1232" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:489.pali" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Pali-English Dictionary</a>, The Pali Text Society</li><li id="cite_note-71"><b><a linkindex="1233" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> <i>dosa</i>, <a linkindex="1234" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:2598.pali" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Pali-English Dictionary</a>, The Pali Text Society</li><li id="cite_note-72"><b><a linkindex="1235" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> <i>moha</i>, <a linkindex="1236" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:229.pali" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Pali-English Dictionary</a>, The Pali Text Society</li><li id="cite_note-Gombrich-73">^ <a linkindex="1237" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-Gombrich_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a linkindex="1238" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-Gombrich_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Richard F. Gombrich, <i>How Buddhism Began</i>, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1997, p. 67</li><li id="cite_note-74"><b><a linkindex="1239" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> Routledge <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. 2007. p. 611</li><li id="cite_note-75"><b><a linkindex="1240" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-75">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1241" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bullitt/bfaq.html#maitreya" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>Access to Insight</i>, a Theravada Buddhist website, discusses Buddha Eras</a></li><li id="cite_note-76"><b><a linkindex="1242" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-76">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1243" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.26.0.than.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Gautama Buddha discusses tne Maitreya Buddha in the Tipitaka</a></li><li id="cite_note-77"><b><a linkindex="1244" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-77">^</a></b> Kogen Mizuno, <i>Essentials of Buddhism</i>, Shunju-sha, 1972, English translation, Kosei, Tokyo, 1996, p. 57</li><li id="cite_note-78"><b><a linkindex="1245" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-78">^</a></b> <i>Dispeller of Delusion</i>. Vol. II. Pali Text Society, p. 184</li><li id="cite_note-79"><b><a linkindex="1246" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-79">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Coomaraswamy, Ananda (1975). <i>Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism</i>. Boston: University Books, Inc.. p. 225. <a linkindex="1247" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1248" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/080651101X" title="Special:BookSources/080651101X">080651101X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddha+and+the+Gospel+of+Buddhism&rft.aulast=Coomaraswamy&rft.aufirst=Ananda&rft.au=Coomaraswamy%2C%26%2332%3BAnanda&rft.date=1975&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B225&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=University+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=080651101X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-80"><b><a linkindex="1249" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> Cook, <i>Hua-yen Buddhism</i>, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1977, p. 110f</li><li id="cite_note-81"><b><a linkindex="1250" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-81">^</a></b> Macmillan <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. Vol. 1, page 351</li><li id="cite_note-82"><b><a linkindex="1251" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-82">^</a></b> Harvey, p. 170</li><li id="cite_note-83"><b><a linkindex="1252" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-83">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Bhikku, Thanissaro (2001). <a linkindex="1253" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/refuge.html#goi" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Refuge"</a>. <i>An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha</i>. Access to Insight<span class="printonly">. <a linkindex="1254" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/refuge.html#goi" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/refuge.html#goi</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Refuge&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Buddha%2C+Dhamma%2C+%26+Sangha&rft.aulast=Bhikku%2C+Thanissaro&rft.au=Bhikku%2C+Thanissaro&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Access+to+Insight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fthanissaro%2Frefuge.html%23goi&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-84"><b><a linkindex="1255" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <i>Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha</i>, tr. Nanamoli, rev. Bodhi, Wisdom Publications, 1995, pp. 708f</li><li id="cite_note-85"><b><a linkindex="1256" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> Professor C.D. Sebastian, <i>Metaphysics and Mysticism in Mahayana Buddhism</i>, Sri Satguru Publications, Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica Series No. 238, Delhi, 2005, p. 83</li><li id="cite_note-86"><b><a linkindex="1257" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-86">^</a></b> Professor C.D. Sebastian, <i>Metaphysics and Mysticism in Mahayana Buddhism</i>, Delhi, 2005, p. 82</li><li id="cite_note-87"><b><a linkindex="1258" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> Hiroshi Kanno, <i>Huisi's Perspective on the Lotus Sutra as Seen Through the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss in the Lotus Sutra</i>, p. 147, <a linkindex="1259" href="http://www.iop.or.jp/0414/kanno2.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.iop.or.jp/0414/kanno2.pdf</a>, consulted 5 February 2010</li><li id="cite_note-88"><b><a linkindex="1259" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> Stewart McFarlane in Peter Harvey, ed., <i>Buddhism.</i> Continuum, 2001, page 187.</li><li id="cite_note-89"><b><a linkindex="1260" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> Stewart McFarlane in Peter Harvey, ed., <i>Buddhism.</i> Continuum, 2001, pages 195-196.</li><li id="cite_note-90"><b><a linkindex="1261" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Morgan, Peggy; Lawton, Clive A., eds (2007). <i>Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions</i> (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 62–63. <a linkindex="1262" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1263" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/97880748623303" title="Special:BookSources/97880748623303">97880748623303</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethical+Issues+in+Six+Religious+Traditions&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B62%E2%80%9363&rft.edition=2nd&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.isbn=97880748623303&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-91"><b><a linkindex="1264" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1265" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a>, <i>Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo.</i> Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988, page 89. He is quoting Carrithers.</li><li id="cite_note-92"><b><a linkindex="1266" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-92">^</a></b> B. Alan Wallace, <i>Contemplative Science.</i> Columbia University Press, 2007, p. 81.</li><li id="cite_note-93"><b><a linkindex="1267" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-93">^</a></b> Welch, <i>Practice of Chinese Buddhism</i>, Harvard, 1967, p. 396</li><li id="cite_note-94"><b><a linkindex="1268" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> Peter Harvey, <i>An Introduction to Buddhism.</i> Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 144.</li><li id="cite_note-95"><b><a linkindex="1269" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-95">^</a></b> Damien Keown, Charles S Prebish, editors, <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. Routledge, 2007. p. 502</li><li id="cite_note-96"><b><a linkindex="1270" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-96">^</a></b> Sarah Shaw, <i>Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pāli Canon</i>. Routledge, 2006, page 13. Shaw also notes that discourses on meditation are addressed to "bhikkhave," but that in this context the terms is more generic than simply (male) "monks" and refers to all practitioners, and that this is confirmed by Buddhaghosa.</li><li id="cite_note-97"><b><a linkindex="1271" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-97">^</a></b> According to Charles S. Prebish (in his <i>Historical Dictionary of Buddhism</i>, Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi, 1993, p. 287): "Although a variety of Zen 'schools' developed in Japan, they all emphasize Zen as a teaching that does not depend on sacred texts, that provides the potential for direct realization, that the realization attained is none other than the Buddha nature possessed by each sentient being ...".</li><li id="cite_note-98"><b><a linkindex="1272" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-98">^</a></b> Prebish comments (op. cit., p. 244): "It presumes that <i>sitting in meditation itself</i> (i.e. <i><a linkindex="1273" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zazen</a></i>) is an expression of Buddha nature." The method is to detach the mind from conceptual modes of thinking and perceive Reality directly. Speaking of Zen in general, Buddhist scholar Stephen Hodge writes (<i>Zen Masterclass</i>, Godsfield Press, 2002, pp. 12–13): "... practitioners of Zen believe that Enlightenment, the awakening of the Buddha-mind or Buddha-nature, is our natural state, but has been covered over by layers of negative emotions and distorted thoughts. According to this view, Enlightenment is not something that we must acquire a bit at a time, but a state that can occur instantly when we cut through the dense veil of mental and emotional obscurations."</li><li id="cite_note-99"><b><a linkindex="1274" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-99">^</a></b> (<i>Critical Sermons on the Zen Tradition</i>, Hisamatsu Shin'ichi, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2002, <i>passim</i>) Commenting on Rinzai Zen and its Chinese founder, Linji, Hisamatsu states: "Linji indicates our true way of being in such direct expressions as 'True Person' and 'True Self'. It is independent of words or letters and transmitted apart from scriptural teaching. Buddhism doesn't really need scriptures. It is just our direct awakening to Self ..." (Hisamatsu, op. cit., p. 46).</li><li id="cite_note-100"><b><a linkindex="1275" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-100">^</a></b> Kosho Uchiyama, <i>Opening the Hand of Thought: Approach to Zen</i>, Penguin Books, New York, 1993, p. 98</li><li id="cite_note-101"><b><a linkindex="1276" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-101">^</a></b> Harvey, <i>Introduction</i>, pp. 165f</li><li id="cite_note-102"><b><a linkindex="1277" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-102">^</a></b> Williams, <i>Mahayana Buddhism</i>, Routledge, 1st ed., 1989, p. 185</li><li id="cite_note-103"><b><a linkindex="1278" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-103">^</a></b> Routledge <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>, p. 781 .</li><li id="cite_note-104"><b><a linkindex="1279" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-104">^</a></b> Gethin, <i>Sayings of the Buddha</i>, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. xv</li><li id="cite_note-ebbuddh-105">^ <a linkindex="1280" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-ebbuddh_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a linkindex="1281" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-ebbuddh_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a linkindex="1282" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-ebbuddh_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Buddhism: The foundations of Buddhism: The cultural context. Accessed 19-07-2009</li><li id="cite_note-ebhindu-106">^ <a linkindex="1283" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-ebhindu_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a linkindex="1284" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-ebhindu_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Hinduism: History of Hinduism: The Vedic period (2nd millennium - 7th century BCE; Challenges to Brahmanism (6th - 2nd century BCE; Early Hinduism (2nd century BCE - 4th century CE). Accessed 19-07-2009</li><li id="cite_note-107"><b><a linkindex="1285" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-107">^</a></b> Warder, A.K. 2000. Indian Buddhism. P.32</li><li id="cite_note-108"><b><a linkindex="1286" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-108">^</a></b> Y. Masih (2000) In : A Comparative Study of Religions, Motilal Banarsidass Publ : Delhi, <a linkindex="1287" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120808150" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 81-208-0815-0</a> Page 18. "There is no evidence to show that Jainism and Buddhism ever subscribed to vedic sacrifices, vedic deities or caste. They are parallel or native religions of India and have contributed to much to the growth of even classical Hinduism of the present times."</li><li id="cite_note-109"><b><a linkindex="1288" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-109">^</a></b> S. Cromwell Crawford, review of L. M. Joshi, <i>Brahmanism, Buddhism and Hinduism</i>, Philosophy East and West (1972): "Alongside Brahmanism was the non-Aryan Shramanic culture with its roots going back to prehistoric times."</li><li id="cite_note-110"><b><a linkindex="1289" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-110">^</a></b> “This confirms that the doctrine of transmigration is non-aryan and was accepted by non-vedics like Ajivikism, Jainism and Buddhism. The Indo-aryans have borrowed the theory of re-birth after coming in contact with the aboriginal inhabitants of India. Certainly Jainism and non-vedics [..] accepted the doctrine of rebirth as supreme postulate or article of faith.” Masih, page 37.</li><li id="cite_note-111"><b><a linkindex="1290" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-111">^</a></b> Karel Werner, <i>The Longhaired Sage</i> in <i>The Yogi and the Mystic.</i> Karel Werner, ed., Curzon Press, 1989, page 34. "Rahurkar speaks of them as belonging to two distinct 'cultural strands' ... Wayman also found evidence for two distinct approaches to the spiritual dimension in ancient India and calls them the traditions of 'truth and silence.' He traces them particularly in the older Upanishads, in early Buddhism, and in some later literature."</li><li id="cite_note-112"><b><a linkindex="1291" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-112">^</a></b> Gavin D. Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University — Press : UK <a linkindex="1292" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521438780" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-43878-0</a> - “The origin and doctrine of Karma and Samsara are obscure. These concepts were certainly circulating amongst sramanas, and Jainism and Buddhism developed specific and sophisticated ideas about the process of transmigration. It is very possible that the karmas and reincarnation entered the mainstream brahaminical thought from the sramana or the renouncer traditions.” Page 86.</li><li id="cite_note-113"><b><a linkindex="1293" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-113">^</a></b> Padmanabh S. Jaini 2001 “Collected Paper on Buddhist Studies” Motilal Banarsidass Publ 576 pages <a linkindex="1294" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120817761" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 81-208-1776-1</a>: "Yajnavalkya’s reluctance and manner in expounding the doctrine of karma in the assembly of Janaka (a reluctance not shown on any other occasion) can perhaps be explained by the assumption that it was, like that of the transmigration of soul, of non-brahmanical origin. In view of the fact that this doctrine is emblazoned on almost every page of sramana scriptures, it is highly probable that it was derived from them." Page 51.</li><li id="cite_note-114"><b><a linkindex="1295" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-114">^</a></b> Govind Chandra Pande, (1994) Life and Thought of Sankaracarya, Motilal Banarsidass <a linkindex="1296" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120811046" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 81-208-1104-6</a> : Early Upanishad thinkers like Yajnavalkya were acquainted with the sramanic thinking and tried to incorporate these ideals of Karma, Samsara and Moksa into the vedic thought implying a disparagement of the vedic ritualism and recognising the mendicancy as an ideal. Page 135.</li><li id="cite_note-115"><b><a linkindex="1297" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-115">^</a></b> "The sudden appearance of this theory [of karma] in a full-fledged form is likely to be due, as already pointed out, to an impact of the wandering <a linkindex="1298" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muni" title="Muni">muni</a>-and-<a linkindex="1299" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shramana" title="Shramana">shramana</a>-cult, coming down from the pre-Vedic non-Aryan time." Kashi Nath Upadhyaya, <i>Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1998, page 76.</li><li id="cite_note-116"><b><a linkindex="1300" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-116">^</a></b> Warder, A.K. 2000. Indian Buddhism. P.30-32</li><li id="cite_note-117"><b><a linkindex="1301" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-117">^</a></b> Warder, A.K. 2000. Indian Buddhism. P.39</li><li id="cite_note-118"><b><a linkindex="1302" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-118">^</a></b> Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism. P.33</li><li id="cite_note-westernbuddhistreview.com-119"><b><a linkindex="1303" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-westernbuddhistreview.com_119-0">^</a></b> Dharmacarini Manishini, <i>Western Buddhist Review.</i> Accessed at <a linkindex="1304" href="http://www.westernbuddhistreview.com/vol4/kamma_in_context.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.westernbuddhistreview.com/vol4/kamma_in_context.html</a></li><li id="cite_note-120"><b><a linkindex="1305" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-120">^</a></b> Warder, A.K. 2000. Indian Buddhism. P.33</li><li id="cite_note-121"><b><a linkindex="1306" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-121">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1307" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpola_Rahula" title="Walpola Rahula">Walpola Rahula</a>, <i>What the Buddha Taught,</i> pages 9-10.</li><li id="cite_note-122"><b><a linkindex="1308" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-122">^</a></b> "The brahmin by caste alone, the teacher of the <i>Veda</i>, is (jokingly) etymologized as the 'non-meditator' (<i>ajhāyaka</i>). Brahmins who have memorized the three <i>Vedas</i> (<i>tevijja</i>) really know nothing: it is the process of achieving Enlightenment — what the Buddha is said to have achieved in the three watches of that night — which constitutes the true 'three knowledges.'" R.F. Gombrich in Paul Williams, ed., "Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies." Taylor and Francis 2006, page 120.</li><li id="cite_note-123"><b><a linkindex="1309" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-123">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1310" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a>, <i>Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo.</i> Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988, page 85.</li><li id="cite_note-124"><b><a linkindex="1311" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-124">^</a></b> Richard Francis Gombrich, How Buddhism began: the conditioned genesis of the early teachings Continuum International Publishing Group, 1996, pages 38-39</li><li id="cite_note-125"><b><a linkindex="1312" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-125">^</a></b> Michael Carrithers, The Buddha, 1983, pages 41-42. Found in Founders of Faith, Oxford University Press, 1986.</li><li id="cite_note-126"><b><a linkindex="1313" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-126">^</a></b> Alexander Wynne, The Origin of Buddhist Meditation. Routledge 2007, page 21.</li><li id="cite_note-ebvedic-127"><b><a linkindex="1314" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-ebvedic_127-0">^</a></b> Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Vedic religion. Accessed 19-07-2009</li><li id="cite_note-128"><b><a linkindex="1315" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-128">^</a></b> Warder, A.K. 2000. Indian Buddhism. P.35</li><li id="cite_note-129"><b><a linkindex="1316" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-129">^</a></b> A History of Indian Buddhism — Hirakawa Akira (translated and edited by Paul Groner) - Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 1993, p. 7</li><li id="cite_note-130"><b><a linkindex="1317" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-130">^</a></b> Mitchell, <i>Buddhism</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 34 & table of contents</li><li id="cite_note-131"><b><a linkindex="1318" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-131">^</a></b> Skorupski, <i>Buddhist Forum</i>, vol I, Heritage, Delhi/SOAS, London, 1990, p. 5; <i>Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>, vol 21 (1998), part 1, pp. 4, 11</li><li id="cite_note-132"><b><a linkindex="1319" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-132">^</a></b> see also the book <i>Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks</i>, University of Hawai'i Press, by Dr Gregory Schopen</li><li id="cite_note-133"><b><a linkindex="1320" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-133">^</a></b> <i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i>, Macmillan, New York, sv Councils, Buddhist</li><li id="cite_note-134"><b><a linkindex="1321" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-134">^</a></b> <i>Journal of the Pāli Text Society</i>, volume XVI, p. 105)</li><li id="cite_note-135"><b><a linkindex="1322" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-135">^</a></b> Janice J. Nattier and Charles S. Prebish, 1977. <i>Mahāsāṅghika Origins: the beginnings of Buddhist sectarianism</i> in History of Religions, Vol. 16, pp. 237–272</li><li id="cite_note-136"><b><a linkindex="1323" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-136">^</a></b> Harvey, <i>Introduction to Buddhism</i>, p. 74</li><li id="cite_note-Britannica_Abhidamma-137">^ <a linkindex="1324" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-Britannica_Abhidamma_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a linkindex="1325" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-Britannica_Abhidamma_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> "Abhidhamma Pitaka." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</li><li id="cite_note-138"><b><a linkindex="1326" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-138">^</a></b> <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. Routledge. p. 485.</li><li id="cite_note-139"><b><a linkindex="1327" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-139">^</a></b> A History of Indian Buddhism — Hirakawa Akira (translated and edited by Paul Groner) - Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 1993, p. 8</li><li id="cite_note-140"><b><a linkindex="1328" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-140">^</a></b> <i>Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. 2004, page 494</li><li id="cite_note-141"><b><a linkindex="1329" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-141">^</a></b> ‘The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras’ – AK Warder, Indian Buddhism, 3rd edition, 1999, p. 335.</li><li id="cite_note-142"><b><a linkindex="1330" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-142">^</a></b> Mahayanism in all probability germinated in the south, where the offshoots of the Mahasanghikas had their centres of activities, but where it appeared more developed was a place somewhere in the eastern part of India, a place where the Sarvastivadins were predominant.' Buddhist Sects in India, Nalinaksha Dutt, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Delhi), 2nd Edition, 1978, p. 243)</li><li id="cite_note-143"><b><a linkindex="1331" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-143">^</a></b> ‘The sudden appearance of large numbers of (Mahayana) teachers and texts (in North India in the 2nd century AD) would seem to require some previous preparation and development, and this we can look for in the South.’ AK Warder, Indian Buddhism, 3rd edition, 1999 p. 335.</li><li id="cite_note-144"><b><a linkindex="1332" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-144">^</a></b> A History of Indian Buddhism — Hirakawa Akira (translated and edited by Paul Groner) - Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 1993, p. 8,9</li><li id="cite_note-145"><b><a linkindex="1333" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-145">^</a></b> Peter Harvey, "An Introduction to Buddhism." Cambridge University Press, 1993, page 95.</li><li id="cite_note-146"><b><a linkindex="1334" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-146">^</a></b> Dan Lusthaus, <i>Buddhist Phenomenology.</i> Routledge, 2002, pages 236-237.</li><li id="cite_note-147"><b><a linkindex="1335" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-147">^</a></b> Peter Harvey, "An Introduction to Buddhism." Cambridge University Press, 1993, page 113. "There were no great Indian teachers associated with this strand of thought."</li><li id="cite_note-148"><b><a linkindex="1336" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-148">^</a></b> A History of Indian Buddhism — Hirakawa Akira (translated and edited by Paul Groner) - Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 1993, p. 9</li><li id="cite_note-149"><b><a linkindex="1337" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-149">^</a></b> Gombrich, <i>Theravada Buddhism</i>, Routledge, 2nd ed, 2006, page 135</li><li id="cite_note-150"><b><a linkindex="1338" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-150">^</a></b> Carol E. Henderson, <i>Culture and Customs of India.</i> Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, page 42.</li><li id="cite_note-151"><b><a linkindex="1339" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-151">^</a></b> Joseph B. Tamney in William H. Swatos, editor, <i>Encyclopedia of Religion and Society.</i> Rowman Altamira, 1998, page 68.</li><li id="cite_note-152"><b><a linkindex="1340" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-152">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1341" href="http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/texts/lopez.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Chinese Cultural Studies: The Spirits of Chinese Religion</a></li><li id="cite_note-153"><b><a linkindex="1342" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-153">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1343" href="http://asia.msu.edu/eastasia/China/religion.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Windows on Asia - Chinese Religions</a></li><li id="cite_note-154"><b><a linkindex="1344" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-154">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1345" href="http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/religion" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Religions and Beliefs in China</a></li><li id="cite_note-155"><b><a linkindex="1346" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-155">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1347" href="http://www.sacu.org/religion.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">SACU Religion in China</a></li><li id="cite_note-156"><b><a linkindex="1348" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-156">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1349" href="http://www.index-china.com/index-english/people-religions-s.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Index-China Chinese Philosophies and religions</a></li><li id="cite_note-157"><b><a linkindex="1350" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-157">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1351" href="http://www.askasia.org/teachers/essays/essay.php?no=16" class="external text" rel="nofollow">AskAsia - Buddhism in China</a></li><li id="cite_note-158"><b><a linkindex="1352" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-158">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1353" href="http://www.globaled.org/curriculum/china/bessay1.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">BUDDHISM AND ITS SPREAD ALONG THE SILK ROAD</a></li><li id="cite_note-159"><b><a linkindex="1354" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-159">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1355" href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">U.S. Department of States - International Religious Freedom Report 2006: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)</a></li><li id="cite_note-160"><b><a linkindex="1356" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-160">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1357" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/pix/home/stateattitudes.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">State Attitudes to Religion</a> (<a linkindex="1357" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF" class="mw-redirect">PDF</a>), <i>The Atlas of Religion</i>, Joanne O'Brien & Martin Palmer, <a linkindex="1358" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDemocracy.net" title="OpenDemocracy.net">openDemocracy.net</a></li><li id="cite_note-161"><b><a linkindex="1359" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-161">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1360" href="http://crf.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=survey_files" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Center for Religious Freedom - Survey Files</a></li><li id="cite_note-162"><b><a linkindex="1361" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-162">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1362" href="http://crf.hudson.org/articledocs/TheRangeofReligiousFreedom.doc" class="external text" rel="nofollow">The Range of Religious Freedom</a></li><li id="cite_note-163"><b><a linkindex="1362" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-163">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Garfinkel, Perry (December 2005). "Buddha Rising". <i>National Geographic</i>: 88–109.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Buddha+Rising&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.aulast=Garfinkel%2C+Perry&rft.au=Garfinkel%2C+Perry&rft.date=December+2005&rft.pages=88%E2%80%93109&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-adherents.com-164">^ <a linkindex="1363" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-adherents.com_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a linkindex="1364" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-adherents.com_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a linkindex="1365" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-adherents.com_164-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a linkindex="1366" href="http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html#Buddhism" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Major Branches of Buddhism</a>, Adherents.com, retrieved on 2008-01-15</li><li id="cite_note-165"><b><a linkindex="1367" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-165">^</a></b> <i>Philosophy East and West</i>, volume 54, page 270</li><li id="cite_note-166"><b><a linkindex="1368" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-166">^</a></b> Keown, <i>Buddhism</i>, Oxford University Press, 1996, page 12</li><li id="cite_note-167"><b><a linkindex="1369" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-167">^</a></b> Smith, <i>Buddhism</i>; Juergensmeyer, <i>Oxford Handbook</i>.</li><li id="cite_note-168"><b><a linkindex="1370" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-168">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a linkindex="1371" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tibetan%20buddhism" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Tibetan Buddhism"</a>. <i>American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004<span class="printonly">. <a linkindex="1372" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tibetan%20buddhism" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tibetan%20buddhism</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.atitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftibetan%2520buddhism&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-169"><b><a linkindex="1373" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-169">^</a></b> (Harvey, 1990); (Gombrich,1984); Gethin (1998), pp. 1–2, identifies "three broad traditions" as: (1) "The Theravāda tradition of Sri Lanka and South-East Asia, also sometimes referred to as 'southern' Buddhism"; (2) "The East Asian tradition of China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, also sometimes referred to as 'eastern' Buddhism"; and, (3) "The Tibetan tradition, also sometimes referred to as 'northern' Buddhism."; Robinson & Johnson (1982) divide their book into two parts: Part One is entitled "The Buddhism of South Asia" (which pertains to Early Buddhism in India); and, Part Two is entitled "The Development of Buddhism Outside of India" with chapters on "The Buddhism of Southeast Asia," "Buddhism in the Tibetan Culture Area," "East Asian Buddhism" and "Buddhism Comes West; Penguin <i>handbook of Living Religions</i>, 1984, page 279; Prebish & Keown, <i>Introducing Buddhism</i>, ebook, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 2005, printed ed, Harper, 2006</li><li id="cite_note-170"><b><a linkindex="1374" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-170">^</a></b> See e.g. the multi-dimensional classification in <i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i>, Macmillan, New York, 1987, volume 2, pages 440ff</li><li id="cite_note-171"><b><a linkindex="1375" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-171">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1376" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/comparative.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">A Comparative Study of the Schools</a>, Tan Swee Eng</li><li id="cite_note-172"><b><a linkindex="1377" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-172">^</a></b> Cousins, L.S. (1996); Buswell (2003), Vol. I, p. 82; and, Keown & Prebish (2004), p. 107. See also, Gombrich (1988/2002), p. 32: “…[T]he best we can say is that [the Buddha] was probably Enlightened between 550 and 450, more likely later rather than earlier."</li><li id="cite_note-173"><b><a linkindex="1378" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-173">^</a></b> Williams (2000, pp. 6-7) writes: "As a matter of fact Buddhism in mainland India itself had all but ceased to exist by the thirteenth century CE, although by that time it had spread to Tibet, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia." Embree <i>et al</i>. (1958/1988), "Chronology," p. xxix: "c. 1000-1200: Buddhism disappears as [an] organized religious force in India." See also, Robinson & Johnson (1970/1982), pp. 100-1, 108 Fig. 1; and, Harvey (1990/2007), pp. 139-40.</li><li id="cite_note-174"><b><a linkindex="1379" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-174">^</a></b> Gethin, <i>Foundations</i>, page 1</li><li id="cite_note-175"><b><a linkindex="1380" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-175">^</a></b> Clarke & Beyer, <i>The World's Religions</i>, Routledge, 2009, page 86</li><li id="cite_note-176"><b><a linkindex="1381" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-176">^</a></b> Macmillan <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i> (Volume One), pages 430, 435</li><li id="cite_note-177"><b><a linkindex="1382" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-177">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Davidson, Ronald M. (2003). <i>Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a linkindex="1383" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1384" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231126190" title="Special:BookSources/0231126190">0231126190</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Esoteric+Buddhism%3A+A+Social+History+of+the+Tantric+Movement&rft.aulast=Davidson%2C+Ronald+M.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Ronald+M.&rft.date=2003&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.isbn=0231126190&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-178"><b><a linkindex="1385" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-178">^</a></b> Prebish & Keown, <i>Introducing Buddhism</i>, page 89</li><li id="cite_note-179"><b><a linkindex="1386" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-179">^</a></b> A.K. Warder, Indian Buddhism, 3rd edition (2000)</li><li id="cite_note-180"><b><a linkindex="1387" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-180">^</a></b> Eliot, <i>Japanese Buddhism</i>, Edward Arnold, London, 1935, page 16</li><li id="cite_note-181"><b><a linkindex="1388" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-181">^</a></b> Gethin, <i>Sayings of the Buddha</i>, Oxford University Press, 2008, page xiv</li><li id="cite_note-182"><b><a linkindex="1389" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-182">^</a></b> <i>Journal of the Pali Text Society</i>, volume XVI, page 114</li><li id="cite_note-183"><b><a linkindex="1390" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-183">^</a></b> Peter Harvey, <i>The Selfless Mind.</i> Curzon Press, 1995, page 9.</li><li id="cite_note-184"><b><a linkindex="1391" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-184">^</a></b> David Kalupahana, "Sarvastivada and its theory of sarvam asti." <i>University of Ceylon Review</i> 24 1966, 94-105.</li><li id="cite_note-185"><b><a linkindex="1392" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-185">^</a></b> <i>Indian Buddhism</i>, 3rd edition, page 4</li><li id="cite_note-MacMillan-186">^ <a linkindex="1393" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-MacMillan_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a linkindex="1394" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-MacMillan_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <i>MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>, 2004, page 494</li><li id="cite_note-IAO131-187"><b><a linkindex="1395" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#cite_ref-IAO131_187-0">^</a></b> <a linkindex="1396" href="http://www.geocities.com/hdbq111/JoTS/JoTS1-1.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Thelema & Buddhism</a> (<a linkindex="1396" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF" class="mw-redirect">PDF</a>) in <i>Journal of Thelemic Studies</i>, Vol. 1, No. 1, Autumn 2007, pp. 18-32</li></ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2; margin-left: 1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="citation book">Armstrong, Karen (2001). <i>Buddha</i>. Penguin Books. p. 187. <a linkindex="1397" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1398" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303436-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303436-7">0-14-303436-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddha&rft.aulast=Armstrong%2C+Karen&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Karen&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B187&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.isbn=0-14-303436-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li>Bechert, Heinz & Richard Gombrich (ed.) (1984). <i>The World of Buddhism</i>, Thames & Hudson.</li><li><span class="citation book">Buswell, Robert E. (ed.) (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. MacMillan Reference Books. <a linkindex="1399" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1400" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028657189" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028657189">978-0028657189</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.aulast=Buswell%2C+Robert+E.+%28ed.%29&rft.au=Buswell%2C+Robert+E.+%28ed.%29&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+Books&rft.isbn=978-0028657189&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book">Coogan, Michael D. (ed.) (2003). <i>The Illustrated Guide to World Religions</i>. Oxford University Press. <a linkindex="1401" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1402" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84483-125-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84483-125-6">1-84483-125-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Guide+to+World+Religions&rft.aulast=Coogan%2C+Michael+D.+%28ed.%29&rft.au=Coogan%2C+Michael+D.+%28ed.%29&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=1-84483-125-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation Journal">Cousins, L. S. (1996). <a linkindex="1403" href="http://indology.info/papers/cousins/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i> <b>Series 3</b> (6.1): 57–63<span class="printonly">. <a linkindex="1404" href="http://indology.info/papers/cousins/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://indology.info/papers/cousins/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Dating+of+the+Historical+Buddha%3A+A+Review+Article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.aulast=Cousins&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rft.au=Cousins%2C%26%2332%3BL.+S.&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=Series+3&rft.issue=6.1&rft.pages=57%E2%80%9363&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findology.info%2Fpapers%2Fcousins%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>; reprinted in Williams, <i>Buddhism</i>, volume I; NB in the online transcript a little text has been accidentally omitted: in section 4, between "... none of the other contributions in this section envisage a date before 420 B.C." and "to 350 B.C." insert "Akira Hirakawa defends the short chronology and Heinz Bechert himself sets a range from 400 B.C."</li><li><span class="citation book">Davidson, Ronald M. (2003). <i>Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a linkindex="1405" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1406" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231126190" title="Special:BookSources/0231126190">0231126190</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Esoteric+Buddhism%3A+A+Social+History+of+the+Tantric+Movement&rft.aulast=Davidson%2C+Ronald+M.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Ronald+M.&rft.date=2003&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.isbn=0231126190&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book">de Give, Bernard (2006). <i>Les rapports de l'Inde et de l'Occident des origines au règne d'Asoka</i>. Les Indes savants. <a linkindex="1407" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1408" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2846540365" title="Special:BookSources/2846540365">2846540365</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+rapports+de+l%27Inde+et+de+l%27Occident+des+origines+au+r%C3%A8gne+d%27Asoka&rft.aulast=de+Give%2C+Bernard&rft.au=de+Give%2C+Bernard&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Les+Indes+savants&rft.isbn=2846540365&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book">Donath, Dorothy C. (1971). <i>Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna; a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day</i>. Julian Press. <a linkindex="1409" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1410" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-017533-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-017533-0">0-07-017533-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+for+the+West%3A+Therav%C4%81da%2C+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+and+Vajray%C4%81na%3B+a+comprehensive+review+of+Buddhist+history%2C+philosophy%2C+and+teachings+from+the+time+of+the+Buddha+to+the+present+day&rft.aulast=Donath%2C+Dorothy+C.&rft.au=Donath%2C+Dorothy+C.&rft.date=1971&rft.pub=Julian+Press&rft.isbn=0-07-017533-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li>Embree, Ainslie T. (ed.), Stephen N. Hay (ed.), Wm. Theodore de Bary (ed.), A.L. Bashram, R.N. Dandekar, Peter Hardy, J.B. Harrison, V. Raghavan, Royal Weiler, and Andrew Yarrow (1958; 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. 1988). <i>Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800</i> (vol. 1). NY: Columbia U. Press. <a linkindex="1411" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231066511" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-231-06651-1</a>.</li><li><span class="citation book"><a linkindex="1412" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Gethin" title="Rupert Gethin">Gethin, Rupert</a> (1998). <i>Foundations of Buddhism</i>. Oxford University Press. <a linkindex="1413" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1414" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-289223-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-289223-1">0-19-289223-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.aulast=%5B%5BRupert+Gethin%7CGethin%2C+Rupert%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BRupert+Gethin%7CGethin%2C+Rupert%5D%5D&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-289223-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li>Gombrich, Richard F. (1988; 6th reprint, 2002). <i>Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo</i> (London: Routledge). <a linkindex="1415" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415075858" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-07585-8</a>.</li><li><span class="citation book">Harvey, Peter (1990). <i>An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a linkindex="1416" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1417" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52-131333-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-52-131333-3">0-52-131333-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.aulast=Harvey%2C+Peter&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Peter&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-52-131333-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book"><a linkindex="1418" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henepola_Gunaratana" title="Henepola Gunaratana">Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola</a> (2002). <i>Mindfulness in Plain English</i>. Wisdom Publications. <a linkindex="1419" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1420" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-321-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-321-4">0-86171-321-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mindfulness+in+Plain+English&rft.aulast=%5B%5BHenepola+Gunaratana%7CGunaratana%2C+Bhante+Henepola%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BHenepola+Gunaratana%7CGunaratana%2C+Bhante+Henepola%5D%5D&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.isbn=0-86171-321-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Also available on this websites: <a linkindex="1421" href="http://www.saigon.com/%7Eanson/ebud/mfneng/mind0.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">saigon.com</a> <a linkindex="1422" href="http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma4/mpe.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">urbandharma.org</a> <a linkindex="1423" href="http://www.vipassana.com/meditation/mindfulness_in_plain_english.php" class="external text" rel="nofollow">vipassana.com</a></li><li>Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang. <i>Introduction to Buddhism</i>: An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life, <a linkindex="1424" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharpa_Publications" title="Tharpa Publications">Tharpa Publications</a> (2nd. ed., 2001, US ed. 2008) <a linkindex="1425" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780978906771" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-9789067-7-1</a></li><li><span class="citation book">Indian Books Centre. <i>Bibliotheca Indo Buddhica Series, Delhi</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Indo+Buddhica+Series%2C+Delhi&rft.aulast=Indian+Books+Centre&rft.au=Indian+Books+Centre&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book">Juergensmeyer, Mark (2006). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions</i>. Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. Oxford University Press. <a linkindex="1426" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1427" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195137989" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195137989">978-0195137989</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Global+Religions&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer%2C+Mark&rft.au=Juergensmeyer%2C+Mark&rft.date=2006&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks+in+Religion+and+Theology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0195137989&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li>Keown, Damien and Charles S Prebish (eds.) (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i> (London: Routledge). <a linkindex="1428" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415314145" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-31414-5</a>.</li><li><span class="citation book">Kohn, Michael H. (trans.) (1991). <i>The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen</i>. Shambhala. <a linkindex="1429" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1430" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-520-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-520-4">0-87773-520-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shambhala+Dictionary+of+Buddhism+and+Zen&rft.aulast=Kohn%2C+Michael+H.+%28trans.%29&rft.au=Kohn%2C+Michael+H.+%28trans.%29&rft.date=1991&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.isbn=0-87773-520-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book">Lamotte, Étienne (trans. from French) (1976). <i>Teaching of Vimalakirti</i>. trans. Sara Boin. London: Pali Text Society. XCIII. <a linkindex="1431" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1432" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710085400" title="Special:BookSources/0710085400">0710085400</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+of+Vimalakirti&rft.aulast=Lamotte%2C+%C3%89tienne+%28trans.+from+French%29&rft.au=Lamotte%2C+%C3%89tienne+%28trans.+from+French%29&rft.date=1976&rft.pages=XCIII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pali+Text+Society&rft.isbn=0710085400&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book">Lowenstein, Tom (1996). <i>The Vision of the Buddha</i>. Duncan Baird Publishers. <a linkindex="1433" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1434" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903296-91-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-903296-91-9">1-903296-91-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vision+of+the+Buddha&rft.aulast=Lowenstein%2C+Tom&rft.au=Lowenstein%2C+Tom&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Duncan+Baird+Publishers&rft.isbn=1-903296-91-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li>Morgan, Kenneth W. (ed), <i>The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists</i>, Ronald Press, New York, 1956; reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi; distributed by Wisdom Books</li><li><span class="citation book">Nattier, Jan (2003). <i>A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha)</i>. University of Hawai'i Press. <a linkindex="1435" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1436" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2607-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2607-8">0-8248-2607-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Few+Good+Men%3A+The+Bodhisattva+Path+according+to+The+Inquiry+of+Ugra+%28Ugrapariprccha%29&rft.aulast=Nattier%2C+Jan&rft.au=Nattier%2C+Jan&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.isbn=0-8248-2607-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book" id="Rahula_74"><a linkindex="1437" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpola_Rahula" title="Walpola Rahula">Rahula, Walpola</a> (1974). <i>What the Buddha Taught</i>. Grove Press. <a linkindex="1438" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1439" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9559219197" title="Special:BookSources/9559219197">9559219197</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+the+Buddha+Taught&rft.aulast=%5B%5BWalpola+Rahula%7CRahula%2C+Walpola%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BWalpola+Rahula%7CRahula%2C+Walpola%5D%5D&rft.date=1974&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.isbn=9559219197&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a linkindex="1440" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802130313" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8021-3031-3</a>.</li><li><span class="citation book">Ranjini. <i>Jewels of the Doctrine</i>. Sri Satguru Publications. <a linkindex="1441" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1442" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791404900" title="Special:BookSources/0791404900">0791404900</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewels+of+the+Doctrine&rft.aulast=Ranjini&rft.au=Ranjini&rft.pub=Sri+Satguru+Publications&rft.isbn=0791404900&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li>Robinson, Richard H. and Willard L. Johnson (1970; 3rd ed., 1982). <i>The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction</i> (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing). <a linkindex="1443" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/053401027X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-534-01027-X</a>.</li><li><span class="citation book">Ito, Shinjo (2009). <i>Shinjo:Reflections</i>. Somerset Hall Press. <a linkindex="1444" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1445" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1935244000" title="Special:BookSources/1935244000">1935244000</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinjo%3AReflections&rft.aulast=Ito%2C+Shinjo&rft.au=Ito%2C+Shinjo&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=Somerset+Hall+Press&rft.isbn=1935244000&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book">Sinha, H.P. (1993). <i>Bhāratīya Darshan kī rūprekhā (Features of Indian Philosophy)</i>. Motilal Banarasidas Publ.. <a linkindex="1446" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1447" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-2144-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-2144-0">81-208-2144-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bh%C4%81rat%C4%ABya+Darshan+k%C4%AB+r%C5%ABprekh%C4%81+%28Features+of+Indian+Philosophy%29&rft.aulast=Sinha%2C+H.P.&rft.au=Sinha%2C+H.P.&rft.date=1993&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarasidas+Publ.&rft.isbn=81-208-2144-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book">Skilton, Andrew (1997). <a linkindex="1448" href="http://books.google.com/?id=GEKd4iqH3C0C&dq=history+of+buddhism" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>A Concise History of Buddhism</i></a>. Windhorse Publications. <a linkindex="1449" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1450" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0904766926" title="Special:BookSources/0904766926">0904766926</a><span class="printonly">. <a linkindex="1451" href="http://books.google.com/?id=GEKd4iqH3C0C&dq=history+of+buddhism" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/?id=GEKd4iqH3C0C&dq=history+of+buddhism</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Buddhism&rft.aulast=Skilton%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Skilton%2C+Andrew&rft.date=1997&rft.pub=Windhorse+Publications&rft.isbn=0904766926&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DGEKd4iqH3C0C%26dq%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bbuddhism&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book">Smith, Huston; Phillip Novak (2003). <i>Buddhism: A Concise Introduction</i>. HarperSanFrancisco. <a linkindex="1452" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1453" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060730673" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060730673">978-0060730673</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+A+Concise+Introduction&rft.aulast=Smith%2C+Huston&rft.au=Smith%2C+Huston&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.isbn=978-0060730673&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book"><a linkindex="1454" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a> (2001). <i><a linkindex="1455" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/refuge.html#goi" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Refuge: An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha</a> (3rd ed., rev.)</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fthanissaro%2Frefuge.html%23goi+Refuge%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Buddha%2C+Dhamma%2C+%26+Sangha%5D+%283rd+ed.%2C+rev.%29&rft.aulast=%5B%5BThanissaro+Bhikkhu%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BThanissaro+Bhikkhu%5D%5D&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation" id="Hanh_74"><a linkindex="1456" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thich_Nhat_Hanh" title="Thich Nhat Hanh">Thich Nhat Hanh</a> (1974), <i>The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching</i>, Broadway Books</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+the+Buddha%27s+Teaching&rft.aulast=%5B%5BThich+Nhat+Hanh%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BThich+Nhat+Hanh%5D%5D&rft.date=1974&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a linkindex="1457" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0767903692" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7679-0369-2</a>.</li><li><span class="citation book"><a linkindex="1458" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._F._Thurman" title="Robert A. F. Thurman" class="mw-redirect">Thurman, Robert A. F.</a> (translator) (1976). <i>Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture</i>. Pennsylvania State University Press. <a linkindex="1459" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1460" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-00601-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-00601-3">0-271-00601-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Teaching+of+Vimalakirti%3A+Mahayana+Scripture&rft.aulast=%5B%5BRobert+A.+F.+Thurman%7CThurman%2C+Robert+A.+F.%5D%5D+%28translator%29&rft.au=%5B%5BRobert+A.+F.+Thurman%7CThurman%2C+Robert+A.+F.%5D%5D+%28translator%29&rft.date=1976&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-271-00601-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book" id="White_74"><a linkindex="1461" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_White" title="Kenneth White" class="mw-redirect">White, Kenneth</a> (2005). <i>The Role of Bodhicitta in Buddhist Enlightenment Including a Translation into English of Bodhicitta-sastra, Benkemmitsu-nikyoron, and Sammaya-kaijo</i>. The Edwin Mellen Press.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Bodhicitta+in+Buddhist+Enlightenment+Including+a+Translation+into+English+of+Bodhicitta-sastra%2C+Benkemmitsu-nikyoron%2C+and+Sammaya-kaijo&rft.aulast=%5B%5BKenneth+White%7CWhite%2C+Kenneth%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BKenneth+White%7CWhite%2C+Kenneth%5D%5D&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=The+Edwin+Mellen+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a linkindex="1462" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773459855" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7734-5985-5</a>.</li><li><span class="citation book">Williams, Paul (1989). <i>Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations</i>. London: Routledge. <a linkindex="1463" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a linkindex="1464" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415025370" title="Special:BookSources/0415025370">0415025370</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahayana+Buddhism%3A+the+doctrinal+foundations&rft.aulast=Williams%2C+Paul&rft.au=Williams%2C+Paul&rft.date=1989&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=0415025370&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li>Williams, Paul (ed.) (2005). <i>Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies</i>, 8 volumes, Routledge, London & New York.</li><li>Williams, Paul with Anthony Tribe (2000). <i>Buddhist Thought</i> (London: Routledge). <a linkindex="1465" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415207010" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-20701-0</a>. Retrieved 29 Nov 2008 from <a linkindex="1466" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=v0Rpvycf1t0C" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Google Books"</a>.</li><li><span class="citation book">Yamamoto, Kosho (translation), revised and edited by Dr. Tony Page. <i>The <a linkindex="1467" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Mahaparinirvana_Sutra" title="Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra">Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a></i>. (Nirvana Publications 1999-2000).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%5B%5BMahayana+Mahaparinirvana+Sutra%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Yamamoto%2C+Kosho+%28translation%29%2C+revised+and+edited+by+Dr.+Tony+Page&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+Kosho+%28translation%29%2C+revised+and+edited+by+Dr.+Tony+Page&rft.pub=%28Nirvana+Publications+1999-2000%29&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation book" id="Yin_98"><a linkindex="1468" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Shun" title="Yin Shun">Yin Shun</a>, Yeung H. Wing (translator) (1998). <i>The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master</i>. Wisdom Publications.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+to+Buddhahood%3A+Instructions+from+a+Modern+Chinese+Master&rft.aulast=%5B%5BYin+Shun%5D%5D%2C+Yeung+H.+Wing+%28translator%29&rft.au=%5B%5BYin+Shun%5D%5D%2C+Yeung+H.+Wing+%28translator%29&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a linkindex="1469" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0861711335" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-86171-133-5</a>.</li></ul> </div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Online">Online</span></h3> <ul><li><span class="citation web">Berzin, Alexander (November 2001). <a linkindex="1470" href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>Berzin Archives</i><span class="printonly">. <a linkindex="1471" href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.berzinarchives.com/islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Historical+Sketch+of+Buddhism+and+Islam+in+Afghanistan&rft.atitle=Berzin+Archives&rft.aulast=Berzin%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Berzin%2C+Alexander&rft.date=November+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berzinarchives.com%2Fislam%2Fhistory_afghanistan_buddhism.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation web"><a linkindex="1472" href="http://www.weiwuwei.8k.com/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Wei, Wei Wu</a> (1960). <a linkindex="1473" href="http://www.sentientpublications.com/catalog/lazarus.php" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Why Lazarus Laughed: The Essential Doctrine Zen-Advaita-Tantra"</a>. <i>Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London</i>. <a linkindex="1474" href="http://www.sentientpublications.com/authors/weiwuwei.php" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Sentient Publications</a><span class="printonly">. <a linkindex="1475" href="http://www.sentientpublications.com/catalog/lazarus.php" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.sentientpublications.com/catalog/lazarus.php</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Why+Lazarus+Laughed%3A+The+Essential+Doctrine+Zen-Advaita-Tantra&rft.atitle=Routledge+and+Kegan+Paul+Ltd.%2C+London&rft.aulast=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.weiwuwei.8k.com%2F+Wei%2C+Wei+Wu%5D&rft.au=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.weiwuwei.8k.com%2F+Wei%2C+Wei+Wu%5D&rft.date=1960&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.sentientpublications.com%2Fauthors%2Fweiwuwei.php+Sentient+Publications%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sentientpublications.com%2Fcatalog%2Flazarus.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><span class="citation web" id="Dhammananda_64"><a linkindex="1476" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Sri_Dhammananda" title="K. Sri Dhammananda">Dhammananda, K. Sri</a> (2002). <a linkindex="1477" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/whatbelieve.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"What Buddhists Believe"</a> (<a linkindex="1477" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF" class="mw-redirect">PDF</a>). <i><a linkindex="1478" href="http://www.bmsm.org.my/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Buddhist Missionary Society of Malaysia</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a linkindex="1479" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/whatbelieve.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/whatbelieve.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+Buddhists+Believe&rft.atitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmsm.org.my%2F+Buddhist+Missionary+Society+of+Malaysia%5D&rft.aulast=%5B%5BK.+Sri+Dhammananda%7CDhammananda%2C+K.+Sri%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BK.+Sri+Dhammananda%7CDhammananda%2C+K.+Sri%5D%5D&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fpdf_file%2Fwhatbelieve.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <table class="metadata mbox-small" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><a linkindex="1479" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" title="Wikipedia:Books"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" width="30" height="30" /></a></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><i><b><a linkindex="1480" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Buddhism" title="Book:Buddhism">Book:Buddhism</a></b></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style=""><small><a linkindex="1481" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" title="Wikipedia:Books">Books</a> are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a linkindex="1482" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Buddhism">Buddhism</a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png" width="40" height="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><a linkindex="1483" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a> has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a linkindex="1484" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buddhism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Buddhism">Buddhism</a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><a linkindex="1485" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a linkindex="1486" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article <i><b><a linkindex="1487" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Buddhism" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Buddhism">Buddhism</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a linkindex="1488" href="http://www.orange-tip-editions.com/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Orange Tip Editions</a> Buddhism in everyday life</li><li><a linkindex="1489" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Buddhism" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Religion and Spirituality: Buddhism</a> at Open Directory Project</li><li><span class="citation web"><a linkindex="1490" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/buddhism/index.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Buddhism — objects, art and history"</a>. <i>Asia</i>. <a linkindex="1491" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a><span class="printonly">. <a linkindex="1492" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/buddhism/index.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/buddhism/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-12-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Buddhism%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+objects%2C+art+and+history&rft.atitle=Asia&rft.pub=%5B%5BVictoria+and+Albert+Museum%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fasia%2Fasia_features%2Fbuddhism%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Buddhism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li><a linkindex="1493" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/index.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Buddhist texts at Sacred Texts.com</a></li><li><a linkindex="1494" href="http://www.ethical-democracy.org/Buddhism.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Ethical Democracy Journal - Notes on Budhism</a></li><li><a linkindex="1495" href="http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Buddhism in various languages</a></li><li><a linkindex="1496" href="http://www.patheos.com/Topics/Future-of-World-Religions/Buddhism.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">The Future of Buddhism</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#" id="collapseButton0">hide</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal; border: medium none; font-size: xx-small;"><a linkindex="1497" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><span title="View this template" style="border: medium none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1498" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style="border: medium none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1499" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style="border: medium none;">e</span></a></div> </div> <span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a linkindex="1500" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Buddhism in Africa</a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="1501" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign<br />states</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1502" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Algeria (page does not exist)">Algeria</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1503" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Angola (page does not exist)">Angola</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1504" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1505" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1506" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1507" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1508" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1509" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cape_Verde" title="Buddhism in Cape Verde" class="mw-redirect">Cape Verde</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1510" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1511" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1512" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1513" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1514" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1515" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Côte d'Ivoire (page does not exist)">Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1516" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1517" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1518" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1519" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1520" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">Ethiopia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1521" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1522" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_The_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in The Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1523" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1524" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1525" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1526" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1527" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1528" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1529" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Libya" title="Buddhism in Libya">Libya</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1530" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1531" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1532" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1533" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1534" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1535" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1536" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1537" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1538" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1539" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Nigeria (page does not exist)">Nigeria</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1540" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1541" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1542" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1543" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1544" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1545" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1546" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1547" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Sudan (page does not exist)">Sudan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1548" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Swaziland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Swaziland (page does not exist)">Swaziland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1549" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1550" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1551" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1552" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Uganda (page does not exist)">Uganda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1553" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1554" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">Zimbabwe</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="1555" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1556" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1557" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="1558" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a>,<br /><a linkindex="1559" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_area" title="Autonomous area">autonomies</a>,<br />other <a linkindex="1560" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_territory" title="Sovereign territory" class="mw-redirect">territories</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1561" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1562" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1563" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1564" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Plazas de soberanía (page does not exist)">Plazas de soberanía</a> <small>(Spain)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1565" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <small>(Portugal)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1566" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1567" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Buddhism in Réunion">Réunion</a> <small>(France)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1568" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Puntland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Puntland (page does not exist)">Puntland</a> <small>(Somalia)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1569" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <small>(United Kingdom)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1570" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Southern_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Southern Sudan (page does not exist)">Southern Sudan</a> <small>(Sudan)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1571" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Zanzibar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Zanzibar (page does not exist)">Zanzibar</a> <small>(Tanzania)</small></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding: 0.2em 0pt; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 95%;" colspan="2"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> <a linkindex="1572" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">Transcontinental country</a>.</span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table id="collapsibleTable1" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#" id="collapseButton1">hide</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal; border: medium none; font-size: xx-small;"><a linkindex="1573" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><span title="View this template" style="border: medium none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1574" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style="border: medium none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1575" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style="border: medium none;">e</span></a></div> </div> <span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a linkindex="1576" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Asia" title="Buddhism in Asia" class="mw-redirect">Buddhism in Asia</a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="1577" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign<br />states</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1578" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1579" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1580" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1581" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bahrain" title="Buddhism in Bahrain" class="mw-redirect">Bahrain</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1582" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1583" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1584" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brunei" title="Buddhism in Brunei">Brunei</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1585" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Burma" title="Buddhism in Burma">Burma</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1586" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1587" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Buddhism in the People's Republic of China" class="mw-redirect">People's Republic of China</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1588" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1589" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1590" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a><sup><small>4</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1591" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Georgia_%28country%29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1592" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" title="Buddhism in India" class="mw-redirect">India</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1593" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1594" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1595" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1596" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Israel" title="Buddhism in Israel" class="mw-redirect">Israel</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1597" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1598" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1599" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kazakhstan" title="Buddhism in Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>4</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1600" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_North_Korea" title="Buddhism in North Korea" class="mw-redirect">North Korea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1601" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Korea" title="Buddhism in South Korea" class="mw-redirect">South Korea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1602" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kuwait" title="Buddhism in Kuwait" class="mw-redirect">Kuwait</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1603" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Buddhism in Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect">Kyrgyzstan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1604" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1605" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Lebanon" title="Buddhism in Lebanon" class="mw-redirect">Lebanon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1606" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1607" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1608" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1609" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1610" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Oman" title="Buddhism in Oman" class="mw-redirect">Oman</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1611" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1612" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1613" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Qatar" title="Buddhism in Qatar" class="mw-redirect">Qatar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1614" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1615" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1616" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1617" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1618" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1619" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Tajikistan" title="Buddhism in Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect">Tajikistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1620" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Republic_of_China" title="Buddhism in the Republic of China" class="mw-redirect">Republic of China</a><sup><small>5</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1621" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1622" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Turkey" title="Buddhism in Turkey" class="mw-redirect">Turkey</a><sup><small>4</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1623" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Turkmenistan" title="Buddhism in Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect">Turkmenistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1624" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Buddhism in the United Arab Emirates" class="mw-redirect">United Arab Emirates</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1625" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1626" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1627" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="1628" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1629" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1630" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Nagorno-Karabakh (page does not exist)">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1631" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1632" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1633" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="1634" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a>,<br /><a linkindex="1635" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_area" title="Autonomous area">autonomies</a>,<br />other <a linkindex="1636" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_%28country_subdivision%29" title="Territory (country subdivision)">territories</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1637" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Aceh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Aceh (page does not exist)">Aceh</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1638" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Adjara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Adjara (page does not exist)">Adjara</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1639" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Akrotiri and Dhekelia (page does not exist)">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1640" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Altai_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Altai Republic (page does not exist)">Altai</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1641" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1642" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Buryatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Buryatia (page does not exist)">Buryatia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1643" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1644" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1645" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Guangxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Guangxi (page does not exist)">Guangxi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1646" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Buddhism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1647" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Inner_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Inner Mongolia (page does not exist)">Inner Mongolia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1648" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Iraqi_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Iraqi Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1649" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Khakassia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Khakassia (page does not exist)">Khakassia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1650" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1651" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Nakhchivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Nakhchivan (page does not exist)">Nakhchivan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1652" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Ningxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Ningxia (page does not exist)">Ningxia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1653" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Papua_%28Indonesian_province%29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Papua (Indonesian province) (page does not exist)">Papua</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1654" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Sakha_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Sakha Republic (page does not exist)">Sakha Republic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1655" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Tibet" title="Buddhism in Tibet" class="mw-redirect">Tibet</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1656" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1657" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_West_Papua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in West Papua (page does not exist)">West Papua</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1658" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Xinjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Xinjiang (page does not exist)">Xinjiang</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding: 0.2em 0pt; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 95%;" colspan="2"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Sometimes included in <a linkindex="1659" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, depending on the <a linkindex="1660" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_the_continents#Europe_and_Asia" title="Borders of the continents">border definitions</a>. </span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Officially known as <a linkindex="1661" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar" class="mw-redirect">Myanmar</a>. </span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Sometimes included in <a linkindex="1662" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, and also known as <a linkindex="1663" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect">Timor-Leste</a>. </span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> <a linkindex="1664" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">Transcontinental country</a>. </span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>5</sup></span> Commonly known as <a linkindex="1665" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. </span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table id="collapsibleTable2" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#" id="collapseButton2">hide</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal; border: medium none; font-size: xx-small;"><a linkindex="1666" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Buddhism_in_Europe" title="Template:Buddhism in Europe"><span title="View this template" style="border: medium none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1667" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Buddhism_in_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Buddhism in Europe (page does not exist)"><span title="Discuss this template" style="border: medium none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1668" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Buddhism_in_Europe&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style="border: medium none;">e</span></a></div> </div> <span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a linkindex="1669" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Europe" title="Buddhism in Europe">Buddhism in Europe</a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="1670" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign<br />states</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1671" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1672" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1673" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1674" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Austria" title="Buddhism in Austria">Austria</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1675" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1676" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1677" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Belgium" title="Buddhism in Belgium">Belgium</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1678" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1679" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bulgaria" title="Buddhism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1680" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Croatia" title="Buddhism in Croatia">Croatia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1681" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1682" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1683" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Denmark" title="Buddhism in Denmark">Denmark</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1684" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1685" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Finland" title="Buddhism in Finland">Finland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1686" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1687" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Georgia_%28country%29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1688" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1689" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Buddhism in Greece" class="mw-redirect">Greece</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1690" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1691" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iceland" title="Buddhism in Iceland">Iceland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1692" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1693" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1694" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kazakhstan" title="Buddhism in Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1695" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1696" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Liechtenstein" title="Buddhism in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1697" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Lithuania" title="Buddhism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1698" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1699" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Republic of Macedonia (page does not exist)">Macedonia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1700" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1701" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1702" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1703" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1704" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Buddhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1705" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1706" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1707" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1708" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1709" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1710" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1711" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1712" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Slovakia" title="Buddhism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1713" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Slovenia" title="Buddhism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1714" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1715" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1716" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1717" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Turkey" title="Buddhism in Turkey" class="mw-redirect">Turkey</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1718" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1719" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(<a linkindex="1720" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">England</a> •</small></span> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1721" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Northern Ireland (page does not exist)">Northern Ireland</a> •</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1722" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Scotland</a> •</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1723" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Wales</a>)</span></small></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="1724" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1725" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1726" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1727" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Nagorno-Karabakh (page does not exist)">Nagorno-Karabakh</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1728" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1729" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1730" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding: 0.2em 0pt; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 95%;" colspan="2"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the <a linkindex="1731" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_the_continents#Europe_and_Asia" title="Borders of the continents">border definitions</a>.</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> <a linkindex="1732" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">Transcontinental country</a>.</span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table id="collapsibleTable3" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#" id="collapseButton3">hide</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal; border: medium none; font-size: xx-small;"><a linkindex="1733" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><span title="View this template" style="border: medium none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1734" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style="border: medium none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1735" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:North_America_topic&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style="border: medium none;">e</span></a></div> </div> <span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Buddhism in North America</span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="1736" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1737" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1738" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1739" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1740" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Belize" title="Buddhism in Belize" class="mw-redirect">Belize</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1741" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1742" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1743" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1744" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1745" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1746" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_El_Salvador" title="Buddhism in El Salvador" class="mw-redirect">El Salvador</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1747" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1748" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Guatemala" title="Buddhism in Guatemala" class="mw-redirect">Guatemala</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1749" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1750" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Honduras" title="Buddhism in Honduras" class="mw-redirect">Honduras</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1751" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1752" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1753" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nicaragua" title="Buddhism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1754" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Panama" title="Buddhism in Panama" class="mw-redirect">Panama</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1755" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1756" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1757" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1758" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1759" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> <td style="width: 0%; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_America.svg/85px-North_America.svg.png" width="85" height="61" /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="1760" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other <a linkindex="1761" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_%28administrative_division%29" title="Territory (administrative division)" class="mw-redirect">territories</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1762" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1763" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1764" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1765" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1766" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1767" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1768" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1769" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1770" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1771" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Netherlands_Antilles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Netherlands Antilles (page does not exist)">Netherlands Antilles</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1772" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1773" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1774" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1775" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1776" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1777" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding: 0.2em 0pt; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 95%;" colspan="3"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a linkindex="1778" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">Territories also in</a> or commonly considered to be part of <a linkindex="1779" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.</span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table id="collapsibleTable4" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#" id="collapseButton4">hide</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal; border: medium none; font-size: xx-small;"><a linkindex="1780" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><span title="View this template" style="border: medium none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1781" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style="border: medium none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1782" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:South_America_topic&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style="border: medium none;">e</span></a></div> </div> <span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Buddhism in South America</span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="1783" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1784" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1785" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Bolivia (page does not exist)">Bolivia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1786" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1787" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Chile (page does not exist)">Chile</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1788" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Colombia (page does not exist)">Colombia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1789" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1790" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1791" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Panama" title="Buddhism in Panama" class="mw-redirect">Panama</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1792" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Paraguay (page does not exist)">Paraguay</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1793" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1794" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1795" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1796" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1797" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="1798" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br /><a linkindex="1799" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_territory" title="Sovereign territory" class="mw-redirect">territories</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1800" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1801" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Netherlands_Antilles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Netherlands Antilles (page does not exist)">Netherlands Antilles</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <small>(Netherlands)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1802" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1803" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space: normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a> <small>(United Kingdom)</small> <sup><small>2</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1804" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a> <small>(France)</small></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding: 0.2em 0pt; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 95%;" colspan="2"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> <a linkindex="1805" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">Territories also in</a> or commonly considered to be part of <a linkindex="1806" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. </span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>2</small></sup></span> <a linkindex="1807" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">Territories also in</a> or commonly considered to be part of <a linkindex="1808" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctica</a>.</span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table id="collapsibleTable5" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#" id="collapseButton5">hide</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> </div> <span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Articles Related to Buddhism</span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="2" style="width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 111%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0px;"> <table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table id="collapsibleTable6" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 208, 104);" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#" id="collapseButton6">hide</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 208, 104); border: medium none; font-size: xx-small;"><a linkindex="1809" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Buddhism-Horizontal" title="Template:Buddhism-Horizontal"><span title="View this template" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 208, 104); border: medium none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1810" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism-Horizontal" title="Template talk:Buddhism-Horizontal"><span title="Discuss this template" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 208, 104); border: medium none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1811" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Buddhism-Horizontal&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 208, 104); border: medium none;">e</span></a></div> </div> <span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><strong class="selflink">Buddhism</strong> • <a linkindex="1812" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Portal</a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="2" style="width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><b>Articles:</b> <a linkindex="1813" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a> • <a linkindex="1814" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a> – <a linkindex="1815" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a> • <a linkindex="1816" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a> • <a linkindex="1817" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a> • <a linkindex="1818" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a> – <a linkindex="1819" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_by_region" title="Buddhism by region">Regions</a> • <a linkindex="1820" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_elements_of_Buddhism" title="Cultural elements of Buddhism">Culture</a> • <b>Lists:</b> <a linkindex="1821" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a> – <a linkindex="1822" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">People</a> – <a linkindex="1823" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a> – <a linkindex="1824" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table id="collapsibleTable7" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#" id="collapseButton7">hide</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 208, 104); padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal; border: medium none; font-size: xx-small;"><a linkindex="1825" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><span title="View this template" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104); border: medium none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1826" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><span title="Discuss this template" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104); border: medium none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="1827" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Buddhism_topics&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104); border: medium none;">e</span></a></div> </div> <span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><strong class="selflink">Buddhism</strong> <a linkindex="1828" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">topics</a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);" colspan="3"><b><a linkindex="1829" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></b> <b>·</b> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a linkindex="1830" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Portal</a></b> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a linkindex="1831" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></b> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a linkindex="1832" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></b> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a linkindex="1833" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="1834" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1835" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Jewels" title="Three Jewels">Three Jewels</a> (<a linkindex="1836" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1837" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_%28Buddhism%29" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1838" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1839" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1840" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1841" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1842" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_way" title="Middle way">Middle Way</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> <td style="width: 0%; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="33"><a linkindex="1843" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="image"><img alt="Dharma Wheel.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/100px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" width="100" height="100" /></a></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="1844" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">The Buddha</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1845" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1846" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1847" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1848" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1849" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1850" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1851" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1852" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1853" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a>: (<a linkindex="1854" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodana (father)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1855" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_%28mother_of_Buddha%29" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya (mother)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1856" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasodhar%C4%81" title="Yasodharā">Yasodhara (wife)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1857" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rahula (son)</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1858" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="Places where Gautama Buddha stayed" class="mw-redirect">Places where the Buddha stayed</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1859" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="1860" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1861" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three Marks of Existence</a>: (<a linkindex="1862" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">Impermanence</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1863" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a> or <a linkindex="1864" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha">Dukkha</a> •</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1865" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta">Not-self</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1866" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1867" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1868" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1869" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_%28Buddhism%29" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1870" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_%28Buddhism%29" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1871" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1872" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kle%C5%9B%C4%81_%28Buddhism%29" title="Kleśā (Buddhism)">Defilements</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1873" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_%28Buddhism%29" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Ignorance</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1874" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Craving</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1875" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five Hindrances</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1876" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetter_%28Buddhism%29" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1877" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Faculties</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1878" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi" title="Bodhi">Enlightenment (Awakening)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1879" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1880" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81/Dharmat%C4%81" title="Tathātā/Dharmatā">Thusness</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1881" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1882" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1883" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1884" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1885" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1886" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1887" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="1888" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1889" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_spiritual_realms" title="Ten spiritual realms">Ten spiritual realms</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1890" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_realms" title="Six realms" class="mw-redirect">Six Realms</a> (<a linkindex="1891" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_%28Buddhism%29" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Hell</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1892" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1893" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1894" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura_%28Buddhism%29" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1895" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1896" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_%28Buddhism%29" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Heaven</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1897" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="1898" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1899" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuge_%28Buddhism%29" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">Refuge</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1900" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Buddhist devotion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1901" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_%28Buddhism%29" title="Puja (Buddhism)">Puja</a>: (<a linkindex="1902" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offering_%28Buddhism%29" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1903" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration_%28Buddhism%29" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1904" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_chant" title="Buddhist chant">Chanting</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1905" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_%28Buddhism%29" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1906" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1907" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Generosity</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1908" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Renunciation</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1909" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" title="Śīla">Morality</a>: (<a linkindex="1910" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Precepts" title="Five Precepts">Precepts</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1911" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva_vows" title="Bodhisattva vows">Bodhisattva vows</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1912" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patimokkha" title="Patimokkha">Patimokkha</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1913" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a>: (<a linkindex="1914" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" title="Śīla">Morality</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1915" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhi_%28Buddhism%29" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Concentration</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1916" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">Wisdom</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1917" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Four Divine Abidings</a>: (<a linkindex="1918" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mett%C4%81" title="Mettā">Loving-kindness</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1919" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Compassion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1920" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Sympathetic joy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1921" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upeksa" title="Upeksa" class="mw-redirect">Equanimity</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1922" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1923" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Enlightenment Qualities</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1924" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Enlightenment" title="Seven Factors of Enlightenment">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1925" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Bases of Power</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1926" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1927" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1928" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Effort</a> (<a linkindex="1929" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1930" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness" class="mw-redirect">Mindfulness</a> (<a linkindex="1931" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1932" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jh%C4%81na" title="Jhāna">Jhāna</a> (<a linkindex="1933" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na" title="Dhyāna">Dhyāna</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1934" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1935" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a>: (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space: normal; text-decoration: none;"><a linkindex="1936" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></span> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1937" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1938" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simran_%28Sanskrit_word%29" title="Simran (Sanskrit word)" class="mw-redirect">Smarana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1939" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Mindfulness of Breathing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1940" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samatha" title="Samatha">Serenity meditation</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1941" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" title="Vipassanā">Insight meditation</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1942" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1943" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1944" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" title="Kōan">Kōan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1945" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1946" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1947" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1948" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1949" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terma_%28Buddhism%29" title="Terma (Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect">Terma</a>)</span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="1950" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Attainment</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1951" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_Buddha" title="Types of Buddha" class="mw-redirect">Types of</a> <a linkindex="1952" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1953" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" title="Pratyekabuddha">Private Buddha</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1954" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1955" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenment" title="Four stages of enlightenment">Four stages of enlightenment</a>: (<a linkindex="1956" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Stream-enterer</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1957" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Once-returner</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1958" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Non-returner</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1959" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahant_%28Buddhism%29" title="Arahant (Buddhism)">Arahant</a>)</span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="1960" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1961" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Monk</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1962" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhikkhuni" title="Bhikkhuni">Nun</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1963" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Novice monk</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1964" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaneri" title="Samaneri">Novice nun</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1965" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagarika" title="Anagarika">Anagarika</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1966" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1967" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1968" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1969" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshi" title="Roshi" class="mw-redirect">Roshi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1970" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1971" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1972" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1973" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1974" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householder_%28Buddhism%29" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1975" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up%C4%81saka" title="Upāsaka" class="mw-redirect">Lay follower</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1976" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Disciple</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="1977" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1978" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1979" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariputta" title="Sariputta">Sāriputta</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1980" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moggallana" title="Moggallana" class="mw-redirect">Mahamoggallāna</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1981" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda" title="Ananda">Ananda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1982" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Maha Kassapa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1983" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1984" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyayana_%28Buddhist%29" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahakaccana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1985" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_%28Buddhist%29" title="Nanda (Buddhist)">Nanda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1986" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhuti" title="Subhuti">Subhuti</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1987" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punna" title="Punna">Punna</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1988" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upali" title="Upali">Upali</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1989" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotami</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1990" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1991" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1992" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1993" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1994" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1995" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1996" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1997" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1998" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atisha" title="Atisha">Atisha</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="1999" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2000" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="2001" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2002" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" title="Pāli Canon">Tipitaka</a>: (<a linkindex="2003" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" title="Vinaya Pitaka">Vinaya Pitaka</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2004" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta Pitaka</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2005" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pitaka" title="Abhidhamma Pitaka">Abhidhamma Pitaka</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Commentaries</a>: (<a linkindex="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2008" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2009" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a> (<a linkindex="2010" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripitaka Koreana</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2011" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="2012" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2013" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2014" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>: (<a linkindex="2015" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2016" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2017" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2018" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2019" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2020" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogacara" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2021" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>: (<a linkindex="2022" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2023" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2024" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2025" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2026" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Points_Unifying_the_Therav%C4%81da_and_the_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic Points Unifying the Theravāda and the Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravada and Mahayana</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="2027" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2028" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2029" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2030" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Burma" title="Buddhism in Burma">Burma</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2031" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2032" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2033" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2034" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2035" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2036" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Korea" title="Buddhism in Korea" class="mw-redirect">Korea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2037" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2038" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2039" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2040" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2041" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2042" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2043" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2044" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2045" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2046" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2047" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2048" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2049" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a>: (<a linkindex="2050" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2051" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a>: (<a linkindex="2052" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2053" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2054" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2055" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a>)</span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="2056" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2057" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2058" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2059" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2060" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2061" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_the_Great" title="Ashoka the Great" class="mw-redirect">Ashoka the Great</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2062" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2063" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2064" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2065" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="2066" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2067" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2068" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_logic" title="Buddhist logic">Logic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2069" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhology" title="Buddhology">Buddhology</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2070" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2071" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2072" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" title="God in Buddhism">God</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2073" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2074" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2075" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2076" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_anarchism" title="Buddhist anarchism">Anarchism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2077" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2078" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2079" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2080" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2081" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_unanswerable_questions" title="Fourteen unanswerable questions">Fourteen unanswerable questions</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="2082" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_elements_of_Buddhism" title="Cultural elements of Buddhism">Culture</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2083" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2084" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2085" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2086" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddharupa" title="Buddharupa">Buddha statue</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2087" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2088" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a>: (<a linkindex="2089" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmacakra" title="Dharmacakra">Dharmacakra</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2090" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2091" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2092" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2093" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2094" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_prayer_beads" title="Buddhist prayer beads">Mala</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2095" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2096" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> (<a linkindex="2097" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2098" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2099" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a>: (<a linkindex="2100" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak" class="mw-redirect">Vesak</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2101" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magha_Puja" title="Magha Puja">Magha Puja</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2102" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2103" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Rains retreat</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2104" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricivara" title="Tricivara">Monastic robe</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2105" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a>: (<a linkindex="2106" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihara" title="Vihara">Vihara</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2107" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2108" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2109" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2110" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2111" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a>: (<a linkindex="2112" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2113" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2114" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2115" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2116" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2117" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2118" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2119" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2120" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="2121" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2122" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_%28Buddhism%29" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2123" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2124" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> (<a linkindex="2125" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Yin" title="Guan Yin">Guan Yin</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2126" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2127" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_%28Buddhism%29" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2128" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_%28demon%29" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2129" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2130" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2131" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABtra" title="Sūtra">Sutra</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2132" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2133" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Liturgical languages</a>: (<a linkindex="2134" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2135" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2136" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2137" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_%28aeon%29" title="Kalpa (aeon)">Kalpa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2138" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhijna" title="Abhijna">Higher Knowledge</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2139" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Supernormal Powers</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="2140" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Buddhism and:</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2141" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2142" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2143" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2144" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2145" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2146" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2147" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2148" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism_and_Buddhism" title="Gnosticism and Buddhism" class="mw-redirect">Gnosticism</a></span></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);"><a linkindex="2149" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <div><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2150" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2151" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_twenty-eight_Buddhas" title="List of the twenty-eight Buddhas">Twenty-eight Buddhas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2152" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2153" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2154" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2155" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_related_to_Buddhism" title="List of books related to Buddhism">Books</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2156" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></span></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table id="collapsibleTable8" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104);" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#" id="collapseButton8">hide</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 208, 104); padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal; border: medium none; font-size: xx-small;"><a linkindex="2157" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gautama_Buddha" title="Template:Gautama Buddha"><span title="View this template" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104); border: medium none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="2158" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Gautama_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Gautama Buddha (page does not exist)"><span title="Discuss this template" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104); border: medium none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="2159" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Gautama_Buddha&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style="background-color: rgb(255, 208, 104); border: medium none;">e</span></a></div> </div> <span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a linkindex="2160" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="2" style="width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><strong class="selflink">Teachings</strong><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2161" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2162" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2163" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2164" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2165" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddharupa" title="Buddharupa">Buddha statue</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2166" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2167" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2168" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2169" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Disciples</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2170" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2171" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2172" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Gautama Buddha in world religions</a></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table id="collapsibleTable9" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#" id="collapseButton9">hide</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal; border: medium none; font-size: xx-small;"><a linkindex="2173" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><span title="View this template" style="border: medium none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="2174" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><span title="Discuss this template" style="border: medium none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a linkindex="2175" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Religion_topics&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style="border: medium none;">e</span></a></div> </div> <span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a linkindex="2176" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> topics</span></th> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="2177" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major groups</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="width: 9em; padding: 0pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; line-height: 1.4em;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"><a linkindex="2178" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2179" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2180" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2181" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2182" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2183" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="width: 9em; padding: 0pt; line-height: 1.4em; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(247, 247, 247);"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"><a linkindex="2184" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Dharmic</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2185" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><strong class="selflink">Buddhism</strong> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2186" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2187" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2188" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="width: 9em; padding: 0pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; line-height: 1.4em;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"><a linkindex="2189" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2190" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-e_Haqq" title="Ahl-e Haqq">Ahl-e Haqq</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2191" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2192" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2193" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi" title="Yazidi">Yazidi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2194" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="width: 9em; padding: 0pt; line-height: 1.4em; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(247, 247, 247);"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"><a linkindex="2195" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2196" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2197" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2198" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2199" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="width: 9em; padding: 0pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; line-height: 1.4em;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"><a linkindex="2200" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">Recent</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2201" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Dai" title="Cao Dai">Cao Dai</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2202" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2203" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2204" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Kuan_Tao" title="I-Kuan Tao">I-Kuan Tao</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2205" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganism" title="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2206" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2207" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seicho-No-Ie" title="Seicho-No-Ie" class="mw-redirect">Seicho-No-Ie</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2208" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2209" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2210" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari_movement" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari</a></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="width: 9em; padding: 0pt; line-height: 1.4em; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(247, 247, 247);"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"><a linkindex="2211" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2212" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_traditional_religion" title="African traditional religion">African</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2213" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-American_religion" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2214" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Indigenous Australian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2215" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2216" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_beliefs" title="Javanese beliefs">Javanese</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2217" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2218" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_religion" title="Native American religion">Native American</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2219" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2220" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2221" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></span></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="2222" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religions" title="History of religions">Ancient religions</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0pt; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="width: 9em; padding: 0pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; line-height: 1.4em;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"><a linkindex="2223" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; padding: 0px; width: auto; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><a linkindex="2224" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="width: 9em; padding: 0pt; line-height: 1.4em; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(247, 247, 247);"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"><a linkindex="2225" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religions_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the Ancient Near East">Near East</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; padding: 0px; width: auto; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2226" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2227" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2228" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mesopotamian</a></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="width: 9em; padding: 0pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; line-height: 1.4em;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"><a linkindex="2229" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Indo-European</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; padding: 0px; width: auto; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2230" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2231" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2232" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Balkanic_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkanic mythology" class="mw-redirect">Illyro-thracian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2233" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Greece" title="Religion in ancient Greece">Greek</a> (<a linkindex="2234" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2235" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2236" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanif" title="Hanif">Hanifism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2237" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithraic_Mysteries" title="Mithraic Mysteries">Mithraism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2238" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2239" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_mythology" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2240" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic Hinduism</a></span></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="2241" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0pt; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2242" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2243" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2244" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2245" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2246" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2247" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2248" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2249" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism" class="mw-redirect">Transtheism</a></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="2250" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0pt; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2251" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2252" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparison</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2253" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_religion" title="Development of religion">Development</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2254" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religions" title="History of religions">History</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2255" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Origin</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2256" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2257" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2258" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2259" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2260" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_religion" title="Theories of religion">Theories</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2261" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="2262" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and<br />society</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0pt; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2263" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Demographics</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2264" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets table</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2265" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2266" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> (<a linkindex="2267" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2268" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2269" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2270" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2271" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claims_to_be_the_fastest_growing_religion" title="Claims to be the fastest growing religion" class="mw-redirect">Growth</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2272" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2273" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2274" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-fascism_and_religion" title="Neo-fascism and religion">Neo-Fascism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2275" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> (<a linkindex="2276" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2277" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a linkindex="2278" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2279" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religious freedom</a> (<a linkindex="2280" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_toleration" title="Religious toleration">Toleration</a><span 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href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">terrorism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2293" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">war</a>)</span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a linkindex="2294" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism and<br />non-religion</a></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0pt; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2295" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a linkindex="2296" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" 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class="body"> <ul id="collectionPortletList"><li id="coll-create_a_book"><a linkindex="2348" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Buddhism" title="Create a book or page collection" rel="nofollow">Create a book</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl"><a linkindex="2349" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Buddhism&oldid=377551070&writer=rl" title="Download a PDF version of this wiki page" rel="nofollow">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print"><a linkindex="2350" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [alt-shift-p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <!-- /coll-print_export --> <!-- LANGUAGES --> <div class="portal expanded" id="p-lang"> <h5 tabindex="5">Languages</h5> <div style="display: block;" class="body"> <ul><li class="interwiki-af"><a linkindex="2351" href="http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interwiki-als"><a linkindex="2352" href="http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interwiki-ang"><a linkindex="2353" href="http://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%ABddend%C5%8Dm" title="Būddendōm">Anglo-Saxon</a></li><li class="interwiki-ar"><a linkindex="2354" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بوذية">العربية</a></li><li class="interwiki-an"><a linkindex="2355" href="http://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interwiki-frp"><a linkindex="2356" href="http://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudismo" title="Boudismo">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interwiki-ast"><a linkindex="2357" href="http://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismu" title="Budismu">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interwiki-az"><a linkindex="2358" href="http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm">Azərbaycan</a></li><li class="interwiki-bn"><a linkindex="2359" href="http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="বৌদ্ধ ধর্ম">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a linkindex="2360" href="http://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%CC%8Dt-k%C3%A0u" title="Hu̍t-kàu">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interwiki-be"><a linkindex="2361" href="http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Будызм">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interwiki-be-x-old"><a linkindex="2362" href="http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Будызм">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interwiki-bcl"><a linkindex="2363" href="http://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interwiki-bi"><a linkindex="2364" href="http://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisim" title="Budisim">Bislama</a></li><li class="interwiki-bar"><a linkindex="2365" href="http://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interwiki-bo"><a linkindex="2366" href="http://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ནང་བསྟན།">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interwiki-bs"><a linkindex="2367" href="http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizam" title="Budizam">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interwiki-br"><a linkindex="2368" href="http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudaegezh" title="Boudaegezh">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interwiki-bg"><a linkindex="2369" href="http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Будизъм">Български</a></li><li class="interwiki-ca"><a linkindex="2370" href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisme" title="Budisme">Català</a></li><li class="interwiki-ceb"><a linkindex="2371" href="http://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interwiki-cs"><a linkindex="2372" href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus">Česky</a></li><li class="interwiki-co"><a linkindex="2373" href="http://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddisimu" title="Buddisimu">Corsu</a></li><li class="interwiki-cy"><a linkindex="2374" href="http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwdhaeth" title="Bwdhaeth">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interwiki-da"><a linkindex="2375" href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Dansk</a></li><li class="interwiki-de"><a linkindex="2376" href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interwiki-et"><a linkindex="2377" href="http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism">Eesti</a></li><li class="interwiki-el"><a linkindex="2378" href="http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Βουδισμός">Ελληνικά</a></li><li title="This is a good article in another language." class="interwiki-es GA"><a linkindex="2379" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Español</a></li><li class="interwiki-eo"><a linkindex="2380" href="http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhismo" title="Budhismo">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interwiki-eu"><a linkindex="2381" href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Euskara</a></li><li class="interwiki-fa"><a linkindex="2382" href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="بوداییسم">فارسی</a></li><li class="interwiki-fr"><a linkindex="2383" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisme" title="Bouddhisme">Français</a></li><li class="interwiki-fy"><a linkindex="2384" href="http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boedisme" title="Boedisme">Frysk</a></li><li class="interwiki-fur"><a linkindex="2385" href="http://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisim" title="Budisim">Furlan</a></li><li class="interwiki-ga"><a linkindex="2386" href="http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_B%C3%BAdachas" title="An Búdachas">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interwiki-gl"><a linkindex="2387" href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Galego</a></li><li class="interwiki-gan"><a linkindex="2388" href="http://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">贛語</a></li><li class="interwiki-gu"><a linkindex="2389" href="http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE" title="બૌદ્ધ ધર્મ">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interwiki-hak"><a linkindex="2390" href="http://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%CC%8Dt-kau" title="Fu̍t-kau">Hak-kâ-fa</a></li><li class="interwiki-xal"><a linkindex="2391" href="http://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бурхн Багшин ном">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interwiki-ko"><a linkindex="2392" href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90" title="불교">한국어</a></li><li class="interwiki-hy"><a linkindex="2393" href="http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բուդդայականություն">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interwiki-hi"><a linkindex="2394" href="http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interwiki-hr"><a linkindex="2395" href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizam" title="Budizam">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interwiki-io"><a linkindex="2396" href="http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Ido</a></li><li class="interwiki-ilo"><a linkindex="2397" href="http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhismo" title="Budhismo">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interwiki-bpy"><a linkindex="2398" href="http://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4" title="বৌদ্ধ লিচেত">ইমার ঠার/বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interwiki-id"><a linkindex="2399" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interwiki-ia"><a linkindex="2400" href="http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismo" title="Buddhismo">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interwiki-ie"><a linkindex="2401" href="http://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhisme" title="Budhisme">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interwiki-zu"><a linkindex="2402" href="http://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkolo_kaBudha" title="Inkolo kaBudha">isiZulu</a></li><li title="This is a good article in another language." class="interwiki-is GA"><a linkindex="2403" href="http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAddismi" title="Búddismi">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interwiki-it"><a linkindex="2404" href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismo" title="Buddhismo">Italiano</a></li><li class="interwiki-he"><a linkindex="2405" href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="בודהיזם">עברית</a></li><li class="interwiki-kn"><a linkindex="2406" href="http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಬುದ್ಧ">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interwiki-ka"><a linkindex="2407" href="http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბუდიზმი">ქართული</a></li><li class="interwiki-kk"><a linkindex="2408" href="http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interwiki-kw"><a linkindex="2409" href="http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisteth" title="Bouddhisteth">Kernewek</a></li><li class="interwiki-ky"><a linkindex="2410" href="http://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interwiki-sw"><a linkindex="2411" href="http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuddha" title="Ubuddha">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interwiki-ht"><a linkindex="2412" href="http://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudis" title="Boudis">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interwiki-lo"><a linkindex="2413" href="http://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B2" title="ພຸດທະສາດສະໜາ">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interwiki-la"><a linkindex="2414" href="http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus">Latina</a></li><li class="interwiki-lv"><a linkindex="2415" href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisms" title="Budisms">Latviešu</a></li><li title="This is a good article in another language." class="interwiki-lt GA"><a linkindex="2416" href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizmas" title="Budizmas">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interwiki-lij"><a linkindex="2417" href="http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddiximo" title="Buddiximo">Líguru</a></li><li class="interwiki-li"><a linkindex="2418" href="http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interwiki-jbo"><a linkindex="2419" href="http://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bu%27ojda" title="bu'ojda">Lojban</a></li><li class="interwiki-lmo"><a linkindex="2420" href="http://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budiism" title="Budiism">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interwiki-hu"><a linkindex="2421" href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhizmus" title="Buddhizmus">Magyar</a></li><li class="interwiki-mk"><a linkindex="2422" href="http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Будизам">Македонски</a></li><li class="interwiki-ml"><a linkindex="2423" href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ബുദ്ധമതം">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interwiki-mt"><a linkindex="2424" href="http://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddi%C5%BCmu" title="Buddiżmu">Malti</a></li><li class="interwiki-mr"><a linkindex="2425" href="http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म">मराठी</a></li><li class="interwiki-arz"><a linkindex="2426" href="http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بوذيه">مصرى</a></li><li class="interwiki-ms"><a linkindex="2427" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interwiki-mwl"><a linkindex="2428" href="http://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interwiki-mn"><a linkindex="2429" href="http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм">Монгол</a></li><li class="interwiki-my"><a linkindex="2430" href="http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interwiki-nl"><a linkindex="2431" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interwiki-new"><a linkindex="2432" href="http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बुद्ध धर्म">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interwiki-ja"><a linkindex="2433" href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99" title="仏教">日本語</a></li><li class="interwiki-pih"><a linkindex="2434" href="http://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interwiki-no"><a linkindex="2435" href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Norsk (bokmål)</a></li><li class="interwiki-nn"><a linkindex="2436" href="http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismen" title="Buddhismen">Norsk (nynorsk)</a></li><li class="interwiki-nov"><a linkindex="2437" href="http://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisme" title="Budisme">Novial</a></li><li class="interwiki-oc"><a linkindex="2438" href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodisme" title="Bodisme">Occitan</a></li><li class="interwiki-uz"><a linkindex="2439" href="http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm">O'zbek</a></li><li class="interwiki-pnb"><a linkindex="2440" href="http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بدھ مت">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interwiki-ps"><a linkindex="2441" href="http://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="بوديزم">پښتو</a></li><li class="interwiki-tpi"><a linkindex="2442" href="http://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisim" title="Budisim">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interwiki-nds"><a linkindex="2443" href="http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interwiki-pl"><a linkindex="2444" href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddyzm" title="Buddyzm">Polski</a></li><li class="interwiki-pt"><a linkindex="2445" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Português</a></li><li title="This is a featured article in another language." class="interwiki-ro FA"><a linkindex="2446" href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism">Română</a></li><li class="interwiki-qu"><a linkindex="2447" href="http://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismu" title="Budismu">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interwiki-ru"><a linkindex="2448" href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм">Русский</a></li><li class="interwiki-sc"><a linkindex="2449" href="http://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismu" title="Buddhismu">Sardu</a></li><li class="interwiki-sco"><a linkindex="2450" href="http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Scots</a></li><li class="interwiki-sq"><a linkindex="2451" href="http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizmi" title="Budizmi">Shqip</a></li><li class="interwiki-scn"><a linkindex="2452" href="http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismu" title="Buddismu">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interwiki-si"><a linkindex="2453" href="http://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B8" title="බුදු දහම">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interwiki-simple"><a linkindex="2454" href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Simple English</a></li><li class="interwiki-sk"><a linkindex="2455" href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhizmus" title="Budhizmus">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interwiki-sl"><a linkindex="2456" href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizem" title="Budizem">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interwiki-sr"><a linkindex="2457" href="http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Будизам">Српски / Srpski</a></li><li class="interwiki-sh"><a linkindex="2458" href="http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizam" title="Budizam">Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interwiki-fi"><a linkindex="2459" href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhalaisuus" title="Buddhalaisuus">Suomi</a></li><li class="interwiki-sv"><a linkindex="2460" href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Svenska</a></li><li class="interwiki-tl"><a linkindex="2461" href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interwiki-ta"><a linkindex="2462" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பௌத்தம்">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interwiki-tt"><a linkindex="2463" href="http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм">Татарча/Tatarça</a></li><li class="interwiki-te"><a linkindex="2464" href="http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="బౌద్ధ మతము">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interwiki-th"><a linkindex="2465" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="พระพุทธศาสนา">ไทย</a></li><li class="interwiki-tr"><a linkindex="2466" href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizm" title="Budizm">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interwiki-uk"><a linkindex="2467" href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм">Українська</a></li><li class="interwiki-ur"><a linkindex="2468" href="http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بدھ مت">اردو</a></li><li class="interwiki-ug"><a linkindex="2469" href="http://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89" title="بۇددا دىنى">Uyghurche / ئۇيغۇرچە</a></li><li class="interwiki-vi"><a linkindex="2470" href="http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%ADt_gi%C3%A1o" title="Phật giáo">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li title="This is a good article in another language." class="interwiki-zh-classical GA"><a linkindex="2471" href="http://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">文言</a></li><li class="interwiki-war"><a linkindex="2472" href="http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhismo" title="Budhismo">Winaray</a></li><li class="interwiki-wuu"><a linkindex="2473" href="http://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">吴语</a></li><li class="interwiki-yi"><a linkindex="2474" href="http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="בודהיזם">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interwiki-yo"><a linkindex="2475" href="http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interwiki-zh-yue"><a linkindex="2476" href="http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">粵語</a></li><li class="interwiki-bat-smg"><a linkindex="2477" href="http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%C4%97zmos" title="Budėzmos">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interwiki-zh"><a linkindex="2478" href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">中文</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <!-- /LANGUAGES --> </div> <!-- /panel --> <!-- footer --> This page was last modified on 6 August 2010 at 21:59.Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-82705686063426825182010-08-12T10:16:00.001+02:002010-08-12T10:19:03.519+02:00Book:Buddhism<p> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="700"> <tbody><tr><td><!-- This must be in the body, because some webmail GUIs ignore the head--> <br /><style type="text/css"> h1 { font-size: 18pt; font-family: Souv2; color: #47FF75 } h2 { font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold } h3 { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold } h4 { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; color: #ff6600 } Body { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } ul.a {list-style-type:circle;} table1 { width: 700px; } th { background-color:green; color:white; } table2 { background-color:#ffcc33; width: 340px; } th { background-color:green; color:white; } p.sans { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; font-family: Indevr } p.tradu { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; font-family: Souv2; color: #FF6600 } /* ff6600 es naranja */ p.verso { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; font-family: Souv2; color: #ffcc33 } /* ffcc33 es amarillo */ /* ccccff es lilaclaro */ p.unicode { FONT-FAMILY: verdana; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } p.sdendnote { font-size: 10pt } p.sdfootnote { margin-left: 0.5cm; text-indent: -0.5cm; font-size: 10pt } p,span,font,td,form,input,textarea,select { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } i { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify; FONT-STYLE: italic; color:#FFCC33 } a:link { text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #99AADD; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } /* unvisited link */ a:hover { text-decoration:underline; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AADD99 } /* mouse over link */ a:active { text-decoration:underline; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; color:#0000FF } /* selected link */ a:visited { text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AA77AA; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } /* visited link */ </style><br /><h1 style="text-align: justify;" id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Book:Buddhism</h1><div style="text-align: justify;"> <!-- /firstHeading --> <!-- bodyContent --> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" id="bodyContent"> <!-- tagline --> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <!-- /tagline --> <!-- subtitle --> <!-- /subtitle --> <!-- jumpto --> <div id="jump-to-nav"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span><br /></div> <!-- /jumpto --> <!-- bodytext --> <table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" class="ombox" cellpadding="5%"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="3"> <table style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% Lavender; color: black; text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgrey; width: 120px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% gray; height: 3px;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height: 30px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><small>Buddhism<br /></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% gray;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="height: 125px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><a linkindex="4" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha-flower-color.svg" class="image"><img alt="Buddha-flower-color.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Buddha-flower-color.svg/115px-Buddha-flower-color.svg.png" width="115" height="115" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;">This is a <b><a linkindex="5" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" title="Wikipedia:Books">Wikipedia book</a></b>, a collection of Wikipedia articles that can be easily saved, rendered electronically, and ordered as a printed book. For information and help on Wikipedia books in general, see <b><a linkindex="6" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Books" title="Help:Books">Help:Books</a></b> (general tips) and <b><a linkindex="7" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Wikipedia-Books" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedia-Books">WikiProject Wikipedia-Books</a></b> (questions and assistance).</td> </tr> <tr valign="center" align="center"> <td><br /><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><big><span class="plainlinks" title="Download a PDF version of this book, optimized for A4 paper (8.3 × 11.7 in, 210 × 297 mm).">[ <a linkindex="8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book/render_collection/&colltitle=Book:Buddhism&writer=rl" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Download PDF</a> ]</span></big> <big><span class="plainlinks" title="Open this book using Wikipedia's book editing tool. The Book Creator allows you to easily add or remove articles, create or remove chapters, download and print PDF and ODT versions, and more.">[ <a linkindex="9" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book/load_collection/&colltitle=Book:Buddhism" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Open in Book Creator</a> ]</span></big> <big><span class="plainlinks" title="Preview this book with PediaPress, choose a cover image, pick a color for the cover, and more. The printed book is a softcover in A5 format (5.8 × 8.3 in, 148 × 210 mm), with professionnal-quality layout and printing.">[ <a linkindex="10" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book/order_collection/&colltitle=Book:Buddhism&partner=pediapress" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Order Printed Book</a> ]</span></big></span></td> </tr> <tr valign="bottom"> <td style="text-align: right;"><small>[ <a linkindex="11" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Books/Printed_books" title="Help:Books/Printed books">About</a> ] [ <a linkindex="12" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Books/Frequently_Asked_Questions" title="Help:Books/Frequently Asked Questions">FAQ</a> ] [ <a linkindex="13" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Books/Feedback" title="Help:Books/Feedback">Feedback</a> ] [ <a linkindex="14" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Books" title="Help:Books">Help</a> ] [ <a linkindex="15" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Wikipedia-Books" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedia-Books">WikiProject</a> ] [ <span class="plainlinks" title="See the recent edits made to the articles of this book."><a linkindex="16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChangesLinked/Book:Buddhism&&days=30&namespace=0&tagfilter=&hideminor=&hidebots" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Recent Changes</a> ]</span></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a linkindex="17" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book:Buddhism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Buddhism">Buddhism</span></h2> <dl><dd><a linkindex="18" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Buddhism/Introduction" title="Book:Buddhism/Introduction">Introduction</a></dd><dd><b>Note.</b> This book is based on the Wikipedia article, "Buddhism." The supporting articles are those referenced as major expansions of selected sections.</dd><dt>Main article</dt><dd><a linkindex="19" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dd><dt>Life of the Buddha</dt><dd><a linkindex="20" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></dd><dt>Buddhist concepts</dt><dd><a linkindex="21" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Buddhist terms and concepts</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="22" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma in Buddhism</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_%28Buddhism%29" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="24" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="25" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">The Four Noble Truths</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="26" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="27" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_way" title="Middle way">Middle way</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="28" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="29" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="30" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="31" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="32" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="33" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></dd><dt>Practice</dt><dd><a linkindex="34" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Buddhist devotion</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="35" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuge_%28Buddhism%29" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">Refuge</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="36" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Jewels" title="Three Jewels">Three Jewels</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="37" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Precepts" title="Five Precepts">The Five Precepts</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="38" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="39" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="40" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na" title="Dhyāna">Dhyāna</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="41" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jh%C4%81na" title="Jhāna">Jhāna</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="42" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">Prajñā</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="43" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" title="Vipassanā">Vipassanā</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="44" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></dd><dt>History</dt><dd><a linkindex="45" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History of Buddhism</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="46" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="47" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="48" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="49" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="50" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline of Buddhism</a></dd><dt>Schools and traditions</dt><dd><a linkindex="51" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools of Buddhism</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="52" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="53" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="54" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></dd><dt>Buddhist texts</dt><dd><a linkindex="55" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="56" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></dd><dd><a linkindex="57" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></dd></dl> <!-- NewPP limit report Preprocessor node count: 138/1000000 Post-expand include size: 5497/2048000 bytes Template argument size: 1233/2048000 bytes Expensive parser function count: 0/500 --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22447199-0!1!0!default!!en!4 and timestamp 20100801141210 --> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a linkindex="58" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Buddhism">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Buddhism</a>"<br /><br /></div> <!-- /bodytext --> <!-- catlinks --> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a linkindex="59" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a linkindex="60" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_books_%28community_books%29" title="Category:Wikipedia books (community books)">Wikipedia books (community books)</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a linkindex="61" 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/><table><tbody><tr align="center"><th><a linkindex="207" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1428" style="color: white;">Conceptos Hinduistas (1428)SC</a></th></tr><tr><td><div style="text-align:Justify;"><a linkindex="208" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3256/CategoryHindu_mythology">Category:Hindu (mythology) (3256)SC</a> | <a linkindex="209" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3270/CategoryHindu_mythology">Category:Hindu mythology (3270)SC</a> | <a linkindex="210" rel="bookmark" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3288/">Categoría:Mitología hindú (3288)SC (indice)</a> | <a linkindex="211" rel="bookmark" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3289/">Categoría:Mitología hindú (videos) (3289)SC</a> | <a linkindex="212" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3294/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_SK_y_SC_con_videos">Conceptos Hinduista (A - G) SK y SC (videos) (3294)SC</a><br><br /><a linkindex="213" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2528/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aa_-_Anc">Aa-Anc</a> · <a linkindex="214" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2907/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aga_-_Ahy">Aga - Ahy</a> · <a linkindex="215" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2908/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ai_-_Akshay">Ai - Akshay</a> · <a linkindex="216" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2909/Categoria_Hinduismo_Akshe_-_Amshum">Akshe - Amshum</a> · <a linkindex="217" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2910/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ana_-_Ancie">Ana - Ancie</a> · <a linkindex="218" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ag_-_Az">Ang - Asvayu</a> · <a linkindex="219" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2911/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ata_-_Az">Ata - Az</a> · <a linkindex="220" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1660/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_B_-">Baa-Baz</a> · <a linkindex="221" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bhak">Be-Bhak</a> · <a linkindex="222" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2912/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bu">Bhal-Bu</a> · <a linkindex="223" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_C">C</a> · <a linkindex="224" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1677/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Daz">Daa-Daz</a> · <a linkindex="225" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2913/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">De</a> · <a linkindex="226" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2914/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Dha_-_Dry">Dha-Dry</a> · <a linkindex="227" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2915/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Du_-_Dy">Du-Dy </a> · <a linkindex="228" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1777/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_E">E</a> · <a linkindex="229" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1779/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_F">F</a> · <a linkindex="230" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gayu">Gaa-Gayu</a> · <a linkindex="231" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2916/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gy">Ge-Gy</a> · <a linkindex="232" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1679/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ha_-_He">Ha-He</a> · <a linkindex="233" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2917/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hi_-_Hy">Hi-Hy</a> · <a linkindex="234" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1741/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_I">I</a> · <a linkindex="235" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1681/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_J">J</a> · <a linkindex="236" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1683/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_K">K</a> · <a linkindex="237" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2698/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ka_-_Kam">Ka - Kam</a> · <a linkindex="238" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kan-Khatu">Kan - Khatu</a> · <a linkindex="239" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2700/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ki_-_Ko">Ki - Ko</a> · <a linkindex="240" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2701/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr_-_Ku">Kr - Ku</a> · <a linkindex="241" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1774/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Relgiosos_en_General_-_L">L</a> · <a linkindex="242" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1685/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_M">M</a> · <a linkindex="243" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1709/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_N">N</a> · <a linkindex="244" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1775/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_O">O</a> · <a linkindex="245" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_P">P</a> · <a linkindex="246" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1773/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_R">R</a> · <a linkindex="247" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_S">S</a> · <a linkindex="248" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2687/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_San">Saa-San</a> · <a linkindex="249" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sap_-_Shy">Sap-Shy</a> · <a linkindex="250" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Si_-_Sy">Si-Sy</a> · <a linkindex="251" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1755/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ta_-_Te">Ta - Te</a> · <a linkindex="252" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1716/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_U">U</a> · <a linkindex="253" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_V">V</a> · <a linkindex="254" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2957/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ve_-_Vy">Ve-Vy</a> · <a linkindex="255" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1776/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Y">Y</a> · <a linkindex="256" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1778/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Z">Z</a></div></td></tr></table><br /><table><tbody><tr align="center"><th><a linkindex="257" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2919" style="color: white;">Conceptos Hinduistas (2919)SK</a> · <a linkindex="258" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2592/Pagina_Principal" style="color: white;">(2592)SK</a></th></tr><tr><td><div style="text-align: justify;"><a linkindex="259" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/459/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Aa_-_Ag">A<sub>a</sub>-A<sub>g</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · 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href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/462/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_As_-_Az">A<sub>s</sub>-A<sub>x</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="265" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1972/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ay_-_Az">A<sub>y</sub>-A<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="266" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/519/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Baa_-_Ban">B<sub>aa</sub>-B<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="267" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/520/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bar_-_Bas">B<sub>ar</sub>-B<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="268" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/521/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bh">B<sub>e</sub>-B<sub>hak</sub></a><span 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href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2445/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bu_-_Bz">B<sub>u</sub>-B<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="274" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/612/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Caa_-_Can">C<sub>aa</sub>-C<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="275" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/613/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Car_-_Cas">C<sub>ar</sub>-C<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="276" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/614/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ce_-_Ch">C<sub>e</sub>-C<sub>ha</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="277" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2437/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Che_-_Chi">C<sub>he</sub>-C<sub>hi</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="278" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Cho_-_Chu">C<sub>ho</sub>-C<sub>hu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="279" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ci_-_Cn">C<sub>i</sub>-C<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="280" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/615/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Co_-_Cy">C<sub>o</sub>-C<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="281" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/526/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Dan">D<sub>aa</sub>-D<sub>an</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="282" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/527/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dar_-_Das">D<sub>ar</sub>-D<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="283" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/528/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">D<sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="284" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3167/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dha_-_Dny">D<sub>ha</sub>-D<sub>ny</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="285" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Do_-_Du">D<sub>o</sub>-D<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="286" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1432/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ea_-_En">E<sub>a</sub>-E<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="287" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1433/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ep_-_Ez">E<sub>p</sub>-E<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="288" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1484/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Faa_-_Fy">F<sub>aa</sub>-F<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="289" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gan">G<sub>aa</sub>-G<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="290" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gar_-_Gas">G<sub>ar</sub>-G<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="291" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gi">G<sub>e</sub>-G<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="292" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/691/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Go_-_Gy">G<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="293" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3170/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gra_-_Gy">G<sub>ra</sub>-G<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="294" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Haa_-_Han">H<sub>aa</sub>-H<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="295" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/660/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Har_-_Has">H<sub>ar</sub>-H<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="296" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_He_-_Hi">H<sub>e</sub>-H<sub>indk</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="297" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3171/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hindu_-_Histo">H<sub>indu</sub>-H<sub>isto</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="298" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ho_-_Hy">H<sub>o</sub>-H<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="299" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/609/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ia_-_In">I<sub>a</sub>-I<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="300" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/610/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ir_-_Is">I<sub>r</sub>-I<sub>s</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="301" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/611/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_It_-_Iy">I<sub>t</sub>-I<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="302" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jaa_-_Jaq">J<sub>aa</sub>-J<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="303" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jar_-_Jay">J<sub>ar</sub>-J<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="304" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Je_-_Jn">J<sub>e</sub>-J<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="305" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jo_-_Jy">J<sub>o</sub>-J<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="306" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kaa_-_Kan">K<sub>aa</sub>-K<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="307" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kar_-_Kas">K<sub>ar</sub>-K<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="308" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ke_-_Kh">K<sub>e</sub>-K<sub>h</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="309" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ko_-_Ku">K<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="310" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2331/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr">K<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="311" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2333/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ku_-_Kz">K<sub>u</sub> - K<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="312" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1489/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Laa_-_Laq">L<sub>aa</sub>-L<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="313" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1490/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lar_-_Lay">L<sub>ar</sub>-L<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="314" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1491/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Le_-_Ln">L<sub>e</sub>-L<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="315" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1492/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lo_-_Ly">L<sub>o</sub>-L<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="316" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/599/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ma_-_Man">M<sub>aa</sub>-M<sub>ag</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="317" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2083/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mah">M<sub>ah</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="318" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2084/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mai_-_Maj">M<sub>ai</sub>-M<sub>aj</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="319" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2085/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mak_-_Maq">M<sub>ak</sub>-M<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="320" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/600/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mar_-_Mas">M<sub>ar</sub>-M<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="321" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/601/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Me_-_Mi">M<sub>b</sub>-M<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="322" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/602/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mo_-_My">M<sub>o</sub>-M<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="323" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Naa_-_Naq">N<sub>aa</sub>-N<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="324" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Nar_-_Nay">N<sub>ar</sub>-N<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="325" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1440/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ne_-_Nn">N<sub>b</sub>-N<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="326" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1441/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_No_-_Ny">N<sub>o</sub>-N<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="327" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1502/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Oaa_-_Oz">O<sub>a</sub>-O<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="328" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/649">P<sub>aa</sub>-P<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="329" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/650/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Par_-_Pas">P<sub>ar</sub>-P<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="330" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/651/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Pe_-_Ph">P<sub>e</sub>-P<sub>h</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="331" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/652/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Po_-_Py">P<sub>o</sub>-P<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="332" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2607/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Raa_-_Raq">R<sub>aa</sub>-R<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><!-- <a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/984/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Raa_-_Raq">R<sub>aa</sub>-R<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> --> <a linkindex="333" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/985/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Rar_-_Rn">R<sub>ar</sub>-R<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="334" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/986/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Re_-_Rn">R<sub>e</sub>-R<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="335" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/987/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ro_-_Ry">R<sub>o</sub>-R<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="336" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/506/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_Sam">S<sub>aa</sub>-S<sub>am</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="337" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/507/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_San_-_Sar">S<sub>an</sub>-S<sub>ar</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="338" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/508/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sas_-_Si">S<sub>as</sub>-S<sub>g</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="339" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1940/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sha_-_Shy">S<sub>ha</sub>-S<sub>hy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="340" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1941/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sia_-_Sil">S<sub>ia</sub>-S<sub>il</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="341" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1942/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sim_-_Sk">S<sub>im</sub>-S<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="342" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/509/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_So_-_Su">S<sub>o</sub> - S<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="343" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2129/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sr">S<sub>r</sub> - S<sub>t</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="344" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2130/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Su_-_Sz">S<sub>u</sub>-S<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="345" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1008/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Taa_-_Tan">T<sub>aa</sub>-T<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="346" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1009/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Tar_-_Tay">T<sub>ar</sub>-T<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="347" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1010/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Te_-_Ti">T<sub>e</sub>-T<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="348" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1011/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_To_-_Ty">T<sub>o</sub>-T<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="349" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1493/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Uaa_-_Uaq">U<sub>a</sub>-U<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="350" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1494/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ur_-_Us">U<sub>r</sub>-U<sub>s</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="351" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1001/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Vaa_-_Van">V<sub>aa</sub>-V<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="352" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1002/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Var_-_Vaz">V<sub>ar</sub>-V<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="353" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1003/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ve_-_Vi">V<sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="354" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2217/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Vi_-_Vq">V<sub>i</sub>-V<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="355" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1004/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Vo_-_Vy">V<sub>o</sub>-V<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="356" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1496/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Waa_-_Wi">W<sub>aa</sub>-W<sub>i</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="357" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1497/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Wo_-_Wy">W<sub>o</sub>-W<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="358" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1498/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Yaa_-_Yav">Y<sub>aa</sub>-Y<sub>av</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="359" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1499/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ye_-_Yiy">Y<sub>e</sub>-Y<sub>iy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="360" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1500/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Yo_-_Yu">Y<sub>o</sub>-Y<sub>u</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="361" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1501/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Zaa_-_Zy">Z<sub>aa</sub>-Z<sub>y</sub></a></div></tr></table><br /><table><tbody><tr align="center"><th>GENERAL</th></tr><tr><td><div style="text-align:Justify;"><a linkindex="362" href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/">JUDAISMO</a> | <a style="font-family:Souv2" linkindex="362" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/01/ri-garga-samhita-canto-eight-volume-two.html">Ärî Garga-Samhita</a> | <a linkindex="363" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2009/12/oraciones-selectas-al-senor-supremo.html">Oraciones Selectas al Señor Supremo</a> | <a linkindex="364" rel="bookmark" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/">Devotees Vaishnavas</a> | <a linkindex="365" rel="bookmark" href="http://devoteesvaishnavas.blogspot.com/">Dandavat pranams - All glories to Srila Prabhupada</a> | <a linkindex="366" rel="bookmark" href="http://harikathapurebhakti.blogspot.com/">Hari Katha</a> | <a linkindex="367" rel="bookmark" href="http://santoscatlicos.blogspot.com/">Santos Católicos</a> | <a linkindex="369" rel="bookmark" href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/">El Antiguo Egipto I</a> | <a linkindex="370" rel="bookmark" href="http://archivodelcervantes.blogspot.com/">Archivo Cervantes</a> | <a linkindex="371" rel="bookmark" href="http://sivanandayogaindia.blogspot.com/">Sivananda Yoga</a> | <a linkindex="372" rel="bookmark" href="http://nealedonaldwalsh.blogspot.com/">Neale Donald Walsch</a> | <a linkindex="373" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1686/ISKCON_SWAMIS">SWAMIS</a> | <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/visio-professional-2007.html">ENCICLOPEDIA - INDICE</a> | <a linkindex="195" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/ato-tv-and-video-iview-iview-780ptv.html">DEVOTOS FACEBOOK</a> | <a href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/2010/03/usuarios-de-flickr.html">EGIPTO - USUARIOS de FLICKR y PICASAWEB</a></div><br /></tr></table>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-59029391944066901112010-07-27T10:41:00.003+02:002010-07-27T11:00:46.801+02:00SHUGTEN PRATICE - Namochu<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td class="icon" width="16"><br /></td><td class="cattitle"><a linkindex="27" rel="bookmark" href="http://namochu.multiply.com/journal/item/384/SHUGTEN_PRATICE">SHUGTEN PRATICE</a></td><td class="itemsubsub"><nobr>Jun 19, '10 1:28 AM</nobr><br />for everyone</td></tr></tbody></table><div id="item_body" class="bodytext" author="namochu" is_pmrepliable="1" author_possessive="namochu's"><p align="justify"><br /></p><p align="justify"><img id="user_logo_image" alt="namochu" src="http://images.namochu.multiply.com/logo/35" border="0" height="100" width="100" /><br /><a linkindex="36" href="http://namochu.multiply.com/">namochu</a></p><p align="justify">Following long and careful investigations, His Holiness the Dalai Lama strongly discourages Tibetan Buddhists from propitiating the fierce spirit known as Dolgyal (Shugden). Although he once practised Dolgyal propitiation himself, His Holiness renounced the practice in 1975 after discovering the profound historical, social and religious problems associated with it. He did so with the full knowledge and support of his junior tutor, the late Kyabje Trichang Rinpoche through whom His Holiness first became associated with the practice. Even within the Geluk and Sakya schools - the Tibetan Buddhist traditions to which majority of Dolgyal practitioners belong - the propitiation of this spirit has been controversial throughout its history. Historical investigation reveals that Dolgyal practice, which has strong sectarian overtones, has a history of contributing to a climate of sectarian disharmony in various parts of Tibet, and between various Tibetan communities. Therefore, from 1975 onwards, His Holiness has regularly made public his view that this practice is inadvisable, based on the following three reasons:<br /><br />1. The danger of Tibetan Buddhism degenerating into a form of spirit worship: Tibetan Buddhism originally evolved from the authentic and ancient tradition upheld at the great Indian monastic university of Nalanda, a tradition that His Holiness often describes as a complete form of Buddhism. It embodies the original teaching of the Buddha as developed through the rich philosophical, psychological and spiritual insights of such great Buddhist masters as Nagarjuna, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dignaga and Dharamakirti. Since the great philosopher and logician Shantarakshita was instrumental in establishing Buddhism in Tibet in its earliest stages in the 8th century, philosophical enquiry and critical analysis have always been important hallmarks of Tibetan Buddhism. The problem with Dolgyal practice is that it presents the spirit Dolgyal (Shugden) as a Dharma protector and what's more tends to promote the spirit as more important than the Buddha himself. If this trend goes unchecked, and innocent people become seduced by cult-like practices of this kind, the danger is that the rich tradition of Tibetan Buddhism may degenerate into the mere propitiation of spirits.<br /><br />2. Obstacles to the emergence of genuine non-sectarianism: His Holiness has often stated that one of his most important commitments is the promotion of inter-religious understanding and harmony. As part of this endeavour, His Holiness is committed to encouraging non-sectarianism in all schools of Tibetan Buddhism. In this His Holiness is following the example set by his predecessors, especially the Fifth Dalai Lama and the Thirteenth Dalai Lama. Not only is a non-sectarian approach mutually enriching for all Tibetan Buddhist schools, but it is also the best safeguard against a rise of sectarianism that could have damaging consequences for the Tibetan tradition as a whole. Given the acknowledged link between Dolgyal worship and sectarianism, this particular practice remains a fundamental obstacle to fostering a genuine non-sectarian spirit within the Tibetan Buddhist tradition.<br /><br />3. Especially inappropriate in relation to the well-being of Tibetan society: Propitiating Dolgyal is particularly troublesome, given the Tibetan people's present difficult circumstances. Textual and historical research demonstrates that the spirit Dolgyal arose out of hostility to the great Fifth Dalai Lama and his government. The Fifth Dalai Lama, who assumed both the spiritual and temporal leadership of Tibet in the 17th century, personally denounced Dolgyal as a malevolent spirit that arose out of misguided intentions and is detrimental to the welfare of beings in general and the Tibetan government headed by the Dalai Lamas in particular. The Thirteenth Dalai Lama and other respected Tibetan spiritual masters have also spoken out strongly against this practice. Therefore, in the current Tibetan context, in which unity among the Tibetan people is vitally important, engaging in this controversial and divisive propitiatory practice is inappropriate.<br /><br />His Holiness has strongly urged his followers to consider carefully the problems of Dolgyal practice on the basis of these three reasons and to act accordingly. He has stated that, as a Buddhist leader with a special concern for the Tibetan people, it is his responsibility to speak out against the damaging consequences of this kind of spirit worship. Whether or not his advice is heeded, His Holiness has made clear, is a matter for the individual. However, since he personally feels strongly about how negative this practice is, he has requested those who continue to propitiate Dolgyal not to attend his formal religious teachings, which traditionally require the establishment of a teacher-disciple relationship.<br /></p><p align="justify">Budismo<br /><a class="smarterwiki-linkify" href="http://www.thangkar.com/art/show-en.htm">http://www.thangkar.com/art/show-en.htm</a><br /><a class="smarterwiki-linkify" href="http://www.thangkar.com/art/show/show/tag/tag001-en.htm">http://www.thangkar.com/art/show/show/tag/tag001-en.htm</a><br /><a class="smarterwiki-linkify" href="http://www.thangkar.com/art/show/p004-en.htm">http://www.thangkar.com/art/show/p004-en.htm</a><br />Buddhismo<br /><br /><b>Category:Buddhism in the ancient Mediterranean</b><br /><br />2613JC - <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2613/Alexander_II_of_Epirus">Alexander II of_Epirus (2613)JC</a><br />2614JC - <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2614/Antigonus_II_Gonatas">Antigonus II Gonatas (2614)JC</a><br />2615JC - 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<a class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/630">ANURUDDHA - LOS OCHO PENSAMIENTOS DE UN GRAN HOMBRE</a><br />629JC - <a class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/629">ALÌNACITTA JÀTAKA (156)</a><br />628JC - <a class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/628">AKUSALA-CITTA - CONCIENCIAS INSANAS</a><br />627JC - <a class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/627">ACINTEYYA SUTTA</a><br />14 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/diccionario-enciclopedico-adhu-agnaye-1.html">Adi-Buddha</a><br />14 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/tiered-of-been-passed-over-for-that.html">21 Taras</a><br />14 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/nero-9-reload.html">Amitayus Buddha [The three Long-life Deities]</a><br />14 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/adobe-photoshop-cs4-extended.html">The schools of Tibetan paintings</a><br />15 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/dhyani-buddhas.html">Dhyani Buddhas</a><br />15 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/ero-empowers.html">Thangka</a><br />15 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/index-of-buddhism-related-articles.html">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a></p></div><style type="text/css"> h1 { font-size: 18pt; font-family: Souv2; color: #47FF75; } h2 { font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; } h3 { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; } h4 { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; color: #ff6600; } Body { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } p,span,font,td,form,input,textarea,select { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } i { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify; FONT-STYLE: italic; color:#FFCC33 } a:link { text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #99AADD; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } /* unvisited link */ a:hover { text-decoration:underline; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AADD99 } /* mouse over link */ a:active { text-decoration:underline; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; color:#0000FF; } /* selected link */ a:visited { text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AA77AA; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } /* visited link */ </style><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/04/want-promotion.html" style="font-family: Balaram;">Abhidhamma. (sáns. bud.)</a> - <a class="post-count-link" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010_04_09_archive.html">abr 09</a><br /><a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/04/degree-based-on-professional.html" style="font-family: Balaram;">Abhidhamma-Pitaka - </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010_04_09_archive.html">abr 09</a><br /><a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/04/windows-7-ultimate_09.html" style="font-family: Balaram;">Abhidhammattha - </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010_04_09_archive.html">abr 09</a><br /><a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/04/rolex-watchers-2010-brand-new-models_09.html" style="font-family: Balaram;">Abhidhämmika</a> - <a class="post-count-link" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010_04_09_archive.html">abr 09</a><br /><a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/04/games-family-games-xs-head-stress.html" style="font-family: Balaram;">Abhidhana</a> - <a class="post-count-link" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010_04_09_archive.html">abr 09</a><br /><a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/04/games-dualshock-3-wireless-controller.html" style="font-family: Balaram;">Abhidharma</a> - <a class="post-count-link" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010_04_10_archive.html">abr 10</a><br /><a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/04/windows-7-ultimate_5042.html" style="font-family: Balaram;">Abhidharma-Kosha (sáns.).</a> - <a class="post-count-link" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010_04_10_archive.html">abr 10</a><br /><a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/04/games-sly-2-band-of-thieves.html" style="font-family: Balaram;">Abhidja. 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All glories to Srila Prabhupada</a> | <a linkindex="366" rel="bookmark" href="http://harikathapurebhakti.blogspot.com/">Hari Katha</a> | <a linkindex="367" rel="bookmark" href="http://santoscatlicos.blogspot.com/">Santos Católicos</a> | <a linkindex="369" rel="bookmark" href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/">El Antiguo Egipto I</a> | <a linkindex="370" rel="bookmark" href="http://archivodelcervantes.blogspot.com/">Archivo Cervantes</a> | <a linkindex="371" rel="bookmark" href="http://sivanandayogaindia.blogspot.com/">Sivananda Yoga</a> | <a linkindex="372" rel="bookmark" href="http://nealedonaldwalsh.blogspot.com/">Neale Donald Walsch</a> | <a linkindex="373" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1686/ISKCON_SWAMIS">SWAMIS</a></div><br /><br /><h2 style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;" class="date-header"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span>jueves 11 de marzo de 2010</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="444433801487145585"></a></span> </div><h3 style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;" class="post-title entry-title"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a linkindex="195" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/visio-professional-2007.html">ENCICLOPEDIA - INDICE</a> | <a linkindex="195" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/ato-tv-and-video-iview-iview-780ptv.html">DEVOTOS FACEBOOK</a> | <a href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/2010/03/usuarios-de-flickr.html">EGIPTO - USUARIOS de FLICKR y PICASAWEB</a></span></h3><br /></div>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-72076005969014128782010-07-04T03:02:00.001+02:002010-07-04T03:02:44.847+02:00Palpung e-books<p><span style="font-size: small;">Dear Friends,</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Palpung Publications is in the process of formatting many of its publications into e-books. The first of these, '<i>Ultimately Perfect</i>' and '<i>The Dorje Chang Thungma</i>' by Chamgon Kenting Tai Situpa are now available as e-books from Amazon.com. We are also working on making these available later this year on Apple's iPad.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">We will advise as more become available.<br /></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">See the below links to view the e-books<br /></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Ultimately Perfect - http://www.amazon.com/dp/B003JTHASE</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">The Dorje Chang Thungma http://www.amazon.com/dp/B003O85YMY</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Yours in dharma</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Sonam<br /></span></p><br /><br />Zhyisil Chokyi Ghatsal Trust, 23 Sturdee Rd, Manurewa, Manukau City, Auckland 2102, New Zealand<br /><br /><br /> <font size="3" color="#000000">You may <a href="http://getresponse.com/unsubscribe.html?x=a62b&m=lQre&s=zn0Zs&y=J&"> <font size="3"><u>unsubscribe</u></font> </a> or <a href="http://getresponse.com/change_details.html?x=a62b&s=zn0Zs&y=s&"> <font size="3"><u>change your contact details</u></font> </a> at any time. </font><br /> <img src="http://getresponse.com/open.html?x=a62b&m=lQre&mc=m&s=zn0Zs&y=s&" width="0" height="0" border="0" />Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-7233807660915153742010-04-06T08:44:00.010+02:002010-08-12T11:43:23.193+02:00Buddhism<p> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="700"> <tbody><tr><td><!-- This must be in the body, because some webmail GUIs ignore the head--> <br /><style type="text/css"> h1 { font-size: 18pt; font-family: Souv2; color: #47FF75 } h2 { font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold } h3 { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold } h4 { font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; color: #ff6600 } Body { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } ul.a {list-style-type:circle;} table1 { width: 700px; } th { background-color:green; color:white; } table2 { background-color:#ffcc33; 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text-decoration:underline; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; color:#0000FF } /* selected link */ a:visited { text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AA77AA; FONT-ALIGN: Justify } /* visited link */ </style><br /><div class="profile_top_bar_container"><div class="profile_name_and_status"><h1 id="profile_name">Buddhism</h1><br /><div class="left_column_container"> <div id="left_column" class="left_column"> <div id="pagelet_profile_photo"><div id="c4bbad826c8f9f34059793"><div id="profileimage" class="profileimage"><img src="http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/object3/1933/29/n73643833580_8968.jpg" alt="Buddhism" id="profile_pic" /><br /><br /><br /></div></div></div> <div id="pagelet_left_column"><div id="c4bbad826d34970693259c"><div class="profile_actions"><span class=" profile_action actionspro_a"><img src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc3/hs443.snc3/25442_1401225959177_1488161707_31089294_5134342_n.jpg" id="myphoto" /> </span><div id="photocaption_parent" class="clearfix"><div class="photocaption"><div class="photocaption_text">MP3 Dhamma talks by Ajahn Chah:<br /><span>Thai with English translationhttp://www.watnongpahpong.org</span><wbr><span class="word_break"></span>/mp3playt-e.php</div></div></div> </div><h1 style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size:100%;">PlayList - El Libro Tibetano de los Muertos (Documental)</span></h1><br /><br /><br /><table style="background-color: yellow; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" width="353" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="132"><tbody><tr><td><object width="360" height="210"><embed src="http://www.goear.com/files/externalpl.swf?file=7131fc1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" quality="high" width="360" height="210"></embed></object></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><div id="boxes_left" class="box_column"><div id="box_app_2356318349" class="box"><h5 class="box_header UITitle UITitle_h5">Admiradores</h5><div class="app_custom_content "><h4 class="box_header clearfix"><span>6 de <a href="http://www.facebook.com/social_graph.php?node_id=73643833580&class=FanManager" rel="dialog" ajaxify="/ajax/social_graph/dialog/popup.php?id=73643833580">866 admiradores</a></span><small><a href="http://www.facebook.com/social_graph.php?node_id=73643833580&class=FanManager" rel="dialog" ajaxify="/ajax/social_graph/dialog/popup.php?id=73643833580">Ver todos</a></small></h4><div id="app_content_2356318349" class="inside app_content_2356318349"><div id="profile_friends_box_inner_content" class="loaded_content"><div class="UIGridRenderer clearfix"><div class="UIGridRenderer_Row clearfix"><div class="UIPortrait_TALL"><a class="title" href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000185295957" rel="" title="Murt Kelly"><img class="UIProfileImage UIProfileImage_LARGE img" src="http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-sf2p/hs626.snc3/27454_100000185295957_6200_q.jpg" alt="Murt Kelly" /></a><div class="UIPortrait_Text"><a class="title" href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000185295957" rel="" title="Murt Kelly">Murt<wbr> Kelly</a></div></div><div class="UIPortrait_TALL"><span class="title"><img class="UIProfileImage UIProfileImage_LARGE img" src="http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-sf2p/hs270.snc3/23148_1287974483_5891_q.jpg" alt="Jonathan 'Groucho' Lawrence" /></span><div class="UIPortrait_Text"><a class="title" href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1287974483" rel="" title="Jonathan 'Groucho' Lawrence">Jonathan<wbr><span> 'Groucho</span><wbr><span class="word_break"></span>'<wbr> Lawrence</a></div></div><div class="UIGridRenderer_Last UIPortrait_TALL"><a class="title" href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000719302194" rel="" title="Vipassana Kin Sung"><img class="UIProfileImage UIProfileImage_LARGE img" src="http://static.ak.fbcdn.net/pics/q_silhouette.gif" alt="Vipassana Kin Sung" /></a><div class="UIPortrait_Text"><a class="title" href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000719302194" rel="" title="Vipassana Kin Sung"><span>Vipassan</span><wbr><span class="word_break"></span>a<wbr> Kin<wbr> Sung</a></div></div></div><div class="UIGridRenderer_Row clearfix"><div class="UIPortrait_TALL"><a class="title" href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000748491804" rel="" title="Toby Klein"><img class="UIProfileImage UIProfileImage_LARGE img" src="http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/v223/1354/117/q100000748491804_83.jpg" alt="Toby Klein" /></a><div class="UIPortrait_Text"><a class="title" href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000748491804" rel="" title="Toby Klein">Toby<wbr> Klein</a></div></div><div class="UIPortrait_TALL"><a class="title" href="http://www.facebook.com/teenagedirtbagkb" rel="" title="Katrina Brown"><img class="UIProfileImage UIProfileImage_LARGE img" src="http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-sf2p/hs260.snc3/23258_698455513_2887_q.jpg" alt="Katrina Brown" /></a><div class="UIPortrait_Text"><a class="title" href="http://www.facebook.com/teenagedirtbagkb" rel="" title="Katrina Brown">Katrina<wbr> Brown</a></div></div><div class="UIGridRenderer_Last UIPortrait_TALL"><span class="title"><img class="UIProfileImage UIProfileImage_LARGE img" src="http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/v224/1818/124/q100000104951173_8013.jpg" alt="Jack Pedone" /></span><div class="UIPortrait_Text"><a class="title" href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000104951173" rel="" title="Jack Pedone">Jack<wbr> Pedone</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="boxes_left_moveable"><div id="box_app_2305272732" class="box"><h5 class="box_header UITitle UITitle_h5">Fotos</h5><div class="app_custom_content "><h4 class="box_header clearfix"><span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/Buddhism/73643833580?v=photos">1 foto de un admirador</a></span></h4><h4 class="box_header clearfix"><small><a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/Buddhism/73643833580?v=photos">Ver todas</a></small></h4><div id="app_content_2305272732" class="inside app_content_2305272732"><div class="fan_photos content"><b></b><b>Enlaces trabajados</b><br /><br /><b>Category:Buddhism in the ancient Mediterranean</b><br /><br />2613JC - <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2613/Alexander_II_of_Epirus">Alexander II of_Epirus (2613)JC</a><br />2614JC - <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2614/Antigonus_II_Gonatas">Antigonus II Gonatas (2614)JC</a><br />2615JC - <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2615/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world">Buddhism and the Roman world (2615)JC</a><br />2616JC - <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2616/Edicts_of_Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka (2616)JC</a><br />2617JC - <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2617/Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism (2617)JC</a><br />2620JC - <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2620/Grecobudismo">Grecobudismo (2620)JC</a><br />2650JC - <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2650/Greco-Buddhist_monasticism">Greco-Buddhist monasticism (2650)JC</a><br />2651JC - <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2651/Magas_of_Cyrene">Magas of Cyrene (2651)JC</a><br />2653JC - <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2653/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus (2653)JC</a><br />2652JC - <a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2652/Third_Buddhist_council">Third Buddhist council (2652)JC</a><br />1905JC - <a class="itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1905">Category:Family of Gautama Buddha</a><br />1904JC - <a class="itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1904">Category:Gautama Buddha</a><br />1903JC - <a class="itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1903">Category:Yidams</a><br />1902JC - <a class="itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1902">Category:Lokapalas</a><br />1901JC - <a class="itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1901">Category:Dharmapalas</a><br />1900JC - <a class="itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1900">Category:Dakinis</a><br />1899JC - <a class="itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1899">Category:Buddhas</a><br />1898JC - <a class="itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1898">Category:Buddhist deities, bodhisattvas, and demons</a><br />1897JC - <a class="itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1897">Category:Bodhisattvas</a><br />1896JC - <a class="itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1896">Category:Buddhist deities, bodhisattvas, and demons</a><br /></div></div></div></div><br /><br /><br />635JC - <a linkindex="221" class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/635">CAPÍTULO I, CLASE 1 - INTRODUCCIÓN</a><br />634JC - <a linkindex="222" class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/634">CAPÍTULO I, CLASE 2 - DOS CLASES DE VERDAD</a><br />633JC - <a linkindex="223" class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/633">CAPÍTULO I, CLASE 4 - CONCIENCIAS SIN RAÍZ (AHETUKA-CITTA) </a><br />632JC - <a linkindex="224" class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/632">CAPÍTULO I, CLASE 5 - CONCIENCIAS HERMOSAS DE LA ESFERA DE LOS SENTIDOS</a><br />631JC - <a linkindex="225" class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/631">La Auto Transformación</a><br />630JC - <a linkindex="226" class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/630">ANURUDDHA - LOS OCHO PENSAMIENTOS DE UN GRAN HOMBRE</a><br />629JC - <a linkindex="227" class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/629">ALÌNACITTA JÀTAKA (156)</a><br />628JC - <a linkindex="228" class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/628">AKUSALA-CITTA - CONCIENCIAS INSANAS</a><br />627JC - <a linkindex="229" class="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/itemlink" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/627">ACINTEYYA SUTTA</a><br />14 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/diccionario-enciclopedico-adhu-agnaye-1.html">Adi-Buddha</a><br />14 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/tiered-of-been-passed-over-for-that.html">21 Taras</a><br />14 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/nero-9-reload.html">Amitayus Buddha [The three Long-life Deities]</a><br />14 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/adobe-photoshop-cs4-extended.html">The schools of Tibetan paintings</a><br />15 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/dhyani-buddhas.html">Dhyani Buddhas</a><br />15 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/ero-empowers.html">Thangka</a><br />15 feb 2010 - <a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/02/index-of-buddhism-related-articles.html">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a><br /><br /><ul class="posts"><li><a linkindex="6" href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/08/surgimiento-condicionado-pratitya.html">Surgimiento condicionado (pratîtya-samutpâda)</a></li><li><a linkindex="7" href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/08/noble-camino-octuple.html">Noble Camino Óctuple</a></li><li><a linkindex="8" 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href="http://www.facebook.com/ajax/social_graph/dialog/browse.php?class=LikeManager&node_id=107359691617&width=350">otras 6 personas más </a> les gusta esto. </div></div></div><div class="feed_comments"><div class="ufi_section UIImageBlock clearfix" id="comment_2025730716_107359691617_10729322"><span class="UIImageBlock_Image UIImageBlock_SMALL_Image"><img class="UIProfileImage UIProfileImage_SMALL img" src="http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-sf2p/hs270.snc3/23148_1287974483_5891_q.jpg" alt="Jonathan 'Groucho' Lawrence" /></span><div class="UIImageBlock_Content UIImageBlock_SMALL_Content"><div class="comment_text"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1287974483" class="comment_author">Jonathan 'Groucho' Lawrence</a> <div id="text_expose_id_4bbad826d0b3b28d77779" class="comment_actual_text">I like taoism too</div></div><div class="comment_actions">06 de febrero a las 7:55<br /><br /><a onclick="'return" type="7&cid=" rid="1287974483&cid2=" profile="73643833580&h=" e6696f6e71=""></a></div></div></div><div class="ufi_section UIImageBlock clearfix" id="comment_2025730716_107359691617_11336902"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/HOKKEKO.DANA" class="UIImageBlock_Image UIImageBlock_SMALL_Image" title="Dana Kilgore"><img class="UIProfileImage UIProfileImage_SMALL img" src="http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-sf2p/hs626.snc3/27450_100000729678033_770_q.jpg" alt="Dana Kilgore" /></a><div class="UIImageBlock_Content UIImageBlock_SMALL_Content"><div class="comment_text"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/HOKKEKO.DANA" class="comment_author">Dana Kilgore</a> <div id="text_expose_id_4bbad826d1467439cbd60" class="comment_actual_text">I like Nichiren ShoShu Buddhism!!!</div></div><div class="comment_actions">21 de febrero a las 7:25<br /><br /><a onclick="'return" type="7&cid=" rid="100000729678033&cid2=" profile="73643833580&h=" 58d180fd7e=""></a></div></div></div></div></div><input 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linkindex="82" class="mine" href="http://namochu.multiply.com/item/edit/namochu:photos:253+0?xurl=http%3A%2F%2Fnamochu.multiply.com%2Fphotos%2Falbum%2F253%2FTailandia_2009%3Freplies_read%3D5"></a><a linkindex="84" href="http://namochu.multiply.com/item/reply/namochu:photos:253+0?xurl=http%3A%2F%2Fnamochu.multiply.com%2Fphotos%2Falbum%2F253%2FTailandia_2009%3Freplies_read%3D5" class="reply_link" id="reply_link_namochu:photos:253+0" onclick="reply_to(event)"><br /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="replyboxstamp"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="85" href="http://www.blogger.com/">elagua</a> wrote on Jun 2010<br /><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Aprende a Meditar</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="86" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbNEjc-oFII" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.youtube.com</a></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="87" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbNEjc-oFII" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.youtube.com</a></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="88" href="http://atlantisyoga.blogspot.com/2010/03/pensamiento.html?spref=fb" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">atlantisyoga.blogspot.com</a></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="89" href="http://sentarseysentirse.blogspot.com/2010/01/para-adoptar-una-postura-en-la-que.html?spref=fb" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Curso de meditación</a></span><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="UIStoryAttachment_Caption"><span style="font-size:130%;">sentarseysentirse.blogspot.com<br /><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="UIStoryAttachment_Copy"><span style="font-size:130%;">Para adoptar una postura en la que realmente estés cómodo, tu primera necesidad es tener un cojín apropiado. Realmente, y debido a que cada persona es diferente, no existe un tipo de cojín normalizado ...<br /><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="UIStoryAttachment_Info"><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Title"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="90" href="http://atlantisyoga.blogspot.com/2010/02/gandhi-frasaes-diarias.html" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mente Iluminada: OM MANI PADME HUM</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Caption"><span style="font-size:130%;">atlantisyoga.blogspot.com<br /><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="UIStoryAttachment" id=""><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Info"><div class="UIStoryAttachment_BlockQuote"><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Title"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="91" href="http://sentarseysentirse.blogspot.com/" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Curso de meditación</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Caption"><span style="font-size:130%;">sentarseysentirse.blogspot.com<br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Copy"><span style="font-size:130%;">Una vez sentados en una postura correcta relajamos nuestro físico y nuestra mente y observamos nuestras inhalaciones y espiraciones.<br /><br /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="92" href="http://www.facebook.com/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pensamientoconsciente.com%2F%3Fp%3D2732" id="" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">MEDITACIONES CON DEDOS Y MANOS: LOS MUDRAS</a></span><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="UIStoryAttachment_Info"><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Title"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="93" href="http://www.keephd.com/watch?v=0YEq3St7CGs" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Om Mani Padme Hum - KeepHD</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Caption"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="94" href="http://www.keephd.com/" class="smarterwiki-linkify">www.keephd.com</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Copy"><span style="font-size:130%;">Om Mani Padme Hum<br /><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="UIStoryAttachment_Info"><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Title"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="95" href="http://www.keephd.com/watch?v=XlRLeyuwK-o" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">AMOR a través de las manos. - ENYA. -Water Shows the Hidden Heart. - KeepHD</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Caption"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="96" href="http://www.keephd.com/" class="smarterwiki-linkify">www.keephd.com</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Copy"><span style="font-size:130%;">Las manos pueden expresar tu amor. Imágenes: anna serrat. - <a linkindex="97" href="http://www.annaserrat.com/" class="smarterwiki-linkify">www.annaserrat.com</a> Música: Enya<br /><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="UIStoryAttachment" id=""><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Info"><div class="UIStoryAttachment_BlockQuote"><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Title"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="98" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVA9O9vLcsU" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.youtube.com</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Caption"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="99" href="http://www.youtube.com/" class="smarterwiki-linkify">www.youtube.com</a><br /><br /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="UIStoryAttachment_Info"><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Title"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="100" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVA9O9vLcsU" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">El poder de lo simple.</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Caption"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="101" href="http://www.youtube.com/" class="smarterwiki-linkify">www.youtube.com</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Copy"><span style="font-size:130%;">Todos los textos del vídeo se han extraído del libro El poder de lo simple, de Enrique Mariscal. Música: Gladiator. Now we are free. Imágenes: Anna Serrat<br /><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="UIStoryAttachment_Info"><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Title"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="102" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sBgnZaZFTs" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hablando de emociones...</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Caption"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="103" href="http://www.youtube.com/" class="smarterwiki-linkify">www.youtube.com</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Copy"><span style="font-size:130%;">El amor lleva a la vida; el miedo a la muerte. Música: Enya & Yanni. Yanni live at the acropolis. Imágenes y realización: anna serrat</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="UIStoryAttachment_Info"><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Title"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="104" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17jymDn0W6U" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Known Universe by AMNH</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Caption"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="105" href="http://www.youtube.com/" class="smarterwiki-linkify">www.youtube.com</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Copy"><span style="font-size:130%;">The Known Universe takes viewers from the Himalayas through our atmosphere and the inky black of space to the afterglow of the Big Bang. Every star, planet, and quasar seen in the film is possible because ...<br /><br /></span><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Info"><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Title"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="106" href="http://www.sacredcenters.com/" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sacred Centers - Home - Pathways for Personal and Global Transformation - Chakras, Videos, Workshops</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Caption"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a linkindex="107" href="http://www.sacredcenters.com/" class="smarterwiki-linkify">www.sacredcenters.com</a><br /><br /></span></div><div class="UIStoryAttachment_Copy"><span style="font-size:130%;">Sacred Centers presents Anodea Judith's evolution of ancient chakra system into modern Western psychology, somatic therapy and yoga practice. Her books, tapes, CDs and DVD offer practical body/mind insights, while her articles and book in progress, Waking the Global Heart, bring chakra theory home. ...</span></div></div><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></div></div><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><a linkindex="108" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ad3gGFLZ1I" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Naked in Ashes, Desnudo en Cenizas 1/11</a><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Film about Khumba Mela 2004, Hindu religion and Sadhu life in India. Película acerca de la Kumbha Mela 2004, la religión hindú y la vida de los sadus en India. <a linkindex="109" href="http://www.paradisefilmworks.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.paradisefilmworks.com/</a></span><br /></div><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><a linkindex="110" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=158AWXhDdZI&feature=autofb" id="" rel="nofollow">White Tara (Long Life) Mantra</a><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Tibetan Buddhist Mantra - White Tara is an emanation of Goddess Tara who has the power of granting Longevity. She is also the special Goddess who helps devotees in overcoming life's obstacles. Mantra chanted by Khenpo Pema Chopel Rinpoche, from ...</span><br /></div><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><a linkindex="111" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6MJyB4AiJs" id="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">La vida es ahora - Eckhart Tolle</a><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Este material puede cambiar tu manera de vivir. Espero que puedas relajarte y escuchar con atención ya que el contenido de este video es todo cuanto necesitamos para poder liberarnos del aprisionamiento mental y del sufrimiento que el pensamiento nos inflinge. ... </span><br /></div><br /><br /><h3 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Fuentes - Fonts</h3><br><br><br><a linkindex="59" class="object_link" title="SOUV2P.TTF" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2P.TTF">SOUV2P.TTF</a> - <span class="file_size">57 KB</span><br><a linkindex="61" class="object_link" title="SOUV2I.TTF" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2I.TTF">SOUV2I.TTF</a> - <span class="file_size">59 KB</span><br><div><font size="3"><a linkindex="63" class="object_link" title="SOUV2B.TTF" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2B.TTF">SOUV2B.TTF</a> - <span class="file_size">56 KB</span></font></div><font size="3"><a linkindex="65" class="object_link" title="bai_____.ttf" 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href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3743">OBRAS y AUTORES CLÁSICOS</a></li><li><a linkindex="204" href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/278/Agradecimientos">Agradecimientos</a></li><li><a linkindex="205" rel="bookmark" href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/492/Cuadro_General">Cuadro General</a></li></ul><br /><table><tbody><tr align="center"><th><a linkindex="207" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1428" style="color: white;">Conceptos Hinduistas (1428)SC</a></th></tr><tr><td><div style="text-align:Justify;"><a linkindex="208" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3256/CategoryHindu_mythology">Category:Hindu (mythology) (3256)SC</a> | <a linkindex="209" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3270/CategoryHindu_mythology">Category:Hindu mythology (3270)SC</a> | <a linkindex="210" rel="bookmark" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3288/">Categoría:Mitología hindú (3288)SC (indice)</a> | <a linkindex="211" rel="bookmark" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3289/">Categoría:Mitología hindú (videos) (3289)SC</a> | <a linkindex="212" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3294/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_SK_y_SC_con_videos">Conceptos Hinduista (A - G) SK y SC (videos) (3294)SC</a><br><br /><a linkindex="213" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2528/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aa_-_Anc">Aa-Anc</a> · <a linkindex="214" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2907/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aga_-_Ahy">Aga - Ahy</a> · <a linkindex="215" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2908/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ai_-_Akshay">Ai - Akshay</a> · <a linkindex="216" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2909/Categoria_Hinduismo_Akshe_-_Amshum">Akshe - Amshum</a> · <a linkindex="217" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2910/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ana_-_Ancie">Ana - Ancie</a> · <a linkindex="218" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ag_-_Az">Ang - Asvayu</a> · <a linkindex="219" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2911/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ata_-_Az">Ata - Az</a> · <a linkindex="220" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1660/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_B_-">Baa-Baz</a> · <a linkindex="221" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bhak">Be-Bhak</a> · <a linkindex="222" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2912/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bu">Bhal-Bu</a> · <a linkindex="223" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_C">C</a> · <a linkindex="224" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1677/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Daz">Daa-Daz</a> · <a linkindex="225" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2913/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">De</a> · <a linkindex="226" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2914/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Dha_-_Dry">Dha-Dry</a> · <a linkindex="227" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2915/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Du_-_Dy">Du-Dy </a> · <a linkindex="228" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1777/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_E">E</a> · <a linkindex="229" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1779/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_F">F</a> · <a linkindex="230" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gayu">Gaa-Gayu</a> · <a linkindex="231" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2916/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gy">Ge-Gy</a> · <a linkindex="232" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1679/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ha_-_He">Ha-He</a> · <a linkindex="233" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2917/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hi_-_Hy">Hi-Hy</a> · <a linkindex="234" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1741/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_I">I</a> · <a linkindex="235" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1681/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_J">J</a> · <a linkindex="236" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1683/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_K">K</a> · <a linkindex="237" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2698/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ka_-_Kam">Ka - Kam</a> · <a linkindex="238" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kan-Khatu">Kan - Khatu</a> · <a linkindex="239" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2700/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ki_-_Ko">Ki - Ko</a> · <a linkindex="240" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2701/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr_-_Ku">Kr - Ku</a> · <a linkindex="241" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1774/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Relgiosos_en_General_-_L">L</a> · <a linkindex="242" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1685/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_M">M</a> · <a linkindex="243" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1709/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_N">N</a> · <a linkindex="244" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1775/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_O">O</a> · <a linkindex="245" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_P">P</a> · <a linkindex="246" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1773/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_R">R</a> · <a linkindex="247" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_S">S</a> · <a linkindex="248" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2687/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_San">Saa-San</a> · <a linkindex="249" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sap_-_Shy">Sap-Shy</a> · <a linkindex="250" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Si_-_Sy">Si-Sy</a> · <a linkindex="251" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1755/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ta_-_Te">Ta - Te</a> · <a linkindex="252" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1716/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_U">U</a> · <a linkindex="253" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_V">V</a> · <a linkindex="254" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2957/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ve_-_Vy">Ve-Vy</a> · <a linkindex="255" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1776/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Y">Y</a> · <a linkindex="256" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1778/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Z">Z</a></div></td></tr></table><br /><table><tbody><tr align="center"><th><a linkindex="257" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2919" style="color: white;">Conceptos Hinduistas (2919)SK</a> · <a linkindex="258" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2592/Pagina_Principal" style="color: white;">(2592)SK</a></th></tr><tr><td><div style="text-align: justify;"><a linkindex="259" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/459/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Aa_-_Ag">A<sub>a</sub>-A<sub>g</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="260" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/460/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ah_-_Am">A<sub>h</sub>-A<sub>m</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="261" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/461/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_An_-_Ar">A<sub>na</sub>-A<sub>nc</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="262" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2127/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ang_-_Anu">A<sub>nd</sub>-A<sub>nu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="263" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2128/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ap_-_Ar">A<sub>p</sub>-A<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="264" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/462/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_As_-_Az">A<sub>s</sub>-A<sub>x</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="265" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1972/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ay_-_Az">A<sub>y</sub>-A<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="266" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/519/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Baa_-_Ban">B<sub>aa</sub>-B<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="267" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/520/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bar_-_Bas">B<sub>ar</sub>-B<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="268" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/521/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bh">B<sub>e</sub>-B<sub>hak</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="269" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2067/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bhy">B<sub>hal</sub>-B<sub>hy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="270" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/522/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bo_-_Bu">B<sub>o</sub>-B<sub>u</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="271" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2443/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bra">B<sub>ra</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="272" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3166/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Brh_-_Bry">B<sub>rh</sub>-B<sub>ry</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="273" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2445/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bu_-_Bz">B<sub>u</sub>-B<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="274" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/612/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Caa_-_Can">C<sub>aa</sub>-C<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="275" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/613/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Car_-_Cas">C<sub>ar</sub>-C<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="276" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/614/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ce_-_Ch">C<sub>e</sub>-C<sub>ha</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="277" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2437/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Che_-_Chi">C<sub>he</sub>-C<sub>hi</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="278" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Cho_-_Chu">C<sub>ho</sub>-C<sub>hu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="279" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ci_-_Cn">C<sub>i</sub>-C<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="280" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/615/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Co_-_Cy">C<sub>o</sub>-C<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="281" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/526/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Dan">D<sub>aa</sub>-D<sub>an</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="282" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/527/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dar_-_Das">D<sub>ar</sub>-D<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="283" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/528/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">D<sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="284" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3167/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dha_-_Dny">D<sub>ha</sub>-D<sub>ny</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="285" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Do_-_Du">D<sub>o</sub>-D<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="286" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1432/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ea_-_En">E<sub>a</sub>-E<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="287" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1433/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ep_-_Ez">E<sub>p</sub>-E<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="288" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1484/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Faa_-_Fy">F<sub>aa</sub>-F<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="289" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gan">G<sub>aa</sub>-G<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="290" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gar_-_Gas">G<sub>ar</sub>-G<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="291" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gi">G<sub>e</sub>-G<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="292" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/691/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Go_-_Gy">G<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="293" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3170/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gra_-_Gy">G<sub>ra</sub>-G<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="294" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Haa_-_Han">H<sub>aa</sub>-H<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="295" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/660/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Har_-_Has">H<sub>ar</sub>-H<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="296" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_He_-_Hi">H<sub>e</sub>-H<sub>indk</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="297" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3171/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hindu_-_Histo">H<sub>indu</sub>-H<sub>isto</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="298" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ho_-_Hy">H<sub>o</sub>-H<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="299" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/609/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ia_-_In">I<sub>a</sub>-I<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="300" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/610/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ir_-_Is">I<sub>r</sub>-I<sub>s</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="301" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/611/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_It_-_Iy">I<sub>t</sub>-I<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="302" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jaa_-_Jaq">J<sub>aa</sub>-J<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="303" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jar_-_Jay">J<sub>ar</sub>-J<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="304" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Je_-_Jn">J<sub>e</sub>-J<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="305" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jo_-_Jy">J<sub>o</sub>-J<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="306" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kaa_-_Kan">K<sub>aa</sub>-K<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="307" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kar_-_Kas">K<sub>ar</sub>-K<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="308" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ke_-_Kh">K<sub>e</sub>-K<sub>h</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="309" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ko_-_Ku">K<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="310" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2331/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr">K<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="311" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2333/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ku_-_Kz">K<sub>u</sub> - K<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="312" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1489/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Laa_-_Laq">L<sub>aa</sub>-L<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="313" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1490/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lar_-_Lay">L<sub>ar</sub>-L<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="314" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1491/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Le_-_Ln">L<sub>e</sub>-L<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="315" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1492/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lo_-_Ly">L<sub>o</sub>-L<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="316" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/599/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ma_-_Man">M<sub>aa</sub>-M<sub>ag</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="317" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2083/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mah">M<sub>ah</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="318" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2084/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mai_-_Maj">M<sub>ai</sub>-M<sub>aj</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="319" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2085/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mak_-_Maq">M<sub>ak</sub>-M<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="320" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/600/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mar_-_Mas">M<sub>ar</sub>-M<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="321" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/601/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Me_-_Mi">M<sub>b</sub>-M<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="322" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/602/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mo_-_My">M<sub>o</sub>-M<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="323" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Naa_-_Naq">N<sub>aa</sub>-N<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="324" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Nar_-_Nay">N<sub>ar</sub>-N<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="325" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1440/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ne_-_Nn">N<sub>b</sub>-N<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="326" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1441/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_No_-_Ny">N<sub>o</sub>-N<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="327" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1502/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Oaa_-_Oz">O<sub>a</sub>-O<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="328" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/649">P<sub>aa</sub>-P<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="329" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/650/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Par_-_Pas">P<sub>ar</sub>-P<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="330" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/651/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Pe_-_Ph">P<sub>e</sub>-P<sub>h</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="331" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/652/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Po_-_Py">P<sub>o</sub>-P<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="332" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2607/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Raa_-_Raq">R<sub>aa</sub>-R<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><!-- <a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/984/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Raa_-_Raq">R<sub>aa</sub>-R<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> --> <a linkindex="333" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/985/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Rar_-_Rn">R<sub>ar</sub>-R<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="334" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/986/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Re_-_Rn">R<sub>e</sub>-R<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="335" 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style="font-size:130%;"><em>For more detailed information, have a look at the <a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/videos.htm">video-series of the Life of Ajahn Chah</a>. </em></span> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/07bb.jpg" alt="Ajahn Chah meditating." align="right" border="2" height="375" hspace="15" vspace="15" width="265" /> Venerable Ajahn Chah (Phra Bodhiñāna Thera) was born into a typical farming family in a rural village in the province of Ubon Rachathani, N.E. Thailand, on June 17, 1918. He lived the first part of his life as any other youngster in rural Thailand, and, following the custom, took ordination as a novice in the local village monastery for three years, where he learned to read and write, in addition to studying some basic Buddhist teachings. After this he returned to the lay life to help his parents, but, feeling an attraction to the monastic life, at the age of twenty (on April 26, 1939) he again entered a monastery, this time for higher ordination as a bhikkhu, or Buddhist monk. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"> He spent the first few years of his bhikkhu life studying some basic Dhamma, discipline, Pāli language and scriptures, but the death of his father awakened him to the transience of life. It caused him to think deeply about life's real purpose, for although he had studied extensively and gained some proficiency in Pāli, he seemed no nearer to a personal understanding of the end of suffering. Feelings of disenchantment set in, and a desire to find the real essence of the Buddha's teaching arose. Finally (in 1946) he abandoned his studies and set off on mendicant pilgrimage. He walked some 400 km to Central Thailand, sleeping in forests and gathering almsfood in the villages on the way. He took up residence in a monastery where the vinaya (monastic discipline) was carefully studied and practiced. While there he was told about Venerable Ajahn Mun Bhuridatto, a most highly respected Meditation Master. Keen to meet such an accomplished teacher, Ajahn Chah set off on foot for the Northeast in search of him. He began to travel to other monasteries, studying the monastic discipline in detail and spending a short but enlightening period with Venerable Ajahn Mun, the most outstanding Thai forest meditation master of this century. At this time Ajahn Chah was wrestling with a crucial problem. He had studied the teachings on morality, meditation and wisdom, which the texts presented in minute and refined detail, but he could not see how they could actually be put into practice. Ajahn Mun told him that although the teachings are indeed extensive, at their heart they are very simple. With mindfulness established, if it is seen that everything arises in the heart-mind: right there is the true path of practice. This succinct and direct teaching was a revelation for Ajahn Chah, and transformed his approach to practice. The Way was clear. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">For the next seven years Ajahn Chah practiced in the style of an ascetic monk in the austere Forest Tradition, spending his time in forests, caves and cremation grounds, ideal places for developing meditation practice. He wandered through the countryside in quest of quiet and secluded places for developing meditation. He lived in tiger and cobra infested jungles, using reflections on death to penetrate to the true meaning of life. On one occasion he practiced in a cremation ground, to challenge and eventually overcome his fear of death. Then, as he sat cold and drenched in a rainstorm, he faced the utter desolation and loneliness of a homeless monk. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/01ac.jpg" alt="Ajahn Chah sweeping" align="right" border="2" height="246" hspace="15" vspace="15" width="352" />After many years of travel and practice, he was invited to settle in a thick forest grove near the village of his birth. This grove was uninhabited, known as a place of cobras, tigers and ghosts, thus being as he said, the perfect location for a forest monk. Venerable Ajahn Chah's impeccable approach to meditation, or Dhamma practice, and his simple, direct style of teaching, with the emphasis on practical application and a balanced attitude, began to attract a large following of monks and lay people. Thus a large monastery formed around Ajahn Chah as more and more monks, nuns and lay-people came to hear his teachings and stay on to practice with him. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"> Ajahn Chah's simple yet profound style of teaching has a special appeal to Westerners, and many have come to study and practice with him, quite a few for many years. In 1966 the first westerner came to stay at Wat Nong Pah Pong, Venerable Sumedho Bhikkhu. The newly ordained Venerable Sumedho had just spent his first vassa ('Rains' retreat) practicing intensive meditation at a monastery near the Laotian border. Although his efforts had borne some fruit, Venerable Sumedho realized that he needed a teacher who could train him in all aspects of monastic life. By chance, one of Ajahn Chah's monks, one who happened to speak a little English visited the monastery where Venerable Sumedho was staying. Upon hearing about Ajahn Chah, he asked to take leave of his preceptor, and went back to Wat Nong Pah Pong with the monk. Ajahn Chah willingly accepted the new disciple, but insisted that he receive no special allowances for being a Westerner. He would have to eat the same simple almsfood and practice in the same way as any other monk at Wat Nong Pah Pong. The training there was quite harsh and forbidding. Ajahn Chah often pushed his monks to their limits, to test their powers of endurance so that they would develop patience and resolution. He sometimes initiated long and seemingly pointless work projects, in order to frustrate their attachment to tranquility. The emphasis was always on surrender to the way things are, and great stress was placed upon strict observance of the vinaya. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/06abb.jpg" alt="Ajahn Chah with three first western monk-disciples." align="right" border="2" height="376" hspace="15" vspace="15" width="261" />From that time on, the number of foreign people who came to Ajahn Chah began to steadily increase. By the time Venerable Sumedho was a monk of five vassas, and Ajahn Chah considered him competent enough to teach, some of these new monks had also decided to stay on and train there. In the hot season of 1975, Venerable Sumedho and a handful of Western bhikkhus spent some time living in a forest not far from Wat Nong Pah Pong. The local villagers there asked them to stay on, and Ajahn Chah consented. The Wat Pah Nanachat ('International Forest Monastery') came into being, and Venerable Sumedho became the abbot of the first monastery in Thailand to be run by and for English-speaking monks. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">In 1977, Ajahn Chah and Ajahn Sumedho were invited to visit Britain by the English Sangha Trust, a charity with the aim of establishing a locally-resident Buddhist Sangha. Seeing the serious interest there, Ajahn Chah left Ajahn Sumedho (with two of his other Western disciples who were then visiting Europe) in London at the Hampstead Vihara. He returned to Britain in 1979, at which time the monks were leaving London to begin Chithurst Buddhist Monastery in Sussex. He then went on to America and Canada to visit and teach. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">In 1980 Venerable Ajahn Chah began to feel more accutely the symptoms of dizziness and memory lapse which had plagued him for some years. In 1980 and 1981, Ajahn Chah spent the 'rains retreat' away from Wat Nong Pah Pong, since his health was failing due to the debilitating effects of diabetes. As his illness worsened, he would use his body as a teaching, a living example of the impermanence of all things. He constantly reminded people to endeavor to find a true refuge within themselves, since he would not be able to teach for very much longer. This led to an operation in 1981, which, however, failed to reverse the onset of the paralysis which eventually rendered him completely bedridden and unable to speak. This did not stop the growth of monks and lay people who came to practise at his monastery, however, for whom the teachings of Ajahn Chah were a constant guide and inspiration. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"> After remaining bedridden and silent for an amazing ten years, carefully tended by his monks and novices, Venerable Ajahn Chah passed away on the 16th of January, 1992, at the age of 74, leaving behind a thriving community of monasteries and lay suporters in Thailand, England, Switzerland, Italy, France, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the U.S.A, where the practise of the Buddha's teachings continues under the inspiration of this great meditation teacher. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"> Although Ajahn Chah passed away in 1992, the training which he established is still carried on at Wat Nong Pah Pong and its branch monasteries, of which there are currently more than two hundred in Thailand. Discipline is strict, enabling one to lead a simple and pure life in a harmoniously regulated community where virtue, meditation and understanding may be skillfully and continuously cultivated. There is usually group meditation twice a day and sometimes a talk by the senior teacher, but the heart of the meditation is the way of life. The monastics do manual work, dye and sew their own robes, make most of their own requisites and keep the monastery buildings and grounds in immaculate shape. They live extremely simply following the ascetic precepts of eating once a day from the almsbowl and limiting their possessions and robes. Scattered throughout the forest are individual huts where monks and nuns live and meditate in solitude, and where they practice walking meditation on cleared paths under the trees. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size:130%;"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/03ab.jpg" alt="Ajahn Chah" align="right" border="2" height="226" hspace="15" vspace="15" width="325" />Wisdom is a way of living and being, and Ajahn Chah has endeavored to preserve the simple monastic life-style in order that people may study and practice the Dhamma in the present day. Ajahn Chah's wonderfully simple style of teaching can be deceptive. It is often only after we have heard something many times that suddenly our minds are ripe and somehow the teaching takes on a much deeper meaning. His skillful means in tailoring his explanations of Dhamma to time and place, and to the understanding and sensitivity of his audience, was marvelous to see. Sometimes on paper though, it can make him seem inconsistent or even self-contradictory! At such times the reader should remember that these words are a record of a living experience. Similarly, if the teachings may seem to vary at times from tradition, it should be borne in mind that the Venerable Ajahn spoke always from the heart, from the depths of his own meditative experience. </span></p> <div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/lotus.gif" alt="Image lotus" align="bottom" border="0" height="29" width="32" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><p style="text-align: center;"> <!-- DO NOT EDIT BELOW HERE --> </p><div style="text-align: center;"> Contents: <a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/copyright.php">© Wat Nong Pah Pong</a>, 2007 | Last update: March 2008<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><div align="center"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="style6"><em></em></span></span><br /><div style="float: left; padding: 0.4em;"> <div class="channel-title outer-box-color" style="padding: 9px 0pt 0pt;" id="channel_base_title"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/GyatsoJack">Canal de GyatsoJack</a></div> </div><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="style6"><em></em></span></span></div><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="style6"><em> </em></span></span></p> </div> <br /><div class="content"> <div class="playnav-video-thumb link-as-border-color"> <a class="video-thumb-90 no-quicklist" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQtZ5C3jLmc" onclick="playnav.playVideo('uploads-all','0','tQtZ5C3jLmc');return false;"><img title="Sacred Buddhist Malas.ORG, A Non-Profit Educational Foundation for Tibetan refugees." src="http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/tQtZ5C3jLmc/default.jpg" class="vimg90 yt-uix-hovercard-target" alt="Sacred Buddhist Malas.ORG, A Non-Profit Educational Foundation for Tibetan refugees." /></a><br /><a class="video-thumb-90 no-quicklist" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQtZ5C3jLmc" onclick="playnav.playVideo('uploads-all','0','tQtZ5C3jLmc');return false;"><span id="video-run-time-tQtZ5C3jLmc" class="video-time"><span>6:02</span></span></a> </div> <div class="playnav-video-info"> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQtZ5C3jLmc" class="playnav-item-title ellipsis" onclick="playnav.playVideo('uploads-all','0','tQtZ5C3jLmc');return false;" id="playnav-video-title-play-uploads-all-0-tQtZ5C3jLmc"><span>Sacred Buddhist Malas.ORG, A Non-Profit Educational Foundation for Tibetan refugees.</span></a> <div class="metadata"> <br /><br /></div> <div style="display: none;" id="playnav-video-play-uploads-all-0">tQtZ5C3jLmc</div> </div> </div> <div style="display: none;" class="encryptedVideoId">0bc9sbtMl2s</div> <div class="playnav-video-thumb link-as-border-color"> <a class="video-thumb-90 no-quicklist" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bc9sbtMl2s" onclick="playnav.playVideo('uploads-all','1','0bc9sbtMl2s');return false;"><img title="Sacred Buddhist Malas" src="http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/0bc9sbtMl2s/default.jpg" class="vimg90 yt-uix-hovercard-target" alt="Sacred Buddhist Malas" /></a><br /><a class="video-thumb-90 no-quicklist" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bc9sbtMl2s" onclick="playnav.playVideo('uploads-all','1','0bc9sbtMl2s');return false;"><span id="video-run-time-0bc9sbtMl2s" class="video-time"><span>6:43</span></span></a> </div> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bc9sbtMl2s" class="playnav-item-title ellipsis" onclick="playnav.playVideo('uploads-all','1','0bc9sbtMl2s');return false;" id="playnav-video-title-play-uploads-all-1-0bc9sbtMl2s"><span>Sacred Buddhist Malas</span></a> <div class="metadata"> <br /><br /></div><h2 style="color: rgb(255, 204, 51);"><span style="font-size:100%;">Sacred Buddhist Malas.ORG, A Non-Profit Educational Foundation for Tibetan refugees</span></h2><br /><br /><object height="385" width="480"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/tQtZ5C3jLmc&hl=es_ES&fs=1&"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/tQtZ5C3jLmc&hl=es_ES&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="385" width="480"></embed></object><br /><br /><p class="style4" align="justify"><br /></p><p class="style4" align="justify">My goal at SBM's Educational Foundation is to support the cross germination of knowledge from the Buddhist East to the Buddhist West. I'll start by sponsoring young monks to aid in their monastic educations. This can be done by sending $20.00 a month per student. Soon funds will increase by the purchase of any Mala or by direct donation from my web site, and then we can begin help to The Tibetan refugees in their assimilation to their new homes in India and Nepal to help preserve their rich culture. I also hope to help guide, encourage and financially aid altruistic westerners to go to India, and help teach the Monks and refugees English and The Sciences while learning and preserving their ancient Tibetan Buddhist traditions. Ultimately these young Bodhisattvas will bring these millennial old traditions of mind-training, mindfulness, compassion and equanimity to the rest of us. To a world that needs it now more then ever. I believe that there is a real sense of urgency to change our "Body, Speech, and minds" and to act with compassion. YOU can help! Remember even if you're not in the market for a mala for yourself or as a gift at this very moment, you can still give by donating directly from my site. WWW.SacredBuddhistMalas.ORG "Helping To Teach Buddhist Students To Become Teachers, And Teach Buddhist Teachers To Become Students.</p><p class="style4" align="justify"><br />I dedicate this en devour to The lord of Flawless Wisdom, Manjushri. And the best teacher and learner of the Dharma Je Tsongkhapa.</p><p class="style4" align="justify"><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="style6"><em>Video Series:</em></span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="style6"><em>Biography of Ajahn Chah<br /><br /></em></span></span></div><p class="style4" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">In this series of videos, Ajahn Jayasaro speaks about the life of Ajahn Chah. Ajahn Jayasaro is an English disciple of Ajahn Chah, and the writer of Ajahn Chah's biography in Thai language. The videos are recorded and published by <a href="http://dhammatube.googlepages.com/">Dhammatube</a>, and highly recommended. (<a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/index.htm"><em>back to main menu</em></a>)</span></p> <span style="font-size:130%;"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pictures/smile.jpg" alt="Ajahn Chah - smiling in the Forest" align="right" border="2" height="170" hspace="8" width="244" /></span> <div align="left"> <ul class="style4" type="disc"><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/videoi.php">Introduction</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video1.php">1. Childhood of Ajahn Chah</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video2.php">2. School</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video3.php">3. Teenage Love</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video4.php">4. Early Monkhood</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video5.php">5. Village Monastery</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video6.php">6. Becoming a Forest Monk</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video7.php">7. Tudong</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video8.php">8. Journeyman</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video9.php">9. Shift in Faith</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video10.php">10. History of the Forest Tradition</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video11.php">11. Uniqueness of Ajahn Mun</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video12.php">12. Intelligent Shame</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video13.php">13. More Aspects of the Ajahn Mun Visit</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video14.php">14. Dealing with Fear - Wild Dogs</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video15.php">15. Dealing with Fear - Ghosts</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video16.php">16. Meeting LP Kinnari</a><span class="biography"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/07bb.jpg" alt="Ajahn Chah meditating." align="right" border="2" height="282" hspace="15" vspace="15" width="199" /></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video17.php">17. Meditation & Temptation</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video18.php">18. Eccentric Luang Por Tongrat</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video19.php">19. Struggles - Robes</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video20.php">20. Struggles - Sexual Desire</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video21.php">21. Struggles - Animals</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video22.php">22. Meditation Breakthrough</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video23.php">23. Tudong insights</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video24.php">24. His Style of Teaching</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video25.php">25. Mind Reading Ability</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video26.php">26. Dedicated Attitude</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video27.php">27. Monastic Transgression</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video28.php">28. Disenchantment</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video29.php">29. Breaking through Perceptions</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video30.php">30. Prophetic Dreams</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video31.php">31. Tough Practices</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video36.php">36. Arriving at Pah Pong Forest</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video37.php">37. Establishing Wat Nong Pah Pong</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video38.php">38. Austere conditions at early Wat Nong Pah Pong</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video39.php">39. A hungry young man</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video40.php">40. Dealing with disease</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video41.php">41. Discipline at Wat Nong Pah Pong</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video42.php">42. Hugging a forest monk</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video43.php">43. Talking about enlightenment</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video44.php">44. How attained was Ajahn Chah?</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video-sources.php">Sources of the Biography</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/video/video-sources2.php">Sources of the Biography - continued</a></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:130%;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="style4">Other Videos:</span></span></p> <ul class="style4" type="disc"><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.watnongpahpong.org/videomfw.php">The Mindful Way</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.watnongpahpong.org/videobcs.php">The Buddha Comes to Sussex</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><a linkindex="202" href="http://elagua.multiply.com/journal/item/25">Página PRINCIPAL</a><br /><br /><a linkindex="203" 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linkindex="245" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_P">P</a> · <a linkindex="246" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1773/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_R">R</a> · <a linkindex="247" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_S">S</a> · <a linkindex="248" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2687/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_San">Saa-San</a> · <a linkindex="249" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sap_-_Shy">Sap-Shy</a> · <a linkindex="250" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Si_-_Sy">Si-Sy</a> · <a linkindex="251" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1755/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ta_-_Te">Ta - Te</a> · <a linkindex="252" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1716/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_U">U</a> · <a linkindex="253" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_V">V</a> · <a linkindex="254" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2957/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ve_-_Vy">Ve-Vy</a> · <a linkindex="255" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1776/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Y">Y</a> · <a linkindex="256" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1778/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Z">Z</a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /><br /><table id="collapsibleTable0" class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="margin: auto; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; -moz-background-size: auto auto; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <tbody><tr style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); background-color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"> <th colspan="1" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"><a linkindex="257" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2919">Conceptos Hinduistas (2919)SK</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> |</span><a linkindex="258" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2592/Pagina_Principal"> (2592)SK</a><br /></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 92%; background-color: transparent;"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a linkindex="259" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/459/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Aa_-_Ag">A<sub>a</sub>-A<sub>g</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="260" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/460/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ah_-_Am">A<sub>h</sub>-A<sub>m</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="261" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/461/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_An_-_Ar">A<sub>na</sub>-A<sub>nc</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="262" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2127/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ang_-_Anu">A<sub>nd</sub>-A<sub>nu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="263" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2128/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ap_-_Ar">A<sub>p</sub>-A<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="264" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/462/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_As_-_Az">A<sub>s</sub>-A<sub>x</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="265" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1972/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ay_-_Az">A<sub>y</sub>-A<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="266" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/519/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Baa_-_Ban">B<sub>aa</sub>-B<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="267" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/520/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bar_-_Bas">B<sub>ar</sub>-B<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="268" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/521/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bh">B<sub>e</sub>-B<sub>hak</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="269" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2067/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bhy">B<sub>hal</sub>-B<sub>hy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="270" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/522/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bo_-_Bu">B<sub>o</sub>-B<sub>u</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="271" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2443/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bra">B<sub>ra</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="272" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3166/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Brh_-_Bry">B<sub>rh</sub>-B<sub>ry</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="273" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2445/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bu_-_Bz">B<sub>u</sub>-B<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="274" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/612/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Caa_-_Can">C<sub>aa</sub>-C<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="275" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/613/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Car_-_Cas">C<sub>ar</sub>-C<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="276" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/614/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ce_-_Ch">C<sub>e</sub>-C<sub>ha</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="277" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2437/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Che_-_Chi">C<sub>he</sub>-C<sub>hi</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="278" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Cho_-_Chu">C<sub>ho</sub>-C<sub>hu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="279" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ci_-_Cn">C<sub>i</sub>-C<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="280" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/615/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Co_-_Cy">C<sub>o</sub>-C<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="281" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/526/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Dan">D<sub>aa</sub>-D<sub>an</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="282" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/527/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dar_-_Das">D<sub>ar</sub>-D<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="283" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/528/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">D<sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="284" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3167/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dha_-_Dny">D<sub>ha</sub>-D<sub>ny</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="285" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Do_-_Du">D<sub>o</sub>-D<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="286" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1432/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ea_-_En">E<sub>a</sub>-E<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="287" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1433/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ep_-_Ez">E<sub>p</sub>-E<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="288" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1484/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Faa_-_Fy">F<sub>aa</sub>-F<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="289" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gan">G<sub>aa</sub>-G<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="290" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gar_-_Gas">G<sub>ar</sub>-G<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="291" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gi">G<sub>e</sub>-G<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="292" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/691/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Go_-_Gy">G<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="293" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3170/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gra_-_Gy">G<sub>ra</sub>-G<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="294" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Haa_-_Han">H<sub>aa</sub>-H<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="295" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/660/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Har_-_Has">H<sub>ar</sub>-H<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="296" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_He_-_Hi">H<sub>e</sub>-H<sub>indk</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="297" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3171/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hindu_-_Histo">H<sub>indu</sub>-H<sub>isto</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="298" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ho_-_Hy">H<sub>o</sub>-H<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="299" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/609/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ia_-_In">I<sub>a</sub>-I<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="300" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/610/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ir_-_Is">I<sub>r</sub>-I<sub>s</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="301" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/611/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_It_-_Iy">I<sub>t</sub>-I<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="302" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jaa_-_Jaq">J<sub>aa</sub>-J<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="303" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jar_-_Jay">J<sub>ar</sub>-J<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="304" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Je_-_Jn">J<sub>e</sub>-J<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="305" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jo_-_Jy">J<sub>o</sub>-J<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="306" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kaa_-_Kan">K<sub>aa</sub>-K<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="307" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kar_-_Kas">K<sub>ar</sub>-K<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="308" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ke_-_Kh">K<sub>e</sub>-K<sub>h</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="309" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ko_-_Ku">K<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="310" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2331/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr">K<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="311" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2333/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ku_-_Kz">K<sub>u</sub> - K<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="312" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1489/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Laa_-_Laq">L<sub>aa</sub>-L<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="313" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1490/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lar_-_Lay">L<sub>ar</sub>-L<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="314" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1491/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Le_-_Ln">L<sub>e</sub>-L<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="315" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1492/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lo_-_Ly">L<sub>o</sub>-L<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="316" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/599/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ma_-_Man">M<sub>aa</sub>-M<sub>ag</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="317" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2083/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mah">M<sub>ah</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="318" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2084/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mai_-_Maj">M<sub>ai</sub>-M<sub>aj</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="319" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2085/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mak_-_Maq">M<sub>ak</sub>-M<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="320" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/600/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mar_-_Mas">M<sub>ar</sub>-M<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="321" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/601/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Me_-_Mi">M<sub>b</sub>-M<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="322" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/602/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mo_-_My">M<sub>o</sub>-M<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="323" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Naa_-_Naq">N<sub>aa</sub>-N<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="324" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Nar_-_Nay">N<sub>ar</sub>-N<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="325" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1440/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ne_-_Nn">N<sub>b</sub>-N<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="326" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1441/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_No_-_Ny">N<sub>o</sub>-N<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="327" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1502/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Oaa_-_Oz">O<sub>a</sub>-O<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="328" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/649">P<sub>aa</sub>-P<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="329" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/650/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Par_-_Pas">P<sub>ar</sub>-P<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="330" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/651/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Pe_-_Ph">P<sub>e</sub>-P<sub>h</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="331" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/652/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Po_-_Py">P<sub>o</sub>-P<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="332" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2607/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Raa_-_Raq">R<sub>aa</sub>-R<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><!-- <a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/984/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Raa_-_Raq">R<sub>aa</sub>-R<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> --> <a linkindex="333" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/985/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Rar_-_Rn">R<sub>ar</sub>-R<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="334" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/986/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Re_-_Rn">R<sub>e</sub>-R<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="335" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/987/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ro_-_Ry">R<sub>o</sub>-R<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="336" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/506/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_Sam">S<sub>aa</sub>-S<sub>am</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="337" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/507/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_San_-_Sar">S<sub>an</sub>-S<sub>ar</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="338" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/508/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sas_-_Si">S<sub>as</sub>-S<sub>g</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="339" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1940/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sha_-_Shy">S<sub>ha</sub>-S<sub>hy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="340" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1941/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sia_-_Sil">S<sub>ia</sub>-S<sub>il</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="341" 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href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1686/ISKCON_SWAMIS">SWAMIS</a></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;" class="date-header"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span>jueves 11 de marzo de 2010</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="444433801487145585"></a></span> </div><h3 style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;" class="post-title entry-title"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a linkindex="195" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/visio-professional-2007.html">ENCICLOPEDIA - INDICE</a> | <a linkindex="195" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/ato-tv-and-video-iview-iview-780ptv.html">DEVOTOS FACEBOOK</a> | <a href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/2010/03/usuarios-de-flickr.html">EGIPTO - USUARIOS de FLICKR y PICASAWEB</a></span></h3>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-89371065181435245112010-04-06T08:13:00.003+02:002010-04-06T08:37:45.218+02:00THE TEACHINGS OF AJAHN CHAH<div style="font-weight: bold;" align="center"><span style="font-size:180%;">THE TEACHINGS OF AJAHN CHAH</span> </div> <p> </p> <p> </p> <div align="center"><span style="font-size:130%;"> <i>- A collection of Dhamma talks by Venerable Ajahn Chah -</i> </span></div> <p> </p><br /><p> </p> <div align="center"> <a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Contents.php"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/ajahnchah1.gif" alt="Image ajahnchah1" align="bottom" border="0" height="270" width="221" /></a></div><br /><br /> <div align="center"><span class="style1"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Contents.php">Contents</a></span></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> <div id="contentbox"> <h4>A Dhammatalk by <a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/About_Ajahn_Chah.php">Ajahn Chah</a></h4> <!-- DO NOT EDIT ABOVE HERE --> <h1> <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 51);font-size:180%;" >Glossary of Pāli Words </span></h1> <p> </p><p> <span style="font-size:130%;"><b>ācariya</b> - teacher (Thai: Ajahn). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>Ājīvaka</b> - sect of contemplatives contemporary with the Buddha who held the view that beings have no volitional control over their actions and that the universe runs only according to fate or destiny. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>Ālāra</b> - teacher who taught the <i>bodhisatta</i> the formless attainment of the base of nothingness as the highest attainment of the holy life. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>anattā</b> - selflessness, nonself, the voidness of any permanent essence, emptiness of any soul-entity. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>ānāpānasati</b> - Mindfulness of breathing </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>anicca</b> - impermanent, inconstant, sometimes used by Ajahn Chah to mean 'not a sure thing'. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>arahant</b> - a fully awakened disciple of the Buddha, one who has attained the fourth and final stage of enlightenment on the Buddhist path. Literally, 'Worthy One'. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>ariya</b> - noble, a noble one; i.e. one who has attained transcendent insight on one of the four levels, the highest of which is the <i>arahant</i>. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>asekha puggala</b> - one beyond training; i.e., an <i>arahant</i>. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>attā</b> - self, soul. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>avijjā</b> - ignorance (of the Four Noble Truths), delusion, the main root of evil and continual rebirth. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>bhavatanhā</b> - craving for becoming. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>bhikkhusangha</b> - the community of Buddhist monks. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>Buddhasāsana</b> - the Buddha's dispensation; primarily refers to the teachings but also the whole infrastructure of the religion (roughly equivalent to 'Buddhism'). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>cankama</b> - walking meditation </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>chanda</b> - desire, aspiration, intention, will. This term can be used to refer to wholesome desire (e.g. in the four <i>iddhipāda</i>) as well as unwholesome desire (e.g. <i>kāmachanda</i>, the hindrance of sensual desire). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>citta</b> - heart, mind. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>devadūta</b> - 'divine messengers'; a symbolic name for old age, sickness, death and the <i>samana</i> (one who has gone forth into the homeless life seeking to realize true happiness and liberation from the fearful cycle of rebirth). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>Dhamma</b> - 1. the truth of the way things are, natural principles; 2. the teachings of the Buddha as the perfect description of natural principles; 3. phenomena, things, states, factors, qualities. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>dhammasavana</b> - hearing (or studying) the Dhamma. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>dhammavicaya</b> - investigation, contemplation of Dhamma. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>dhutanga - </b>see entry on <em>tudong</em>. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>dukkha</b> - suffering, unsatisfactoriness. This word has a broad meaning including: <i>dukkha-dukkha</i> - pain ; <i>viparināma dukkha</i> - the suffering due to change and instability ; and <i>sankhāra dukkha</i> - the unsatisfactory nature of all formations. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>iddhipāda</b> - bases for spiritual power, pathways to spiritual success. The four <i>iddhipāda</i> are: <i>chanda</i> - zeal ; <i>viriya</i> - effort ; <i>citta</i> - application of mind ; and <i>vīmamsā</i> - investigation. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>jhāna</b> - very deep states in meditation of sustained, blissful awareness taken to the levels of meditative absorption. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>kalyānajana</b> - good person, virtuous being. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>kāmatanhā</b> - sensual craving. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>kammatthāna</b> <i>-</i> meditation object </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>kasina</b> - external object of meditation used to develop <i>samādhi</i> (e.g. a coloured disc, a dish of water or a candle flame). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>khandhā</b> - five aggregates or groups which the Buddha used to sum up all the physical and mental phenomena of existence, consisting of form, feeling (not emotion), perception or memory, mental formations (includes thoughts and emotions) and consciousness. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>lokavidū</b> - Knower of the World, an epithet of the Buddha. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>Māra</b> <i>-</i> Evil and temptation personified; the name of a powerful malevolent deity. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>nāga</b> - dragon, also used as an epithet for an <i>arahant</i>. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>nāmadhammā</b> - mental phenomena. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>ñāyapatipanno</b> - practice possessed of insight into the true way. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>nimitta</b> - a mental sign or image arising in meditation. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>Nibbāna</b> - the extinguishing of all greed, hatred and delusion; the end of suffering; liberation from<i> samsāra</i>; the Unconditioned; the Supreme Happiness and Peace, the goal of the Buddhist path. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>nīvarana</b> - hindrances to <i>samādhi</i>. There are five hindrances: sensual desire, ill-will, drowsiness and dullness, restlessness and remorse, and uncertainty or doubt. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>ogha</b> - flood; another name for the four <i>āsava</i> (tainted outflows from the mind): the flood of sensuality, the flood of views, the flood of becoming and the flood of ignorance. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>opanayiko</b> - worthy of inducing in and by one's own mind; worth of realizing; to be tried by practice; leading onward. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>paccattam</b> - to be individually experienced (i.e. <i>veditabbo viññūhi</i> - by the wise for themselves). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>paññā</b> - wisdom, knowledge of things as they are. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>paramatthadhamma</b> - Dhamma described in terms of ultimate meaning (not mere convention). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>pāramī</b> - accumulated wholesome spiritual qualities or perfections, especially referring to virtues cultivated and developed in past lives. The ten paramı are generosity, moral conduct, renunciation, wisdom, energy, patience, truthfulness, determination, lovingkindness, and equanimity. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>pīti</b> - rapture, spiritual joy and bliss. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>puthujjana</b> - a common worldling, an ordinary person who has not yet entered the path to stream entry (as opposed to an <i>ariya</i>). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>sabhāva</b> - principle or condition of nature, things as they truly are. <i>Sabhāvadhamma</i> in the forest tradition refers to natural phenomena and insights that arise in the development of Dhamma practice. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>saccadhamma</b> - truth. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>samāpatti</b> - attainment (of the four <i>jhāna</i>, the four immaterial attainments, or the path-fruition stages of Awakening). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>samādhi</b> - established mindfulness in meditative concentration, when the mind experiences a calm, peaceful, unified, and blissful sustained awareness (technically <i>samādhi</i> is synonymous with the four <i>jhāna</i>, but is often used in a more general way). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>sāmaññalakkhana</b> - that all things are the same in terms of the three characteristics (<i>anicca</i>, <i>dukkha</i>, <i>anattā</i>). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>samatha</b> - calming, stilling; <i>samatha</i> and <i>vipassanā</i> are two complimentary and inseparable aspects of the mind released from the five hindrances. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>sāmīcipatipanno</b> - those who practice are possessed of complete rightness or integrity. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>sampajañña</b> <i>-</i> Self-awareness, self-recollection, clear comprehension, alertness </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>samsāra</b> - the repeated round of rebirth, growth, aging and death that chains beings to existence (literally: the activity of 'wandering on'). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>samudaya</b> - origin, origination, arising. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>sankhāra</b> - formations or volitional formations (referring to both the volitional activity of 'forming' things and the things formed). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>sāsana</b> - teaching. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>sati</b> - Mindfulness, recollection </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>sāvaka</b> - disciple or 'hearer' of the Dhamma. Here the term refers to the <i>ariya-sāvakā</i>, the eight types of noble disciples: one on the path to stream entry and the stream enterer (<i>sotāpanna</i>), one on the path of once-returner and the once returner (<i>sakadāgāmı</i>), one on the path of non-returner and the non-returner (<i>anāgāmı</i>) and the one on the path to arahantship and the <i>arahant</i>. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>sekha</b> - one in training, refers to the seven <i>ariya-sāvakā</i> or <i>ariyapuggalā</i> who have entered the fixed path of rightness but have not yet attained the final fruit of arahantship. All non-noble ones are classified as <i>n'eva sekhā n'āsekha</i>, neither-in-training-nor-trained. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>sīla</b> - virtuous conduct of body, speech and mind, moral precepts training, development in wholesome habits. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>supatipanno</b> - those who practice well. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>sukha</b> - happiness, pleasure, ease. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>tanhā</b> <i>-</i> Craving; desires conditioned by ignorance of the way things are. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>Tathāgata</b> - 'The one who has gone thus'. The Buddha frequently used this word to refer to himself. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>tudong (Thai; Pāli dhutanga)</b> - austere practices recommended by the Buddha for monastics to use to 'shake off' defilements, purify the mind and help develop contentment, renunciation, and energy. In general usage, the Thai word <i>tudong</i> refers to the practice of a monk wandering. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>Uddaka</b> - the second teacher of the <i>bodhisatta</i>, who taught the formless attainment of the base of neither-perception-nor-nonperception as the highest attainment of the Holy Life. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>ujupatipanno</b> - those whose practice is straight or direct. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>vibhavatanhā</b> - craving for non-existence. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>vicāra</b> - examination, sustained activity of attention. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>vijjā</b> - true knowledge of the Four Noble Truths. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>vīmamsā</b> - investigation, inquiring. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>vinaya</b> - the monastic code of discipline. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>vipassanā</b> - insight, direct seeing of <i>anicca</i>, <i>dukkha</i> and <i>anattā</i>. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>viriya</b> - effort, energy, mental fortitude and diligence. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>vitakka</b> - thought, initial activity of attention (the compound <i>vitakka-vicāra</i> has a broad range of meaning from 'thought and examination' to 'initial and sustained application of mind' (on a meditation object). </span></p><p> <!-- DO NOT EDIT BELOW HERE --> </p><h1><span style="font-size:130%;">The Teachings of Ajahn Chah</span></h1> <h3><span style="font-size:130%;">All available Dhammatalks by Ajahn Chah</span></h3><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span> <table class="tableindex" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td align="left" width="465"> <!--Table of Contents--> <ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html373" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Introduction.php">Introduction</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html374" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Preface.php">Preface</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html375" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Note_on_Translation.php">A Note on Translation</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html376" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/About_Teachings_Monks.php">About Teachings for Monks</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html377" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Translator_s_Foreword_Every.php">Foreword by a Disciple</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html378" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/About_Ajahn_Chah.php">Biography of Ajahn Chah </a></span> </li></ul> <span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html4433" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Learning_Listen1.php">Learning to Listen</a></span> </li><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html381" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/_Bodhinyana.php">Bodhinyana</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html382" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Fragments_Teaching1.php">Fragments of a Teaching</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html383" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Gift_Dhamma1.php">A Gift of Dhamma</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html384" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Dhamma_Nature1.php">Dhamma Nature</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html385" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Two_Faces_Reality1.php">The Two Faces of Reality</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html386" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Training_Heart1_2.php">The Training of the Heart</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html387" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Living_With_Cobra1.php">Living With the Cobra</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html388" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Reading_Natural_Mind1.php">Reading the Natural Mind</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html389" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Just_Do_It_1_2.php">Just Do It!</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html390" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Questions_Answers1.php">Questions and Answers</a></span> </li></ul> <span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html391" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/_Taste_Freedom.php">A Taste of Freedom</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html392" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Training_this_Mind1.php">Training this Mind</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html393" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/On_Meditation1.php">On Meditation</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html394" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Path_in_Harmony1.php">The Path in Harmony</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html395" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Middle_Way_Within1.php">The Middle Way Within</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html396" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Peace_Beyond1.php">The Peace Beyond</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html397" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Opening_Dhamma_Eye1.php">Opening the Dhamma Eye</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html398" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Convention_Liberation1.php">Convention and Liberation</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html399" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/No_Abiding1.php">No Abiding</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html400" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Right_View_Place.php">Right View - the Place of Coolness</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html401" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Epilogue1.php">Epilogue</a></span> </li></ul> <span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html402" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/_Living_Dhamma.php">Living Dhamma</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html403" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Making_Heart_Good1.php">Making the Heart Good</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html404" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Why_Are_We_Here_1.php">Why Are We Here?</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html405" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Our_Real_Home1.php">Our Real Home</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html406" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Four_Noble_Truths1.php">The Four Noble Truths</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html407" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Meditation1.php">Meditation</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html408" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Living_in_World_with.php">Living in the World with Dhamma</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html409" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Tuccho_Pothila_Venerable.php">''Tuccho Pothila'' - Venerable Empty-Scripture</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html410" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Still_Flowing_Water1.php">Still, Flowing Water</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html411" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Toward_Unconditioned1.php">Toward the Unconditioned</a></span> </li></ul> <span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html412" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/_Food_Heart.php">Food for the Heart</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html413" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Dhamma_Fighting1.php">Dhamma Fighting</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html414" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Understanding_Vinaya1.php">Understanding Vinaya </a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html415" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Maintaining_Standard1.php">Maintaining the Standard </a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html416" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Right_Practice_Steady.php">Right Practice - Steady Practice</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html417" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Samm_Samdhi_Detachment.php">Sammā Samādhi - Detachment Within Activity</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html418" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Flood_Sensuality1.php">The Flood of Sensuality</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html419" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/In_Dead_Night_1.php">In the Dead of Night...</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html420" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Sense_Contact_Fount.php">Sense Contact - the Fount of Wisdom</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html421" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Not_Sure_Standard.php">''Not Sure!'' - The Standard of the Noble Ones</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html422" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Transcendence1.php">Transcendence</a></span> </li></ul> <span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html423" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/_Path_Peace.php">The Path to Peace</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html424" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Path_Peace.php">The Path to Peace</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html425" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Evening_Sitting.php">Evening Sitting</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html444" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Questions_Answers_with_Ajah.php">Questions and Answers with Ajahn Chah</a></span></li></ul> <span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html426" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/_Clarity_Insight.php">Clarity of Insight</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html427" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Clarity_Insight1.php">Clarity of Insight</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html428" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Suffering_on_Road1.php">Suffering on the Road</a></span> </li></ul> <span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html430" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Unshakeable_Peace1_2.php">Unshakeable Peace</a></span> </li><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html431" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/_Everything_Is_Teaching.php">Everything Is Teaching Us</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html432" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/About_Being_Careful.php">About Being Careful</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html433" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/It_Can_Be_Done.php">It Can Be Done</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html434" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Monastery_Confusion1.php">Monastery of Confusion</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html435" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Understanding_Dukkha1.php">Understanding Dukkha</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html436" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Wholehearted_Training.php">Wholehearted Training</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html437" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Knowing_World1.php">Knowing the World</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html438" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Dhamma_Goes_Westward.php">The Dhamma Goes Westward</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html439" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Listening_Beyond_Words.php">Listening Beyond Words</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html441" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Right_Restraint.php">Right Restraint</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html442" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Even_One_Word_Is.php">Even One Word Is Enough</a></span></li><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></ul> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html443" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Message_from_Thailand1_2.php">A Message from Thailand</a></span> </li><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a name="tex2html445" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Glossary_Pali_Words.php">Glossary of Pāli Words</a></span> </li></ul> <p> </p> <hr style="height: 4px;"> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:130%;">PDF ebook downloads:</span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pdf/the_teachings_of_ajahn_chah_web.pdf">PDF with all dhammatalks (3.5 MB)</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pdf/no_ajahn_chah.pdf">No Ajahn Chah</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pdf/tree-forest.pdf">A Tree in a Forest</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><a class="score-385.7142857142857" href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/index2.htm">more</a></span></li></ul> <!--End of Table of Contents--></td> <td align="right" valign="top" width="75"> <span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><br /><br /></span> <table align="left" border="0" bordercolor="#000099" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" width="70"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center"><p class="style2" align="center"> </p> <p class="style2" align="center"> <span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/index.htm"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pictures/English.png" alt="English" align="left" border="1" height="25" width="43" /></a><br /></span> <span class="style2" style="font-size:130%;"> <a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/index.htm">English</a></span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><br /><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/deutsch/index.php"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pictures/Germany.png" alt="Deutsch" border="1" height="25" width="41" /><br /> <span class="style2">Deutsch<br /> </span></a><br /><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/francais/index.php"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pictures/France.png" alt="Francais" border="1" height="25" width="37" /><br />Français</a></span> <span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><br /><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/italiano/index.php"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pictures/Italy.png" alt="Italiano" border="1" height="25" width="37" /><br />Italiano</a></span> <span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><br /><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/espanol/Espanol_No_Ajahn_Chah.pdf"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pictures/Spain.png" alt="Español" border="1" height="25" width="37" /><br /> <span class="style2">Español<br /><br /></span></a><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/portugues/index.php"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pictures/Brazil.png" alt="Portugues" border="1" height="25" width="36" /><br />Portugues</a></span> <span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/espanol/Espanol_No_Ajahn_Chah.pdf"><br /> <br /> </a><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/czech/Adzan-Ca-CZ.pdf"><img 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href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/thai/ajahn-chah-thai-index.php"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pictures/Thailand.png" alt="Thai" border="1" height="25" width="37" /><br /> <span class="style2">ภาษาไทย</span></a></span> <span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><br /><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/indonesian/Indonesian_Tidak_Ada_Ajahn_Chah.pdf"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pictures/Indonesia.png" alt="Bahasa Indonesia" border="1" height="25" width="37" /><br /> <span class="style2">Indonesia</span><br /> <br /> </a><a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/chinese/key-liberation.htm"><img src="http://www.ajahnchah.org/pictures/china.png" alt="Chinese" border="1" height="23" width="41" /><br /> <span class="style2">Chinese<br /> </span></a><br /></span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <!-- DO NOT EDIT BELOW HERE --><span style="font-size:130%;"> Contents: <a href="http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/copyright.php">© Wat Nong Pah Pong</a>, 2007 | Last update: March 2008</span></div></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><a linkindex="202" href="http://elagua.multiply.com/journal/item/25">Página PRINCIPAL</a><br /><br /><a linkindex="203" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3743">OBRAS y AUTORES CLÁSICOS</a><br /><span><a linkindex="204" href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/278/Agradecimientos">Agradecimientos</a></span><br /><a linkindex="205" rel="bookmark" href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/492/Cuadro_General">Cuadro General</a><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Disculpen las Molestias</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><table id="collapsibleTable0" class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="margin: auto; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; -moz-background-size: auto auto; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: 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href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3289/">Categoría:Mitología hindú (videos) (3289)SC</a> | <a linkindex="212" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3294/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_SK_y_SC_con_videos">Conceptos Hinduista (A - G) SK y SC (videos) (3294)SC</a><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a linkindex="213" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2528/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aa_-_Anc">Aa-Anc</a> · <a linkindex="214" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2907/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aga_-_Ahy">Aga - Ahy</a> · <a linkindex="215" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2908/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ai_-_Akshay">Ai - Akshay</a> · <a linkindex="216" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2909/Categoria_Hinduismo_Akshe_-_Amshum">Akshe - Amshum</a> · <a linkindex="217" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2910/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ana_-_Ancie">Ana - Ancie</a> · <a linkindex="218" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ag_-_Az">Ang - Asvayu</a> · <a linkindex="219" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2911/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ata_-_Az">Ata - Az</a> · <a linkindex="220" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1660/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_B_-">Baa-Baz</a> · <a linkindex="221" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bhak">Be-Bhak</a> · <a linkindex="222" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2912/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bu">Bhal-Bu</a> · <a linkindex="223" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_C">C</a> · <a linkindex="224" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1677/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Daz">Daa-Daz</a> · <a linkindex="225" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2913/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">De</a> · <a linkindex="226" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2914/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Dha_-_Dry">Dha-Dry</a> · <a linkindex="227" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2915/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Du_-_Dy">Du-Dy </a> · <a linkindex="228" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1777/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_E">E</a> · <a linkindex="229" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1779/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_F">F</a> · <a linkindex="230" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gayu">Gaa-Gayu</a> · <a linkindex="231" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2916/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gy">Ge-Gy</a> · <a linkindex="232" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1679/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ha_-_He">Ha-He</a> · <a linkindex="233" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2917/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hi_-_Hy">Hi-Hy</a> · <a linkindex="234" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1741/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_I">I</a> · <a linkindex="235" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1681/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_J">J</a> · <a linkindex="236" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1683/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_K">K</a> · <a linkindex="237" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2698/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ka_-_Kam">Ka - Kam</a> · <a linkindex="238" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kan-Khatu">Kan - Khatu</a> · <a linkindex="239" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2700/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ki_-_Ko">Ki - Ko</a> · <a linkindex="240" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2701/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr_-_Ku">Kr - Ku</a> · <a linkindex="241" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1774/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Relgiosos_en_General_-_L">L</a> · <a linkindex="242" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1685/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_M">M</a> · <a linkindex="243" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1709/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_N">N</a> · <a linkindex="244" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1775/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_O">O</a> · <a linkindex="245" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_P">P</a> · <a linkindex="246" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1773/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_R">R</a> · <a linkindex="247" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_S">S</a> · <a linkindex="248" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2687/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_San">Saa-San</a> · <a linkindex="249" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sap_-_Shy">Sap-Shy</a> · <a linkindex="250" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Si_-_Sy">Si-Sy</a> · <a linkindex="251" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1755/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ta_-_Te">Ta - Te</a> · <a linkindex="252" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1716/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_U">U</a> · <a linkindex="253" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_V">V</a> · <a linkindex="254" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2957/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ve_-_Vy">Ve-Vy</a> · <a linkindex="255" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1776/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Y">Y</a> · <a linkindex="256" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1778/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Z">Z</a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /><br /><table id="collapsibleTable0" class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="margin: auto; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; -moz-background-size: auto auto; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <tbody><tr style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); background-color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"> <th colspan="1" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"><a linkindex="257" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2919">Conceptos Hinduistas (2919)SK</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> |</span><a linkindex="258" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2592/Pagina_Principal"> (2592)SK</a><br /></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 92%; background-color: transparent;"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a linkindex="259" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/459/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Aa_-_Ag">A<sub>a</sub>-A<sub>g</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="260" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/460/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ah_-_Am">A<sub>h</sub>-A<sub>m</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="261" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/461/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_An_-_Ar">A<sub>na</sub>-A<sub>nc</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="262" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2127/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ang_-_Anu">A<sub>nd</sub>-A<sub>nu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="263" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2128/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ap_-_Ar">A<sub>p</sub>-A<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="264" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/462/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_As_-_Az">A<sub>s</sub>-A<sub>x</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="265" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1972/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ay_-_Az">A<sub>y</sub>-A<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="266" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/519/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Baa_-_Ban">B<sub>aa</sub>-B<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="267" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/520/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bar_-_Bas">B<sub>ar</sub>-B<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="268" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/521/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bh">B<sub>e</sub>-B<sub>hak</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="269" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2067/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bhy">B<sub>hal</sub>-B<sub>hy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="270" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/522/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bo_-_Bu">B<sub>o</sub>-B<sub>u</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="271" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2443/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bra">B<sub>ra</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="272" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3166/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Brh_-_Bry">B<sub>rh</sub>-B<sub>ry</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="273" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2445/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bu_-_Bz">B<sub>u</sub>-B<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="274" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/612/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Caa_-_Can">C<sub>aa</sub>-C<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="275" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/613/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Car_-_Cas">C<sub>ar</sub>-C<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="276" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/614/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ce_-_Ch">C<sub>e</sub>-C<sub>ha</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="277" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2437/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Che_-_Chi">C<sub>he</sub>-C<sub>hi</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="278" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Cho_-_Chu">C<sub>ho</sub>-C<sub>hu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="279" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ci_-_Cn">C<sub>i</sub>-C<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="280" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/615/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Co_-_Cy">C<sub>o</sub>-C<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="281" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/526/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Dan">D<sub>aa</sub>-D<sub>an</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="282" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/527/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dar_-_Das">D<sub>ar</sub>-D<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="283" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/528/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">D<sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="284" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3167/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dha_-_Dny">D<sub>ha</sub>-D<sub>ny</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="285" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Do_-_Du">D<sub>o</sub>-D<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="286" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1432/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ea_-_En">E<sub>a</sub>-E<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="287" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1433/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ep_-_Ez">E<sub>p</sub>-E<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="288" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1484/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Faa_-_Fy">F<sub>aa</sub>-F<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="289" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gan">G<sub>aa</sub>-G<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="290" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gar_-_Gas">G<sub>ar</sub>-G<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="291" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gi">G<sub>e</sub>-G<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="292" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/691/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Go_-_Gy">G<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="293" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3170/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gra_-_Gy">G<sub>ra</sub>-G<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="294" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Haa_-_Han">H<sub>aa</sub>-H<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="295" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/660/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Har_-_Has">H<sub>ar</sub>-H<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="296" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_He_-_Hi">H<sub>e</sub>-H<sub>indk</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="297" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3171/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hindu_-_Histo">H<sub>indu</sub>-H<sub>isto</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="298" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ho_-_Hy">H<sub>o</sub>-H<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="299" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/609/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ia_-_In">I<sub>a</sub>-I<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="300" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/610/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ir_-_Is">I<sub>r</sub>-I<sub>s</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="301" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/611/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_It_-_Iy">I<sub>t</sub>-I<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="302" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jaa_-_Jaq">J<sub>aa</sub>-J<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="303" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jar_-_Jay">J<sub>ar</sub>-J<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="304" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Je_-_Jn">J<sub>e</sub>-J<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="305" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jo_-_Jy">J<sub>o</sub>-J<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="306" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kaa_-_Kan">K<sub>aa</sub>-K<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="307" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kar_-_Kas">K<sub>ar</sub>-K<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="308" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ke_-_Kh">K<sub>e</sub>-K<sub>h</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="309" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ko_-_Ku">K<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="310" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2331/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr">K<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="311" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2333/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ku_-_Kz">K<sub>u</sub> - K<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="312" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1489/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Laa_-_Laq">L<sub>aa</sub>-L<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="313" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1490/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lar_-_Lay">L<sub>ar</sub>-L<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="314" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1491/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Le_-_Ln">L<sub>e</sub>-L<sub>n</sub></a><span 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class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="margin: auto; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <tbody><tr style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"> <th colspan="1" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"><a linkindex="207" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1428">Conceptos Hinduistas (1428)SC</a><br /></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="text-align: justify; width: 100%; font-size: 92%; background-color: transparent;"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a linkindex="208" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3256/CategoryHindu_mythology">Category:Hindu (mythology) (3256)SC</a> | <a linkindex="209" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3270/CategoryHindu_mythology">Category:Hindu mythology (3270)SC</a> | <a linkindex="210" rel="bookmark" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3288/">Categoría:Mitología hindú (3288)SC (indice)</a> | <a linkindex="211" rel="bookmark" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3289/">Categoría:Mitología hindú (videos) (3289)SC</a> | <a linkindex="212" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3294/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_SK_y_SC_con_videos">Conceptos Hinduista (A - G) SK y SC (videos) (3294)SC</a><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a linkindex="213" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2528/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aa_-_Anc">Aa-Anc</a> · <a linkindex="214" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2907/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aga_-_Ahy">Aga - Ahy</a> · <a linkindex="215" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2908/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ai_-_Akshay">Ai - Akshay</a> · <a linkindex="216" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2909/Categoria_Hinduismo_Akshe_-_Amshum">Akshe - Amshum</a> · <a linkindex="217" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2910/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ana_-_Ancie">Ana - Ancie</a> · <a linkindex="218" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ag_-_Az">Ang - Asvayu</a> · <a linkindex="219" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2911/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ata_-_Az">Ata - Az</a> · <a linkindex="220" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1660/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_B_-">Baa-Baz</a> · <a linkindex="221" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bhak">Be-Bhak</a> · <a linkindex="222" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2912/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bu">Bhal-Bu</a> · <a linkindex="223" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_C">C</a> · <a linkindex="224" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1677/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Daz">Daa-Daz</a> · <a linkindex="225" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2913/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">De</a> · <a linkindex="226" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2914/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Dha_-_Dry">Dha-Dry</a> · <a linkindex="227" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2915/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Du_-_Dy">Du-Dy </a> · <a linkindex="228" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1777/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_E">E</a> · <a linkindex="229" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1779/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_F">F</a> · <a linkindex="230" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gayu">Gaa-Gayu</a> · <a linkindex="231" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2916/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gy">Ge-Gy</a> · <a linkindex="232" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1679/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ha_-_He">Ha-He</a> · <a linkindex="233" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2917/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hi_-_Hy">Hi-Hy</a> · <a linkindex="234" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1741/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_I">I</a> · <a linkindex="235" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1681/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_J">J</a> · <a linkindex="236" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1683/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_K">K</a> · <a linkindex="237" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2698/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ka_-_Kam">Ka - Kam</a> · <a linkindex="238" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kan-Khatu">Kan - Khatu</a> · <a linkindex="239" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2700/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ki_-_Ko">Ki - Ko</a> · <a linkindex="240" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2701/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr_-_Ku">Kr - Ku</a> · <a linkindex="241" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1774/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Relgiosos_en_General_-_L">L</a> · <a linkindex="242" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1685/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_M">M</a> · <a linkindex="243" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1709/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_N">N</a> · <a linkindex="244" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1775/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_O">O</a> · <a linkindex="245" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_P">P</a> · <a linkindex="246" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1773/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_R">R</a> · <a linkindex="247" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_S">S</a> · <a linkindex="248" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2687/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_San">Saa-San</a> · <a linkindex="249" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sap_-_Shy">Sap-Shy</a> · <a linkindex="250" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Si_-_Sy">Si-Sy</a> · <a linkindex="251" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1755/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ta_-_Te">Ta - Te</a> · <a linkindex="252" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1716/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_U">U</a> · <a linkindex="253" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_V">V</a> · <a linkindex="254" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2957/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ve_-_Vy">Ve-Vy</a> · <a linkindex="255" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1776/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Y">Y</a> · <a linkindex="256" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1778/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Z">Z</a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /><br /><table id="collapsibleTable0" class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="margin: auto; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <tbody><tr style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); background-color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"> <th colspan="1" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"><a linkindex="257" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2919">Conceptos Hinduistas (2919)SK</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> |</span><a linkindex="258" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2592/Pagina_Principal"> (2592)SK</a><br /></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 92%; background-color: transparent;"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a linkindex="259" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/459/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Aa_-_Ag">A<sub>a</sub>-A<sub>g</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="260" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/460/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ah_-_Am">A<sub>h</sub>-A<sub>m</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="261" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/461/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_An_-_Ar">A<sub>na</sub>-A<sub>nc</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="262" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2127/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ang_-_Anu">A<sub>nd</sub>-A<sub>nu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="263" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2128/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ap_-_Ar">A<sub>p</sub>-A<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="264" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/462/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_As_-_Az">A<sub>s</sub>-A<sub>x</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="265" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1972/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ay_-_Az">A<sub>y</sub>-A<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="266" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/519/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Baa_-_Ban">B<sub>aa</sub>-B<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="267" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/520/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bar_-_Bas">B<sub>ar</sub>-B<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="268" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/521/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bh">B<sub>e</sub>-B<sub>hak</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="269" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2067/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bhy">B<sub>hal</sub>-B<sub>hy</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="270" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/522/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bo_-_Bu">B<sub>o</sub>-B<sub>u</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="271" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2443/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bra">B<sub>ra</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="272" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3166/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Brh_-_Bry">B<sub>rh</sub>-B<sub>ry</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="273" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2445/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bu_-_Bz">B<sub>u</sub>-B<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="274" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/612/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Caa_-_Can">C<sub>aa</sub>-C<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="275" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/613/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Car_-_Cas">C<sub>ar</sub>-C<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="276" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/614/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ce_-_Ch">C<sub>e</sub>-C<sub>ha</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="277" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2437/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Che_-_Chi">C<sub>he</sub>-C<sub>hi</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="278" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Cho_-_Chu">C<sub>ho</sub>-C<sub>hu</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="279" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ci_-_Cn">C<sub>i</sub>-C<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="280" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/615/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Co_-_Cy">C<sub>o</sub>-C<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="281" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/526/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Dan">D<sub>aa</sub>-D<sub>an</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="282" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/527/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dar_-_Das">D<sub>ar</sub>-D<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="283" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/528/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De">D<sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="284" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3167/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dha_-_Dny">D<sub>ha</sub>-D<sub>ny</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="285" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Do_-_Du">D<sub>o</sub>-D<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="286" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1432/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ea_-_En">E<sub>a</sub>-E<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="287" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1433/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ep_-_Ez">E<sub>p</sub>-E<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="288" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1484/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Faa_-_Fy">F<sub>aa</sub>-F<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="289" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gan">G<sub>aa</sub>-G<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="290" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gar_-_Gas">G<sub>ar</sub>-G<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="291" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gi">G<sub>e</sub>-G<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="292" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/691/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Go_-_Gy">G<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="293" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3170/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gra_-_Gy">G<sub>ra</sub>-G<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="294" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Haa_-_Han">H<sub>aa</sub>-H<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="295" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/660/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Har_-_Has">H<sub>ar</sub>-H<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="296" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_He_-_Hi">H<sub>e</sub>-H<sub>indk</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="297" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3171/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hindu_-_Histo">H<sub>indu</sub>-H<sub>isto</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="298" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ho_-_Hy">H<sub>o</sub>-H<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="299" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/609/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ia_-_In">I<sub>a</sub>-I<sub>q</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="300" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/610/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ir_-_Is">I<sub>r</sub>-I<sub>s</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="301" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/611/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_It_-_Iy">I<sub>t</sub>-I<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="302" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jaa_-_Jaq">J<sub>aa</sub>-J<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="303" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jar_-_Jay">J<sub>ar</sub>-J<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="304" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Je_-_Jn">J<sub>e</sub>-J<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="305" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jo_-_Jy">J<sub>o</sub>-J<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="306" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kaa_-_Kan">K<sub>aa</sub>-K<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="307" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kar_-_Kas">K<sub>ar</sub>-K<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="308" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ke_-_Kh">K<sub>e</sub>-K<sub>h</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="309" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ko_-_Ku">K<sub>o</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="310" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2331/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr">K<sub>r</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="311" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2333/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ku_-_Kz">K<sub>u</sub> - K<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="312" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1489/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Laa_-_Laq">L<sub>aa</sub>-L<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="313" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1490/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lar_-_Lay">L<sub>ar</sub>-L<sub>ay</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="314" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1491/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Le_-_Ln">L<sub>e</sub>-L<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="315" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1492/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lo_-_Ly">L<sub>o</sub>-L<sub>y</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span><a linkindex="316" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/599/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ma_-_Man">M<sub>aa</sub>-M<sub>ag</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="317" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2083/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mah">M<sub>ah</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · 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href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/602/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mo_-_My">M<sub>o</sub>-M<sub>z</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="323" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Naa_-_Naq">N<sub>aa</sub>-N<sub>aq</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="324" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Nar_-_Nay">N<sub>ar</sub>-N<sub>az</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="325" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1440/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ne_-_Nn">N<sub>b</sub>-N<sub>n</sub></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> · </span> <a linkindex="326" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1441/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_No_-_Ny">N<sub>o</sub>-N<sub>z</sub></a><span 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height: 281px;" id="photoimg" class="photoimg" src="http://images.namochu.multiply.com/image/2/photos/254/600x600/5/DSC09285.JPG?et=M9tqez8%2CiP3wuENTUoJisg&nmid=304879728" /><span class="framecap-black"><b> </b></span></div></div> <div style="text-align: center;" id="photo_5" class="thumbnail frame-black"><span class="framecap-black">Moicano<br /><br /><br /><b> </b></span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><br /><br />ADJAHN RUNG MEU QUERIDO AMIGO<br /><br /><br><br><embed src="http://images.multiply.com/multiply/multv.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="480" height="420" FLASHVARS="first_video_id=namochu:video:85&base_uri=multiply.com&is_owned=1&security=DZ9S6O5NKFjnQ5AWU%2BYs0A" allowfullscreen="true" wmode="transparent" quality="high" allowscriptaccess="always"></embed><br><br>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-13576964044440870722009-11-27T09:07:00.002+01:002009-11-27T09:26:25.587+01:00Buddhismo - Libros<script type="text/javascript" src="http://ja.revolvermaps.com/r.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">rm_f1st('0','280','true','false','000000','03GO2hgl0kT','true','ff8a00');</script><noscript><applet codebase="http://ra.revolvermaps.com/j" code="core.RE" width="280" height="280" archive="r.jar"><param name="cabbase" value="r.cab"><param name="recenthits" value="true"><param name="nostars" value="false"><param name="i" value="03GO2hgl0kT"><param name="m" value="0"><param name="size" value="280"><param name="color" value="ff8a00"><param name="counter" value="true"><param name="bg" value="000000"><param name="flags" value="true"></applet></noscript><br /><br /><br /><div class="widget HTML" id="HTML7"> <h2 class="title">himno Tibet moderno</h2> <div class="widget-content"> <object height="132" width="353"><embed quality="high" src="http://www.goear.com/files/external.swf?file=40938e5" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" height="132" width="353"></embed></object> </div> <span class="widget-item-control"> <span class="item-control blog-admin"> <a class="quickedit" href="http://www.blogger.com/rearrange?blogID=7885291862171633249&widgetType=HTML&widgetId=HTML7&action=editWidget" onclick="'return" target="configHTML7" title="Editar"> <img alt="" src="http://img1.blogblog.com/img/icon18_wrench_allbkg.png" height="18" width="18" /> </a> </span> </span> </div><div class="widget HTML" id="HTML11"> <h2 class="title">HIMNO DEL TIBET</h2> <div class="widget-content"> <object height="50" width="150"><param value="http://www.youtube.com/v/I9x9b0klnLw&hl=es&fs=1&color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b&border=1" name="movie"><param value="true" name="allowFullScreen"><param value="always" name="allowscriptaccess"><embed allowscriptaccess="always" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/I9x9b0klnLw&hl=es&fs=1&color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b&border=1" allowfullscreen="true" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" height="220" width="250"></embed></object> </div> <span class="widget-item-control"> <span class="item-control blog-admin"> <a class="quickedit" href="http://www.blogger.com/rearrange?blogID=7885291862171633249&widgetType=HTML&widgetId=HTML11&action=editWidget" onclick="'return" target="configHTML11" title="Editar"> <img alt="" src="http://img1.blogblog.com/img/icon18_wrench_allbkg.png" height="18" width="18" /> </a> </span> </span> </div> <h2>india 2008-2009</h2> <a href="http://www.budista.net/start.htm"> <img alt="india 2008-2009" id="Image1_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjip5Zf0fBBLW7aABmzzwjMfi7GtDQLzSPQZIL9CAeh7HhF5iQmEjyd0NvBprAhC1MCOyD9Kd4EK14RIWVBuoQbmk6Oq6R6S9woFXrD3c6QSh27Nl9-H7UzxPwyRHePw8L2y_8Z6M79_wi3/s230/Siddharta-Big.jpg" height="193" width="230" /> </a><br /><span class="caption">galeria fotografica<br /><br /></span><h1> Catálogo de libros: Budismo Theravada</h1> <p>Para ayudarte escoger los libros que te interesan hemos asignado nuestros textos budistas a <strong>20 categorías</strong>. Cada libro puede pertenecer a más de una categoría hasta un máximo de tres. </p> <p>Además puedes consultar <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/titulos.asp">todos los títulos</a> del catálogo en orden alfabético o <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores.asp">todos los autores</a>. </p> <p>Estás viendo los <strong>34 libros</strong> que tenemos en la categoría de <strong>Budismo Theravada</strong></p> <h2>Categoría escogida: Budismo Theravada</h2> <p>La escuela más antigua del budismo</p> <ol class="libro"><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ANAPANA" title="ver detalles completos de Anapanasati: meditación en la respiración"> Anapanasati: meditación en la respiración</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ANAPANA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/ANAPANA.jpg" alt="portada de Anapanasati: meditación en la respiración" title="ver detalles completos de Anapanasati: meditación en la respiración" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Instrucciones para meditar en la respiración derivadas del Anapanasati Sutta. (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ANAPANA">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=NAU">Mahathera Nauyane Ariyadhamma</a> </p> <p> <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=ANAPANA">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ANG" title="ver detalles completos de Anguttara Nikaya"> Anguttara Nikaya</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ANG"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/ANG.jpg" alt="portada de Anguttara Nikaya" title="ver detalles completos de Anguttara Nikaya" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Uno de los textos más antiguos que recopila las enseñanzas del Buda. (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ANG">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TXT">Textos tradicionales</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=ANG"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Anguttara Nikaya en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 9.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ARTEVIVIR" title="ver detalles completos de El Arte de Vivir: Meditación Vipassana"> El Arte de Vivir: Meditación Vipassana</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ARTEVIVIR"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/ARTEVIVIR.jpg" alt="portada de El Arte de Vivir: Meditación Vipassana" title="ver detalles completos de El Arte de Vivir: Meditación Vipassana" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Una charla impartida por S. N. Goenka en Berna (Suiza) (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ARTEVIVIR">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=GOENKA">S. N. Goenka</a> </p> <p> <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=ARTEVIVIR">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=TER" title="ver detalles completos de El Buda y el Terrorista"> El Buda y el Terrorista</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=TER"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/TER.jpg" alt="portada de El Buda y el Terrorista" title="ver detalles completos de El Buda y el Terrorista" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Un relato basado en el encuentro histórico entre el Buda y un peligroso asesino (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=TER">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=KUM">Satish Kumar</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=TER"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner El Buda y el Terrorista en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 10.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=BUP" title="ver detalles completos de Budismo para Principiantes y Maestros"> Budismo para Principiantes y Maestros</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=BUP"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/BUP.jpg" alt="portada de Budismo para Principiantes y Maestros" title="ver detalles completos de Budismo para Principiantes y Maestros" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Exposición completa del Noble Sendero Octuple (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=BUP">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=SAN">Sangharakshita</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=BUP"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Budismo para Principiantes y Maestros en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 12.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=PRE" title="ver detalles completos de Buena Pregunta, Buena Respuesta"> Buena Pregunta, Buena Respuesta</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=PRE"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/PRE.jpg" alt="portada de Buena Pregunta, Buena Respuesta" title="ver detalles completos de Buena Pregunta, Buena Respuesta" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Preguntas y respuestas acerca de conceptos budistas básicos (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=PRE">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=DHM">Bhikkhu Shravasti Dhammika</a> </p> <p> <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=PRE">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=NIR" title="ver detalles completos de El Camino al Nirvana"> El Camino al Nirvana</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=NIR"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/NIR.jpg" alt="portada de El Camino al Nirvana" title="ver detalles completos de El Camino al Nirvana" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Una antología de textos del Canon Pali que ha sido un clásico después de su primera publicación en 1950 (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=NIR">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TXT">Textos tradicionales</a> </p> <p> Precio: 7.50€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP5agot3.gif" alt="Agotado o en reimpresion" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Agotado o en reimpresion </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=CAMINO" title="ver detalles completos de Camino con corazón"> Camino con corazón</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=CAMINO"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/CAMINO.jpg" alt="portada de Camino con corazón" title="ver detalles completos de Camino con corazón" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Un clásico que nos guía a través de los peligros de la vida espiritual en occidente (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=CAMINO">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=KORNFIELD">Jack Kornfield</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=CAMINO"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Camino con corazón en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 20.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP2soon3.gif" alt="Normalmente disponible de una vez" align="top" border="0" height="16" width="25" /> Normalmente disponible de una vez </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ATENCION" title="ver detalles completos de El Camino de la Atención"> El Camino de la Atención</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ATENCION"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/ATENCION.jpg" alt="portada de El Camino de la Atención" title="ver detalles completos de El Camino de la Atención" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Un clásico contemporáneo Theravada sobre el cultivo de atención consciente (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ATENCION">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=NYANAPONIK">Nyanaponika Thera</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=ATENCION"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner El Camino de la Atención en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 10.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DIGHA" title="ver detalles completos de El Camino de la Iluminación"> El Camino de la Iluminación</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DIGHA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/DIGHA.jpg" alt="portada de El Camino de la Iluminación" title="ver detalles completos de El Camino de la Iluminación" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Una selección de nueve suttas del Digha Nikaya del canon Pali (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DIGHA">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TXT">Textos tradicionales</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=DIGHA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner El Camino de la Iluminación en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 16.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=CD-RESPIRA" title="ver detalles completos de CD de meditación y relajación guiada"> CD de meditación y relajación guiada</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=CD-RESPIRA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/CD-RESPIRA.jpg" alt="portada de CD de meditación y relajación guiada" title="ver detalles completos de CD de meditación y relajación guiada" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Para poner la meditación en práctica en tu casa (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=CD-RESPIRA">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=VAR">Varios</a> </p> <p> Precio: 12.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP5agot3.gif" alt="Agotado o en reimpresion" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Agotado o en reimpresion </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DAR-PALI" title="ver detalles completos de Dar en el canon pali"> Dar en el canon pali</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DAR-PALI"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/DAR-PALI.jpg" alt="portada de Dar en el canon pali" title="ver detalles completos de Dar en el canon pali" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Revisa todos aquellos discursos del Canon Pali en los que se hace referencia a la práctica de dar (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DAR-PALI">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=SILVA">Lily de Silva</a> </p> <p> <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=DAR-PALI">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DHA" title="ver detalles completos de Dhammapada"> Dhammapada</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DHA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/DHA.jpg" alt="portada de Dhammapada" title="ver detalles completos de Dhammapada" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> 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src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/MAJJHIMA.jpg" alt="portada de Diálogos con buddha" title="ver detalles completos de Diálogos con buddha" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Una selección de 12 suttas del Majjhima Nikaya del Canon Pali (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=MAJJHIMA">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TXT">Textos tradicionales</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=MAJJHIMA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Diálogos con buddha en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 12.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a 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La Isla Interior"> La Isla Interior</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ISL"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/ISL.jpg" alt="portada de La Isla Interior" title="ver detalles completos de La Isla Interior" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Enseñanzas prácticas en el espíritu del último discurso del Buda (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ISL">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=AYY">Ayya Khema</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=ISL"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner La Isla Interior en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 15.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=JATAKA" title="ver detalles completos de Játaka"> Játaka</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=JATAKA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/JATAKA.jpg" alt="portada de Játaka" title="ver detalles completos de Játaka" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Una selección de cuentos acerca de las supuestas vidas anteriores del Buda (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=JATAKA">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TXT">Textos tradicionales</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=JATAKA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Játaka en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 12.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=LIEBRE" title="ver detalles completos de Jataka de la liebre sabia"> Jataka de la liebre sabia</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=LIEBRE"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/LIEBRE.jpg" alt="portada de Jataka de la liebre sabia" title="ver detalles completos de Jataka de la liebre sabia" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Un cuento popular budista acerca de la práctica de la generosidad (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=LIEBRE">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TXT">Textos tradicionales</a> </p> <p> <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=LIEBRE">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=KALAMA" title="ver detalles completos de El Kalama Sutta"> El Kalama Sutta</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=KALAMA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/KALAMA.jpg" alt="portada de El Kalama Sutta" title="ver detalles completos de El Kalama Sutta" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>El <em>discurso de la libre investigación</em> del Buda (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=KALAMA">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TXT">Textos tradicionales</a> 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href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=MAHAD"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner La Leyenda de Mahaduta en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 7.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP2soon3.gif" alt="Normalmente disponible de una vez" align="top" border="0" height="16" width="25" /> Normalmente disponible de una vez <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=MAHAD">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=LOSUNOS" title="ver detalles completos de El libro de los unos"> El libro de los unos</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=LOSUNOS"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/LOSUNOS.jpg" alt="portada de El libro de los unos" title="ver detalles completos de El libro de los unos" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>La primera sección del Anguttara Nikaya, uno de los textos más antiguos del budismo (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=LOSUNOS">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TXT">Textos tradicionales</a> </p> <p> <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=LOSUNOS">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=VIP" title="ver detalles completos de La Meditación Vipásana"> La Meditación Vipásana</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=VIP"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/VIP.jpg" alt="portada de La Meditación Vipásana" title="ver detalles completos de La Meditación Vipásana" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Vipasana es el núcleo de las enseñanzas del Buda que nos lleva hacia nuestra naturaleza esencial (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=VIP">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=GOL">Joseph Goldstein</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=VIP"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner La Meditación Vipásana en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 14.75€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=SER" title="ver detalles completos de Meditando en el No-Ser"> Meditando en el No-Ser</a> </h2> <div 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src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Reflexiones en el camino de la meditación en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 16.75€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DESPERTAR" title="ver detalles completos de Relato de un despertar"> Relato de un despertar</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DESPERTAR"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/DESPERTAR.jpg" alt="portada de Relato de un despertar" title="ver detalles completos de Relato de un despertar" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>La experiencia de un hombre común en su camino hacia la Iluminación. Una inspiración para todos. (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DESPERTAR">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=SMITH">David Smith</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=DESPERTAR"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Relato de un despertar en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 12.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=SATI" title="ver detalles completos de Satipatthana Sutta: los 4 Fundamentos de la Atención"> Satipatthana Sutta: los 4 Fundamentos de la Atención</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=SATI"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/SATI.jpg" alt="portada de Satipatthana Sutta: los 4 Fundamentos de la Atención" title="ver detalles completos de Satipatthana Sutta: los 4 Fundamentos de la Atención" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>La base de todo la práctica espiritual budista es cultivar la <em>atención consciente</em> (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=SATI">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TXT">Textos tradicionales</a> </p> <p> <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=SATI">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=PAL" title="ver detalles completos de Selecciones del Canon Pali"> Selecciones del Canon Pali</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=PAL"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/PAL.jpg" alt="portada de Selecciones del Canon Pali" title="ver detalles completos de Selecciones del Canon Pali" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Algunos de los discursos cortos de la colección más antigua de las enseñanzas del Buda. (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=PAL">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TXT">Textos tradicionales</a> </p> <p> <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=PAL">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=SNY" title="ver detalles completos de Siendo nadie, yendo a ninguna parte"> Siendo nadie, yendo a ninguna parte</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=SNY"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/SNY.jpg" alt="portada de Siendo nadie, yendo a ninguna parte" title="ver detalles completos de Siendo nadie, yendo a ninguna parte" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Un clásico de la literatura budista contemporánea. Un manual de meditación y budismo. (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=SNY">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=AYY">Ayya Khema</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=SNY"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Siendo nadie, yendo a ninguna parte en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 12.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=REF" title="ver detalles completos de La Toma de Refugio y La Recepción de los Preceptos"> La Toma de Refugio y La Recepción de los Preceptos</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=REF"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/REF.jpg" alt="portada de La Toma de Refugio y La Recepción de los Preceptos" title="ver detalles completos de La Toma de Refugio y La Recepción de los Preceptos" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Exposición tradicional del acto de <em>Ir al Refugio</em> y toma de los preceptos éticos (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=REF">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=BOD">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a> </p> <p> <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=REF">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=UDANA" title="ver detalles completos de Udana: La palabra de Buda "> Udana: La palabra de Buda </a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=UDANA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/UDANA.jpg" alt="portada de Udana: La palabra de Buda " title="ver detalles completos de Udana: La palabra de Buda " align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Uno de los textos más antiguos del budismo en una traducción directa del pali que conserva la belleza narrativa del original (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=UDANA">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TXT">Textos tradicionales</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=UDANA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Udana: La palabra de Buda en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 13.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p></div></div></li></ol><br /><h1> Catálogo de libros: Introducciones al budismo</h1> <p>Para ayudarte escoger los libros que te interesan hemos asignado nuestros textos budistas a <strong>20 categorías</strong>. Cada libro puede pertenecer a más de una categoría hasta un máximo de tres. </p> <p>Además puedes consultar <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/titulos.asp">todos los títulos</a> del catálogo en orden alfabético o <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores.asp">todos los autores</a>. </p> <p>Estás viendo los <strong>12 libros</strong> que tenemos en la categoría de <strong>Introducciones al budismo</strong></p> <h2>Categoría escogida: Introducciones al budismo</h2> <p>No requieren conocimientos previos</p> <ol class="libro"><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=BUDA" title="ver detalles completos de Buda para principiantes"> Buda para principiantes</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=BUDA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/BUDA.jpg" alt="portada de Buda para principiantes" title="ver detalles completos de Buda para principiantes" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Un libro accesible para despertar interés en el budismo sin entrar en estudios profundos (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=BUDA">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=ASMA">Stephen Asma</a> </p> <p> Precio: 9.50€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP5agot3.gif" alt="Agotado o en reimpresion" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Agotado o en reimpresion </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=BORGESBUDA" title="ver detalles completos de El budismo: una conferencia"> El budismo: una conferencia</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=BORGESBUDA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/BORGESBUDA.jpg" alt="portada de El budismo: una conferencia" title="ver detalles completos de El budismo: una conferencia" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Una conferencia por Jorge Luis Borges (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=BORGESBUDA">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=BORGES">Jorge Luis Borges y Alicia Jurado</a> </p> <p> <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=BORGESBUDA">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=BUP" title="ver detalles completos de Budismo para Principiantes y Maestros"> Budismo para Principiantes y Maestros</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=BUP"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/BUP.jpg" alt="portada de Budismo para Principiantes y Maestros" title="ver detalles completos de Budismo para Principiantes y Maestros" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Exposición completa del Noble Sendero Octuple (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=BUP">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=SAN">Sangharakshita</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=BUP"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Budismo para Principiantes y Maestros en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 12.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=PRE" title="ver detalles completos de Buena Pregunta, Buena Respuesta"> Buena Pregunta, Buena Respuesta</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=PRE"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/PRE.jpg" alt="portada de Buena Pregunta, Buena Respuesta" title="ver detalles completos de Buena Pregunta, Buena Respuesta" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Preguntas y respuestas acerca de conceptos budistas básicos (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=PRE">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=DHM">Bhikkhu Shravasti Dhammika</a> </p> <p> <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=PRE">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=CPZ" title="ver detalles completos de Curso Básico para la Práctica de Zen"> Curso Básico para la Práctica de Zen</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=CPZ"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/CPZ.jpg" alt="portada de Curso Básico para la Práctica de Zen" title="ver detalles completos de Curso Básico para la Práctica de Zen" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Introduce los fundamentos de la práctica del Zen (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=CPZ">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=AIT">Roshi Robert Aitken</a> </p> <p> Precio: 8.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP5agot3.gif" alt="Agotado o en reimpresion" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Agotado o en reimpresion </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=IDH" title="ver detalles completos de La Iluminación: el ideal del desarrollo humano"> La Iluminación: el ideal del desarrollo humano</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=IDH"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/IDH.jpg" alt="portada de La Iluminación: el ideal del desarrollo humano" title="ver detalles completos de La Iluminación: el ideal del desarrollo humano" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Introducción al ideal de la Iluminación, a la Meditación y a la Comunidad Espiritual (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=IDH">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=SAN">Sangharakshita</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=IDH"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner La Iluminación: el ideal del desarrollo humano en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 5.50€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=IDH">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=IAB" title="ver detalles completos de Iniciación al Budismo"> Iniciación al Budismo</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=IAB"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/IAB.jpg" alt="portada de Iniciación al Budismo" title="ver detalles completos de Iniciación al Budismo" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Una introducción breve pero muy completa al budismo (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=IAB">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=PAU">Chris Pauling (Vadanya)</a> </p> <p> Precio: 7.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP5agot3.gif" alt="Agotado o en reimpresion" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Agotado o en reimpresion </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=IAZ" title="ver detalles completos de Iniciación al Zen"> Iniciación al Zen</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=IAZ"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/IAZ.jpg" alt="portada de Iniciación al Zen" title="ver detalles completos de Iniciación al Zen" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Expone la <em>esencia</em> de las escuelas Chan y Zen (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=IAZ">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=SAN">Sangharakshita</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=IAZ"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Iniciación al Zen en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 7.50€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=TRE" title="ver detalles completos de Mente de trébol"> Mente de trébol</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=TRE"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/TRE.jpg" alt="portada de Mente de trébol" title="ver detalles completos de Mente de trébol" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Sobre la ética budista en la vida diaria (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=TRE">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=AIT">Roshi Robert Aitken</a> </p> <p> Precio: 9.50€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP5agot3.gif" alt="Agotado o en reimpresion" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Agotado o en reimpresion </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=PVC" title="ver detalles completos de Para vivir el camino del Buda"> Para vivir el camino del Buda</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=PVC"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/PVC.jpg" alt="portada de Para vivir el camino del Buda" title="ver detalles completos de Para vivir el camino del Buda" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Introducción a la practica del budismo en sus diversas escuelas (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=PVC">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=NWR">Nancy Wilson Ross</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=PVC"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Para vivir el camino del Buda en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 9.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=QUE-BORGES" title="ver detalles completos de Qué es el budismo"> Qué es el budismo</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=QUE-BORGES"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/QUE-BORGES.jpg" alt="portada de Qué es el budismo" title="ver detalles completos de Qué es el budismo" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Originalmente una serie de conferencias dadas en Buenos Aires (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=QUE-BORGES">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=BORGES">Jorge Luis Borges y Alicia Jurado</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=QUE-BORGES"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Qué es el budismo en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 6.50€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=QUE" title="ver detalles completos de ¿Qué haría buda?"> ¿Qué haría buda?</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=QUE"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/QUE.jpg" alt="portada de ¿Qué haría buda?" title="ver detalles completos de ¿Qué haría buda?" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Respuestas a los dilemas de la vida cotidiana tomadas de las enseñanzas del Buda (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=QUE">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=METCALF">Franz Metcalf</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=QUE"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner ¿Qué haría buda? en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 9.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p></div></div></li></ol><br /><h1> Catálogo de libros: Vidas budistas notables</h1> <p>Para ayudarte escoger los libros que te interesan hemos asignado nuestros textos budistas a <strong>20 categorías</strong>. Cada libro puede pertenecer a más de una categoría hasta un máximo de tres. </p> <p>Además puedes consultar <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/titulos.asp">todos los títulos</a> del catálogo en orden alfabético o <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores.asp">todos los autores</a>. </p> <p>Estás viendo los <strong>13 libros</strong> que tenemos en la categoría de <strong>Vidas budistas notables</strong></p> <h2>Categoría escogida: Vidas budistas notables</h2> <p>Ejemplares de la práctica budista</p> <ol class="libro"><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ORAL" title="ver detalles completos de La biografía oral del Dalai Lama"> La biografía oral del Dalai Lama</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ORAL"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/ORAL.jpg" alt="portada de La biografía oral del Dalai Lama" title="ver detalles completos de La biografía oral del Dalai Lama" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Más de 50 personas que han conocido al Dalai Lama dan sus testimonios a dibujar un íntimo retrato de su vida (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ORAL">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=STROBER">Deborah y Gerald Strober</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=ORAL"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner La biografía oral del Dalai Lama en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 20.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP2soon3.gif" alt="Normalmente disponible de una vez" align="top" border="0" height="16" width="25" /> Normalmente disponible de una vez </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DALAI" title="ver detalles completos de Buscando al Dalai Lama"> Buscando al Dalai Lama</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DALAI"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/DALAI.jpg" alt="portada de Buscando al Dalai Lama" title="ver detalles completos de Buscando al Dalai Lama" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Una antología sobre el descubrimiento, reconocimiento y entronización del XIV Dalai Lama (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DALAI">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=VAR">Varios</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=DALAI"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Buscando al Dalai Lama en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 12.80€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=CNB" title="ver detalles completos de El Camino de las Nubes Blancas"> El Camino de las Nubes Blancas</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=CNB"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/CNB.jpg" alt="portada de El Camino de las Nubes Blancas" title="ver detalles completos de El Camino de las Nubes Blancas" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Un clásico, que describe el Tíbet antes de la invasión china. (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=CNB">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=GOV">Lama Anagarika Govinda</a> </p> <p> Precio: 15.70€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP5agot3.gif" alt="Agotado o en reimpresion" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Agotado o en reimpresion </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DIPAMA" title="ver detalles completos de Las Enseñanzas de Dipa Ma"> Las Enseñanzas de Dipa Ma</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DIPAMA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/DIPAMA.jpg" alt="portada de Las Enseñanzas de Dipa Ma" title="ver detalles completos de Las Enseñanzas de Dipa Ma" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>La vida y enseñanzas de la maestra de Sharon Salzberg, Joseph Goldstein y Jack Kornfield (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=DIPAMA">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=AMYS">Amy Schmidt</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=DIPAMA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Las Enseñanzas de Dipa Ma en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 15.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=MAGOS" title="ver detalles completos de Magos y místicos del Tíbet"> Magos y místicos del Tíbet</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=MAGOS"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/MAGOS.jpg" alt="portada de Magos y místicos del Tíbet" title="ver detalles completos de Magos y místicos del Tíbet" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Un clásico. La autora fue la primera mujer occidental que visitó Lhasa en 1924 cuando fue la capital prohibida del Tíbet. (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=MAGOS">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=NEEL">Alexandra David-Néel</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=MAGOS"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Magos y místicos del Tíbet en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 12.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=MUJ" title="ver detalles completos de Mujeres de Sabiduria"> Mujeres de Sabiduria</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=MUJ"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/MUJ.jpg" alt="portada de Mujeres de Sabiduria" title="ver detalles completos de Mujeres de Sabiduria" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Acerca de las vidas de mujeres budistas que destacan espiritualmente (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=MUJ">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=ALI">Tsultrim Allione</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=MUJ"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Mujeres de Sabiduria en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 16.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=NAC" title="ver detalles completos de Nacido en Tíbet"> Nacido en Tíbet</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=NAC"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/NAC.jpg" alt="portada de Nacido en Tíbet" title="ver detalles completos de Nacido en Tíbet" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>La fascinante historia de un reconocido Lama tibetano reencarnado, cuando se escapó de la invasión China de su país in 1959. (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=NAC">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TRU">Chogyam Trungpa</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=NAC"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Nacido en Tíbet en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 15.40€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=QEB" title="ver detalles completos de ¿Quién es el Buda?"> ¿Quién es el Buda?</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=QEB"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/QEB.jpg" alt="portada de ¿Quién es el Buda?" title="ver detalles completos de ¿Quién es el Buda?" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Exposición práctica de aspectos del budismo basada en la vida del Buda (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=QEB">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=SAN">Sangharakshita</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=QEB"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner ¿Quién es el Buda? en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 12.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=SHN" title="ver detalles completos de El Sutra de Hui-Neng"> El Sutra de Hui-Neng</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=SHN"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/SHN.jpg" alt="portada de El Sutra de Hui-Neng" title="ver detalles completos de El Sutra de Hui-Neng" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Uno de los textos más importantes de las escuelas Chan y Zen (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=SHN">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=HUI">Hui Neng</a> </p> <p> <strong>Gratis</strong> en formato digital (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/descargas/formatos.asp?libro=SHN">descargar</a>) </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=VAGABUNDO" title="ver detalles completos de Los Vagabundos del Dharma"> Los Vagabundos del Dharma</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=VAGABUNDO"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/VAGABUNDO.jpg" alt="portada de Los Vagabundos del Dharma" title="ver detalles completos de Los Vagabundos del Dharma" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>Una novel clásica sobre algunos de los primeros budistas en occidente (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=VAGABUNDO">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=KEROUAC">Jack Kerouac</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=VAGABUNDO"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Los Vagabundos del Dharma en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 7.50€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=VDR" title="ver detalles completos de La Vida de Dhardo Rimpoche"> La Vida de Dhardo Rimpoche</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=VDR"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/VDR.jpg" alt="portada de La Vida de Dhardo Rimpoche" title="ver detalles completos de La Vida de Dhardo Rimpoche" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>La biografía de un lama tibetano que merece ser mejor conocido (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=VDR">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=SUV">Suvajra</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=VDR"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner La Vida de Dhardo Rimpoche en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 9.00€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=MILAREPA" title="ver detalles completos de Vida de Milarepa"> Vida de Milarepa</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=MILAREPA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/MILAREPA.jpg" alt="portada de Vida de Milarepa" title="ver detalles completos de Vida de Milarepa" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>La conmovedora autobiografía de uno de los más famosos yoguis del Tíbet (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=MILAREPA">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=TXT">Textos tradicionales</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=MILAREPA"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner Vida de Milarepa en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 8.50€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP3sem3.gif" alt="Normalmente disponible en una semana" align="top" border="0" height="16" width="25" /> Normalmente disponible en una semana </p> </div> </div> </li><li> <h2><a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ZENCALLE" title="ver detalles completos de El Zen de la Calle"> El Zen de la Calle</a> </h2> <div class="content"> <div class="imgth"> <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ZENCALLE"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/ZENCALLE.jpg" alt="portada de El Zen de la Calle" title="ver detalles completos de El Zen de la Calle" align="top" border="0" height="90" width="65" /> </a> </div> <div class="blurb"> <p>La vida poco convencional de Issan Dorsey: Drag queen, yonqui, alcohólico y finalmente, maestro budista (<a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/libros/index.asp?libro=ZENCALLE">más...</a>) </p> <p>Autor: <a href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=SCHNEIDER">David Schneider</a> </p> <p> <a class="cesta" href="http://www.librosbudistas.com/cesta/cesta.asp?UC_AddId=ZENCALLE"> <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/cesta3.gif" alt="poner El Zen de la Calle en la cesta de compras" align="top" border="0" height="30" width="30" /> comprar</a> Precio: 19.90€ <img src="http://www.librosbudistas.com/graficos/DISP1now3.gif" alt="Disponible ahora" align="top" height="16" width="25" /> Disponible ahora </p></div></div></li></ol><a href="http://namochu.multiply.com/photos/hi-res/1M/2888"><img style="width: 659px; height: 441px;" src="http://images.namochu.multiply.com/image/fCbygwvhLe10mS82MEJzeA/photos/1M/1200x1200/2888/DSC-0013.JPG?et=1yUChafb%2CuzBeSTi9dkO7A&nmid=0" border="0" hspace="10" vspace="5" /></a>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-27293242469184465462009-11-15T12:48:00.003+01:002009-11-15T12:51:51.831+01:00The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="734"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="3"><img src="http://www.dalailama.com/images/homepage/poem.gif" alt="" border="0" height="46" width="734" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><img src="http://www.dalailama.com/images/homepage/home_cell_01.jpg" alt="" border="0" height="102" width="413" /></td><td><img src="http://www.dalailama.com/images/homepage/home_cell_05.jpg" alt="" border="0" height="102" width="321" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><img 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border="0" height="77" width="321" /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> Copyright © The Office of His Holiness the Dalai LamaJuan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-65043649851907262282009-11-15T12:00:00.007+01:002009-11-15T12:45:19.989+01:00Buddhismo - Youtube<div id="translate-checkbox-span" class="" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 5px; padding: 0pt; clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div> <!-- start search results --> </div><div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-8ip01haj1Lg" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ip01haj1Lg" rel="nofollow"><img title="Mingyur Rinpoche talk about HH the 17th Gyalwang Karmapa" src="http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/8ip01haj1Lg/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" 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Lyrics by Khenpo Wangpel from Rigul Gompa</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-4.5" title="4.5"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">36098 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-ahhrqrvfBj4" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahhrqrvfBj4" rel="nofollow"><img title="16th Karmapa Trains Regents of the Kagyu Lineage" src="http://i2.ytimg.com/vi/ahhrqrvfBj4/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="ahhrqrvfBj4" alt="16th Karmapa Trains Regents of the Kagyu Lineage" /></a><div id="quicklist-icon-ahhrqrvfBj4" class="addtoQL90"><div class="hid quicklist-inlist"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/my_quicklist"><br /></a></div></div> <div class="video-time"><a id="video-run-time-ahhrqrvfBj4" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahhrqrvfBj4" rel="nofollow">3:17</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-ahhrqrvfBj4"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-ahhrqrvfBj4" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahhrqrvfBj4" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="16th Karmapa Trains Regents of the Kagyu Lineage" rel="nofollow">16th Karmapa Trains Regents of the Kagyu Lineage</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-ahhrqrvfBj4" class="video-description"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Features rare footage from Rumtek Monastery in 1966 of the 16th Karmapa, Shamar Rinpoche, Tai Situ Rinpoche, Jamgon Kontrul Rinpoche and Gyaltsab <b>...</b></div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("ahhrqrvfBj4", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-ahhrqrvfBj4" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div></span> <span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-ahhrqrvfBj4" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/WhoIsKarmapaDOTcom">WhoIsKarmapaDOTcom</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">16th Karmapa Trains Regents of the Kagyu Lineage</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">3:17</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">10 de abril de 2008</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">People & Blogs</p> <p class="hovercard-username">WhoIsKarmapaDOTcom</p> <p class="hovercard-description">Features rare footage from Rumtek Monastery in 1966 of the 16th Karmapa, Shamar Rinpoche, Tai Situ Rinpoche, Jamgon Kontrul Rinpoche and Gyaltsab <b>...</b></p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-5.0" title="5.0"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">15397 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-BLliuK_xW34" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLliuK_xW34" rel="nofollow"><img title="Milarepa: HH 17. Karmapa Trinlay Thaye Dorje, Vienna" src="http://i3.ytimg.com/vi/BLliuK_xW34/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="BLliuK_xW34" alt="Milarepa: HH 17. Karmapa Trinlay Thaye Dorje, Vienna" /></a><br /><br /><a id="video-run-time-BLliuK_xW34" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLliuK_xW34" rel="nofollow">2:10</a></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-BLliuK_xW34"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-BLliuK_xW34" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLliuK_xW34" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="Milarepa: HH 17. Karmapa Trinlay Thaye Dorje, Vienna" rel="nofollow">Milarepa: HH 17. Karmapa Trinlay Thaye Dorje, Vienna</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-BLliuK_xW34" class="video-description"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">HH the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa Trinlay Thaye Dorje: Empowerment in Milarepa. First day of a 3 days visit of HH the 17th Karmapa in Vienna, Austria in 2007 </div></div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("BLliuK_xW34", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-BLliuK_xW34" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div> </span> <span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-BLliuK_xW34" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/lupoforme">lupoforme</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">Milarepa: HH 17. Karmapa Trinlay Thaye Dorje, Vienna</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">2:10</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">13 de abril de 2008</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">People & Blogs</p> <p class="hovercard-username">lupoforme</p> <p class="hovercard-description">HH the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa Trinlay Thaye Dorje: Empowerment in Milarepa. First day of a 3 days visit of HH the 17th Karmapa in Vienna, Austria in 2007</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-5.0" title="5.0"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">3624 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-eQ0_ffMHKHk" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ0_ffMHKHk" rel="nofollow"><img title="H.H. Karmapa on cultivating compassion" src="http://i2.ytimg.com/vi/eQ0_ffMHKHk/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="eQ0_ffMHKHk" alt="H.H. Karmapa on cultivating compassion" /></a><br /><br /><a id="video-run-time-eQ0_ffMHKHk" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ0_ffMHKHk" rel="nofollow">2:51</a></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-eQ0_ffMHKHk"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-eQ0_ffMHKHk" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ0_ffMHKHk" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="H.H. Karmapa on cultivating compassion" rel="nofollow">HH Karmapa on cultivating compassion</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-eQ0_ffMHKHk" class="video-description"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">HH Karmapa answers the question: "Where do you see the main problems of todays world, and how can Buddhism help to solve them?" ______ This is <b>...</b></div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("eQ0_ffMHKHk", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-eQ0_ffMHKHk" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div></span><span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-eQ0_ffMHKHk" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/HHK17">HHK17</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">H.H. Karmapa on cultivating compassion</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">2:51</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">09 de febrero de 2008</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">Education</p> <p class="hovercard-username">HHK17</p> <p class="hovercard-description">HH Karmapa answers the question: "Where do you see the main problems of todays world, and how can Buddhism help to solve them?" ______ This is <b>...</b></p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-4.5" title="4.5"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">8749 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-b3j0KGBsBfk" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3j0KGBsBfk" rel="nofollow"><img title="HH 17 Karmapa enthronization - Part 1" src="http://i3.ytimg.com/vi/b3j0KGBsBfk/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="b3j0KGBsBfk" alt="HH 17 Karmapa enthronization - Part 1" /></a><div id="quicklist-icon-b3j0KGBsBfk" class="addtoQL90"><br /><br /></div> <div class="video-time"><a id="video-run-time-b3j0KGBsBfk" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3j0KGBsBfk" rel="nofollow">9:17</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-b3j0KGBsBfk"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-b3j0KGBsBfk" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3j0KGBsBfk" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="HH 17 Karmapa enthronization - Part 1" rel="nofollow">HH 17 Karmapa enthronization - Part 1</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-b3j0KGBsBfk" class="video-description"><br />17 Karmapa KIBI buddhism buddha lama ole nydahl karma kagyu </div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("b3j0KGBsBfk", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-b3j0KGBsBfk" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div></span><span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-b3j0KGBsBfk" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/wudu1982">wudu1982</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">HH 17 Karmapa enthronization - Part 1</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">9:17</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">22 de mayo de 2008</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">Education</p> <p class="hovercard-username">wudu1982</p> <p class="hovercard-description">17 Karmapa KIBI buddhism buddha lama ole nydahl karma kagyu</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-4.5" title="4.5"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">6238 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-LRc39Gq4Hhc" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRc39Gq4Hhc" rel="nofollow"><img title="Lama Gangchen Chenrezig Self Healing" src="http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/LRc39Gq4Hhc/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="LRc39Gq4Hhc" alt="Lama Gangchen Chenrezig Self Healing" /></a><br /><br /><a id="video-run-time-LRc39Gq4Hhc" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRc39Gq4Hhc" rel="nofollow">5:04</a></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-LRc39Gq4Hhc"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-LRc39Gq4Hhc" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRc39Gq4Hhc" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="Lama Gangchen Chenrezig Self Healing" rel="nofollow">Lama Gangchen Chenrezig Self Healing</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-LRc39Gq4Hhc" class="video-description"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Lama Gangchen Chenrezig Self Healing Dutch : jampa.web-log.nl English This world is still blessed by the existence of great buddhist Masters.Inner <b>...</b></div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("LRc39Gq4Hhc", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-LRc39Gq4Hhc" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div> </span> <span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-LRc39Gq4Hhc" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/wuhwuh">wuhwuh</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">Lama Gangchen Chenrezig Self Healing</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">5:04</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">22 de junio de 2007</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">People & Blogs</p> <p class="hovercard-username">wuhwuh</p> <p class="hovercard-description">Lama Gangchen Chenrezig Self Healing Dutch : jampa.web-log.nl English This world is still blessed by the existence of great buddhist Masters.Inner <b>...</b></p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-4.5" title="4.5"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">23224 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-P4R_7DIeKQQ" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4R_7DIeKQQ" rel="nofollow"><img title="Karmapa" src="http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/P4R_7DIeKQQ/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="P4R_7DIeKQQ" alt="Karmapa" /></a><br /><br /><a id="video-run-time-P4R_7DIeKQQ" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4R_7DIeKQQ" rel="nofollow">3:13</a></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-P4R_7DIeKQQ"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-P4R_7DIeKQQ" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4R_7DIeKQQ" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="Karmapa" rel="nofollow">Karmapa</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-P4R_7DIeKQQ" class="video-description"><br />Karmapa's first visited to Varanasi in 2002 </div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("P4R_7DIeKQQ", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-P4R_7DIeKQQ" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div> </span> <span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-P4R_7DIeKQQ" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/tenam15">tenam15</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">Karmapa</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">3:13</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">05 de noviembre de 2006</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">Travel & Events</p> <p class="hovercard-username">tenam15</p> <p class="hovercard-description">Karmapa's first visited to Varanasi in 2002</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-4.5" title="4.5"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">22256 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-7QITLGh9huY" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QITLGh9huY" rel="nofollow"><img title="Green Tara, HH 17. Karmapa Thaye Dorje, Sept. 2008" src="http://i4.ytimg.com/vi/7QITLGh9huY/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="7QITLGh9huY" alt="Green Tara, HH 17. Karmapa Thaye Dorje, Sept. 2008" /></a><br /><br /><a id="video-run-time-7QITLGh9huY" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QITLGh9huY" rel="nofollow">8:16</a></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-7QITLGh9huY"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-7QITLGh9huY" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QITLGh9huY" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="Green Tara, HH 17. Karmapa Thaye Dorje, Sept. 2008" rel="nofollow">Green Tara, HH 17. Karmapa Thaye Dorje, Sept. 2008</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-7QITLGh9huY" class="video-description"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">September 14th, 2008. HH the 17th Karmapa Trinlay Thaye Dorje: Green Tara (Grüne Tara). Austria, Vienna. </div></div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("7QITLGh9huY", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-7QITLGh9huY" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div></span><span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-7QITLGh9huY" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/lupoforme">lupoforme</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">Green Tara, HH 17. Karmapa Thaye Dorje, Sept. 2008</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">8:16</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">14 de septiembre de 2008</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">People & Blogs</p> <p class="hovercard-username">lupoforme</p> <p class="hovercard-description">September 14th, 2008. HH the 17th Karmapa Trinlay Thaye Dorje: Green Tara (Grüne Tara). Austria, Vienna.</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-4.5" title="4.5"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">2017 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-W105xR_2tTQ" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W105xR_2tTQ" rel="nofollow"><img title="KARMAPA smiles" src="http://i4.ytimg.com/vi/W105xR_2tTQ/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="W105xR_2tTQ" alt="KARMAPA smiles" /></a><br /><br /><a id="video-run-time-W105xR_2tTQ" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W105xR_2tTQ" rel="nofollow">0:02</a></div></div></div> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-W105xR_2tTQ" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W105xR_2tTQ" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="KARMAPA smiles" rel="nofollow">KARMAPA smiles</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-W105xR_2tTQ" class="video-description"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">This smile is from an interview that I did with His Holiness in Mai 2006. The interview will be part of a film that is currently in post <b>...</b></div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("W105xR_2tTQ", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <span id="video-average-rating-W105xR_2tTQ" class="video-rating-list "> </span><br /><span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-W105xR_2tTQ" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/karmapafilm">karmapafilm</a></span><br /><br /><img title="17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje Interview part 2" src="http://i3.ytimg.com/vi/RIINy9dXpk8/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="RIINy9dXpk8" alt="17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje Interview part 2" /><div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"><div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"><div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-RIINy9dXpk8" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIINy9dXpk8" rel="nofollow"><br /></a><br /><div class="video-time"><a id="video-run-time-RIINy9dXpk8" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIINy9dXpk8" rel="nofollow">4:50</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-RIINy9dXpk8"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-RIINy9dXpk8" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIINy9dXpk8" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje Interview part 2" rel="nofollow">17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje Interview part 2</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-RIINy9dXpk8" class="video-description"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">This video is part two of three of an interview the 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje gave to television in Copenhagen in June 2004. If you're interested <b>...</b></div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("RIINy9dXpk8", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-RIINy9dXpk8" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div> </span> <span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-RIINy9dXpk8" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/Gandalf1976">Gandalf1976</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje Interview part 2</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">4:50</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">28 de noviembre de 2006</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">People & Blogs</p> <p class="hovercard-username">Gandalf1976</p> <p class="hovercard-description">This video is part two of three of an interview the 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje gave to television in Copenhagen in June 2004. If you're interested <b>...</b></p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-5.0" title="5.0"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">24778 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-VcAm3MzBLdw" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcAm3MzBLdw" rel="nofollow"><img title="HH the 17th Karmapa speech on "How to Practice"" src="http://i3.ytimg.com/vi/VcAm3MzBLdw/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="VcAm3MzBLdw" alt="HH the 17th Karmapa speech on "How to Practice"" /></a><br /><br /><a id="video-run-time-VcAm3MzBLdw" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcAm3MzBLdw" rel="nofollow">3:59</a></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-VcAm3MzBLdw"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-VcAm3MzBLdw" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcAm3MzBLdw" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="HH the 17th Karmapa speech on "How to Practice"" rel="nofollow">HH the 17th Karmapa speech on "How to Practice"</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-VcAm3MzBLdw" class="video-description"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">HH the 17th Karmapa speech on "How to Practice in a daily life" (the original video produced by lifetv) </div></div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("VcAm3MzBLdw", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-VcAm3MzBLdw" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div></span> <span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-VcAm3MzBLdw" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/karmayt">karmayt</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">HH the 17th Karmapa speech on "How to Practice"</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">3:59</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">19 de octubre de 2006</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">People & Blogs</p> <p class="hovercard-username">karmayt</p> <p class="hovercard-description">HH the 17th Karmapa speech on "How to Practice in a daily life" (the original video produced by lifetv)</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-4.5" title="4.5"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">56543 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-YzBKlYtQClY" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzBKlYtQClY" rel="nofollow"><img title="16th Karmapa - ~1960" src="http://i2.ytimg.com/vi/YzBKlYtQClY/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="YzBKlYtQClY" alt="16th Karmapa - ~1960" /></a><div id="quicklist-icon-YzBKlYtQClY" class="addtoQL90"><div class="hid quicklist-inlist"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/my_quicklist"><br /></a></div></div> <div class="video-time"><a id="video-run-time-YzBKlYtQClY" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzBKlYtQClY" rel="nofollow">1:39</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-YzBKlYtQClY"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-YzBKlYtQClY" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzBKlYtQClY" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="16th Karmapa - ~1960" rel="nofollow">16th Karmapa - ~1960</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-YzBKlYtQClY" class="video-description"><br />Rare footage taken from "Message of the Tibetans". </div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("YzBKlYtQClY", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-YzBKlYtQClY" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div> </span> <span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-YzBKlYtQClY" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/toomoooo">toomoooo</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">16th Karmapa - ~1960</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">1:39</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">02 de noviembre de 2007</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">People & Blogs</p> <p class="hovercard-username">toomoooo</p> <p class="hovercard-description">Rare footage taken from "Message of the Tibetans".</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-5.0" title="5.0"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">26850 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-gDtp9CxLnbU" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDtp9CxLnbU" rel="nofollow"><img title="Empowerment in Green Tara - Vienna 2004" src="http://i4.ytimg.com/vi/gDtp9CxLnbU/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="gDtp9CxLnbU" alt="Empowerment in Green Tara - Vienna 2004" /></a><br /><br /><a id="video-run-time-gDtp9CxLnbU" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDtp9CxLnbU" rel="nofollow">4:47</a></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-gDtp9CxLnbU"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-gDtp9CxLnbU" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDtp9CxLnbU" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="Empowerment in Green Tara - Vienna 2004" rel="nofollow">Empowerment in Green Tara - Vienna 2004</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-gDtp9CxLnbU" class="video-description"> from TV </div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("gDtp9CxLnbU", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-gDtp9CxLnbU" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div></span><span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-gDtp9CxLnbU" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/HerrBatNick">HerrBatNick</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">Empowerment in Green Tara - Vienna 2004</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">4:47</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">15 de enero de 2007</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">People & Blogs</p> <p class="hovercard-username">HerrBatNick</p> <p class="hovercard-description">from TV</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-5.0" title="5.0"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">22681 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-iGbSPIOe1io" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGbSPIOe1io" rel="nofollow"><img title="Ole Nydahl" src="http://i2.ytimg.com/vi/iGbSPIOe1io/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="iGbSPIOe1io" alt="Ole Nydahl" /></a><br /><br /><a id="video-run-time-iGbSPIOe1io" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGbSPIOe1io" rel="nofollow">8:55</a></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-iGbSPIOe1io"><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"> </div> </div><br /><a id="video-long-title-iGbSPIOe1io" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGbSPIOe1io" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="Ole Nydahl" rel="nofollow">Ole Nydahl</a> <div id="video-description-iGbSPIOe1io" class="video-description"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Ole Nydahl interjúja a drogok és a meditáció által tapasztalható tudatállapotok közötti azonosságokról és különbségkről. </div></div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("iGbSPIOe1io", "hu", "es", "hu", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-iGbSPIOe1io" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div></span> <span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-iGbSPIOe1io" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/EGOKILA">EGOKILA</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">Ole Nydahl</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">8:55</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">27 de abril de 2007</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">People & Blogs</p> <p class="hovercard-username">EGOKILA</p> <p class="hovercard-description">Ole Nydahl interjúja a drogok és a meditáció által tapasztalható tudatállapotok közötti azonosságokról és különbségkről.</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-4.5" title="4.5"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">16350 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-z-UMo0jNmXM" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-UMo0jNmXM" rel="nofollow"><img title="H.H. the 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje replies to a question" src="http://i3.ytimg.com/vi/z-UMo0jNmXM/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="z-UMo0jNmXM" alt="H.H. the 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje replies to a question" /></a><br /><br /><a id="video-run-time-z-UMo0jNmXM" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-UMo0jNmXM" rel="nofollow">2:39</a></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-z-UMo0jNmXM"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-z-UMo0jNmXM" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-UMo0jNmXM" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="H.H. the 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje replies to a question" rel="nofollow">HH the 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje replies to a question</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-z-UMo0jNmXM" class="video-description"><br />Prague, T-Mobile Arena, 16 June 2007 </div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("z-UMo0jNmXM", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-z-UMo0jNmXM" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div></span><span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-z-UMo0jNmXM" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/eastbuk">eastbuk</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">H.H. the 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje replies to a question</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">2:39</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">22 de junio de 2007</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">People & Blogs</p> <p class="hovercard-username">eastbuk</p> <p class="hovercard-description">Prague, T-Mobile Arena, 16 June 2007</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-4.5" title="4.5"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">24240 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-Phqkds-HxlQ" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Phqkds-HxlQ" rel="nofollow"><img title="HH the 17th Karmapa & Situ Rinpoche" src="http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/Phqkds-HxlQ/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="Phqkds-HxlQ" alt="HH the 17th Karmapa & Situ Rinpoche" /></a><div id="quicklist-icon-Phqkds-HxlQ" class="addtoQL90"><div class="hid quicklist-inlist"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/my_quicklist"><br /></a></div></div> <div class="video-time"><a id="video-run-time-Phqkds-HxlQ" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Phqkds-HxlQ" rel="nofollow">1:23</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-Phqkds-HxlQ"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div 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octubre de 2006</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">People & Blogs</p> <p class="hovercard-username">hwayue</p> <p class="hovercard-description">HH the 17th Karmapa & Situ Rinpoche</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-4.5" title="4.5"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">51578 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-6xV2Qem4hx4" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xV2Qem4hx4" rel="nofollow"><img title="H.H. 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Karmapa Thaye Dorje" rel="nofollow">HH Karmapa Thaye Dorje</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-6xV2Qem4hx4" class="video-description"><br />karmapa at lumbini </div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("6xV2Qem4hx4", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-6xV2Qem4hx4" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div> </span> <span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-6xV2Qem4hx4" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/jangchub">jangchub</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">H.H. Karmapa Thaye Dorje</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">2:59</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">18 de octubre de 2006</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">People & Blogs</p> <p class="hovercard-username">jangchub</p> <p class="hovercard-description">karmapa at lumbini</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-5.0" title="5.0"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">15944 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-BRVX5cGI9uM" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRVX5cGI9uM" rel="nofollow"><img title="HH the 17th Karmapa chants Chenrezig Mantra" src="http://i3.ytimg.com/vi/BRVX5cGI9uM/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="BRVX5cGI9uM" alt="HH the 17th Karmapa chants Chenrezig Mantra" /></a><div id="quicklist-icon-BRVX5cGI9uM" class="addtoQL90"><div class="hid quicklist-inlist"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/my_quicklist"><br /></a></div></div> <div class="video-time"><a id="video-run-time-BRVX5cGI9uM" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRVX5cGI9uM" rel="nofollow">1:42</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-BRVX5cGI9uM"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-BRVX5cGI9uM" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRVX5cGI9uM" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="HH the 17th Karmapa chants Chenrezig Mantra" rel="nofollow">HH the 17th Karmapa chants Chenrezig Mantra</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-BRVX5cGI9uM" class="video-description"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">HH the 17th Karmapa chants Chenrezig Mantra with a new melody made by His Holiness Gyalwang Karmapa in 2005. </div></div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("BRVX5cGI9uM", "en", "es", "en", 0) </script> <div class="video-facets"> <span id="video-average-rating-BRVX5cGI9uM" class="video-rating-list "> <div><br /></div></span><span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-BRVX5cGI9uM" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/karmayt">karmayt</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">HH the 17th Karmapa chants Chenrezig Mantra</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">1:42</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">15 de octubre de 2006</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">Music</p> <p class="hovercard-username">karmayt</p> <p class="hovercard-description">HH the 17th Karmapa chants Chenrezig Mantra with a new melody made by His Holiness Gyalwang Karmapa in 2005.</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-5.0" title="5.0"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">65939 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell *sr" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-8uDTWhQ1eEI" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uDTWhQ1eEI" rel="nofollow"><img title="17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje Interview part 3" src="http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/8uDTWhQ1eEI/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="8uDTWhQ1eEI" alt="17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje Interview part 3" /></a><div id="quicklist-icon-8uDTWhQ1eEI" class="addtoQL90"><div class="hid quicklist-inlist"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/my_quicklist"><br /></a></div></div> <div class="video-time"><a id="video-run-time-8uDTWhQ1eEI" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uDTWhQ1eEI" rel="nofollow">3:47</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-8uDTWhQ1eEI"> <div class="video-translation-links"> <br /></div><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"><a id="video-long-title-8uDTWhQ1eEI" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uDTWhQ1eEI" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje Interview part 3" rel="nofollow">17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje Interview part 3</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-8uDTWhQ1eEI" class="video-description"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">This video is part three of three of an interview HH the 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje gave to Danish television in 2004. 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rel="nofollow">3:51</a></div></div></div><br /><div class="video-title video-title-results"><div class="video-long-title"> <a id="video-long-title-ZhWFQ8iuJC4" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhWFQ8iuJC4" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" title="HH 17th Karmapa asks centres, monasteries to go vegetarian" rel="nofollow">HH 17th Karmapa asks centres, monasteries to go vegetarian</a> </div> </div> <div id="video-description-ZhWFQ8iuJC4" class="video-description"><span><br />Warning- contains some graphic images. HH Orgyen Trinle Dorje, Karmapa XVII* (1985-), is a vegetarian. <a href="http://www.kagyuoffice.org/" class="smarterwiki-linkify">www.kagyuoffice.org</a> On January 3, 2007, he </span><b>...</b> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> yt.www.translation.enableTranslate("ZhWFQ8iuJC4", "en", "es", "en", 0)</script><br /><span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-ZhWFQ8iuJC4" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/LiveVegan">LiveVegan</a></span><br /><br /><div class="video-cell" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-NU1La7k-ajs" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU1La7k-ajs&feature=rec-LGOUT-real_rev-rn-HM" onmousedown="yt.analytics.urchinTracker('/Events/Home/PersonalizedHome/REC/Logged_Out');" rel="nofollow"><img title="Green Tara Mantra" src="http://i3.ytimg.com/vi/NU1La7k-ajs/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="NU1La7k-ajs" alt="Green Tara Mantra" /></a><div id="quicklist-icon-NU1La7k-ajs" class="addtoQL90"><br /><div class="hid quicklist-inlist"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/my_quicklist"><br /></a></div></div> <div class="video-time"><a id="video-run-time-NU1La7k-ajs" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU1La7k-ajs&feature=rec-LGOUT-real_rev-rn-HM" onmousedown="yt.analytics.urchinTracker('/Events/Home/PersonalizedHome/REC/Logged_Out');" rel="nofollow">5:41</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="video-main-content" id="video-main-content-NU1La7k-ajs"> <div id="video-description-NU1La7k-ajs" class="video-description"> <div class="video-short-title"> <br /><a id="video-short-title-NU1La7k-ajs" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU1La7k-ajs&feature=rec-LGOUT-real_rev-rn-HM" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" onmousedown="yt.analytics.urchinTracker('/Events/Home/PersonalizedHome/REC/Logged_Out');" title="Green Tara Mantra" rel="nofollow">Green Tara Mantra</a> </div><br />Oṃ Tāre Tuttāre Ture Svāhā / Om Tare Tuttare Ture Svaha Tara (whose name means ... </div> <div class="video-facets"><span class="video-username"><br /><a id="video-from-username-NU1La7k-ajs" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/nilavani">nilavani</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="yt-uix-hovercard-content" style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">Green Tara Mantra</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">5:41</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">30 de marzo de 2008</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">Music</p> <p class="hovercard-username">nilavani</p> <p class="hovercard-description">Oṃ Tāre Tuttāre Ture Svāhā / Om Tare Tuttare Ture Svaha Tara (whose name means ...</p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-5.0" title="5.0"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">179135 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell" 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style="display: none;"> <strong class="hovercard-title">Tibetan Buddhist Chanting - Shar Gan-Ri Ma</strong><br /><div><span class="hovercard-duration">6:14</span> <span class="hovercard-upload-date">22 de diciembre de 2007</span></div> <p class="hovercard-category">Music</p> <p class="hovercard-username">chillout108</p> <p class="hovercard-description"><span>Tibet: The Heart of Dharma - "Shar Gan-Ri Ma" The Eastern Snowy Mountain <a href="http://w/" class="smarterwiki-linkify">http://w</a>...</span></p> <hr /> <div><div class="hovercard-rating"> <div> <button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-5.0" title="5.0"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">70805 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="video-cell" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="video-entry yt-uix-hovercard"> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-Pm52nJK6K-k" class="video-thumb-link" 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<button class="master-sprite ratingL ratingL-5.0" title="5.0"></button> </div> </div> <span class="hovercard-views">28326 reproducciones</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="v120WideEntry"><div class="v120WrapperOuter"><div class="v120WrapperInner"><a id="video-url-EtSpJUVWN4Y" class="video-thumb-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtSpJUVWN4Y&feature=rec-LGOUT-real_rev-rn-HM" onmousedown="yt.analytics.urchinTracker('/Events/Home/PersonalizedHome/REC/Logged_Out');" rel="nofollow"><img title="Tara" src="http://i2.ytimg.com/vi/EtSpJUVWN4Y/default.jpg" class="vimg120 yt-uix-hovercard-target" qlicon="EtSpJUVWN4Y" alt="Tara" /></a><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /><br /></span><a id="video-run-time-EtSpJUVWN4Y" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtSpJUVWN4Y&feature=rec-LGOUT-real_rev-rn-HM" onmousedown="yt.analytics.urchinTracker('/Events/Home/PersonalizedHome/REC/Logged_Out');" rel="nofollow">3:45</a></div></div></div> <div class="video-title "><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span><div class="video-long-title"> </div><a id="video-long-title-EtSpJUVWN4Y" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtSpJUVWN4Y&feature=rec-LGOUT-real_rev-rn-HM" class="yt-uix-hovercard-target" onmousedown="yt.analytics.urchinTracker('/Events/Home/PersonalizedHome/REC/Logged_Out');" title="Tara" rel="nofollow">Tara</a> </div> <div id="video-description-EtSpJUVWN4Y" class="video-description"><span> <br />Om Tare Tutare Ture Soha sung by Dechen Shak-Dagsay <a href="http://dechen-shak.com/" class="smarterwiki-linkify">http://dechen-shak.com</a> In Dut... </span></div><br /><span class="video-username"><a id="video-from-username-EtSpJUVWN4Y" class="hLink" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/wuhwuh">wuhwuh</a></span>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-67368428581615478752009-11-15T10:44:00.001+01:002009-11-15T10:59:05.553+01:00Budismo tibetano<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 153, 0);font-size:180%;" ><a href="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56&Itemid=85">Budismo tibetano </a></span><br /><br /><br /><table class="contentpaneopen"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="70%"> <span class="small">Felipe </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="createdate" valign="top">Vie, septiembre 19, 2008 12:08 </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> <h3><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;">El Vajrayana, el Vehículo de Diamante </span></h3><p><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"><em>"Tras el pequeño vehículo (Hinayana) y vehículos de gran tamaño (Mahayana) sería como subir una escalera para alcanzar el último piso de un edificio grande. Vajrayana sería como ir de un ascensor. O bien, si todos los sufrimientos y todas las dificultades fueron la dorso de la mano, y la palma de la mano, el despertar, el Vajaryana como encender la palma hacia arriba "-</em> Kalu Rimpoche </span><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><img src="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/images/stories/yidans/2961125_5259396.jpg" align="left" border="0" hspace="10" vspace="10" /> </p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;">Vajrayana </span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;">El Vajrayana es una línea de budismo tántrico, esotérico, que se ha desarrollado muy fuerte en el Tíbet, después de su llegada a la India de la Shakyanmuni Buda. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"> La expansión del budismo se puede dividir en cinco periodos: </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"> <strong>1.</strong>Siglos VI-V a. C.: El Dharma fue expuesto por el Buda y transmitidos por sus discípulos; </span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"> 2. Siglos antes de Cristo - AD: Se realizó el consejos budistas, y de hecho las nuevas escuelas; </span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"> 3. Siglos I-VI: Rise of budismo mahayana; </span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"> 4. Siglos VII-XIII: La expansión del Vajrayana; </span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"> 5. XIX-XX: La llegada del budismo a Occidente. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"> El vajrayana o vehículo de diamante, apareció alrededor del siglo V, en el noreste y el noroeste de la India. Este movimiento es también conocido como Vehículo de Tantra (S Tantrayana) y de vehículos Mantra (S Mantrayana). </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"> El Tantra es el nombre dado a las escrituras esotéricas Vajrayana budismo y el hinduismo. En ambos casos, estas escrituras se caracterizan por un gran simbolismo, por lo que es esencial que sus enseñanzas se transmiten y estudiado sólo con la ayuda de un gurú cualificado. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"> Según el Vajrayana es posible alcanzar la iluminación en un tiempo relativamente corto a través de la transformación de las emociones negativas (el apego, el odio, la ignorancia, etc.) Revelando su verdadera naturaleza. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"> Vajrayana </span><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;">abarca </span><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;">Así, todas las enseñanzas de los vehículos grandes y pequeños, sino a través de métodos prácticos a sí mismos (tutorías, visualizaciones, mantras, etc.) es considerada una ruta de acceso completa y de acuerdo con el tantra budista, la manera más rápida a la iluminación. </span><br /><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;">Kagyu </span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"> Una de las cuatro escuelas principales del budismo tibetano, la escuela Kagyu fue fundada en el siglo XI y pone de relieve el estudio del yoga tántrico combinado con el estudio filosófico de las escuelas tradicionales intelectual budista. Kagyu El nombre significa "transmisión oral" y la escuela hace hincapié en que sus enseñanzas se transmiten oralmente de maestro a discípulo. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"> La escuela Kagyu se ha desarrollado a lo largo de los siglos, principalmente a través del linaje de Karmapa, conocido como linaje Karma Kagyu, que comenzó con la Khyenpa Dusum Karmapa (1110-1193) y está representado hoy por Su Santidad el 17 º Gyalwa Karmapa, Trinley Ogyen Drodül Dorje. </span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <span class="article_separator"></span><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://purebhakti.tv/dividerflowers.gif" border="0" height="35" width="500" /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><h1 style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Lucida sans unicode,lucida; color: rgb(204, 204, 204);" id="Guan_Yin" class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size:180%;">Guan Yin</span></h1><span style="font-size:180%;"></span><br /><br /><br /><div id="watch-channel-icon" class="user-thumb-medium"><div> <a class="url" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/An9elSwift"><img src="http://i1.ytimg.com/i/DcCNmoUkFj0TBZlmEV_08w/1.jpg" class="photo" alt="Icono de canal" /></a> </div></div> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/An9elSwift">An9elSwift</a><br /><br /><br />13 de febrero de 2008<br /><br />Godess of Pure Mercy and Light<br /><br /><br /><object height="405" width="500"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/VtMsBOQVAf0&hl=es_ES&fs=1&color1=0x234900&color2=0x4e9e00&border=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/VtMsBOQVAf0&hl=es_ES&fs=1&color1=0x234900&color2=0x4e9e00&border=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="405" width="500"></embed></object><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><h1 style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Lucida sans unicode,lucida; color: rgb(204, 204, 204);" id="Tibetan_Chant_-_Tara_Emanations" class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size:180%;">Tibetan Chant - Tara Emanations</span></h1><span style="font-size:180%;"></span><br /><br /><br /><div id="watch-channel-icon" class="user-thumb-medium"><div> <a class="url" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/An9elSwift"><img src="http://i1.ytimg.com/i/DcCNmoUkFj0TBZlmEV_08w/1.jpg" class="photo" alt="Icono de canal" /></a> </div></div> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/An9elSwift">An9elSwift</a><br /><br /><br />The emanations of Bodhissatva Tara<br /><br /><br /><object height="405" width="500"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/LHOhFGDB_BQ&hl=es_ES&fs=1&color1=0x234900&color2=0x4e9e00&border=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/LHOhFGDB_BQ&hl=es_ES&fs=1&color1=0x234900&color2=0x4e9e00&border=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="405" width="500"></embed></object>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-75191065858960373892009-11-15T10:41:00.004+01:002009-11-15T11:55:52.924+01:00El Drodül XVII Karmapa Trinley Dorje Ogyen<a href="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=89"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="color: rgb(204, 153, 51); font-weight: bold;">El Drodül XVII Karmapa Trinley Dorje Ogyen</span></span></a><table class="contentpaneopen"><tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="70%"> <span class="small">Felipe </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="createdate" valign="top">Vie, septiembre 19, 2008 12:33 </td> </tr> <tr align="justify"> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="textomuito"><img src="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/images/stories/karmapa/Karmapa_2007_the17_01.jpg" alt="Karmapa " align="right" border="5" hspace="10" vspace="5" /><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"><br /></span></p><p class="textomuito"><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;">El Karmapa XVII nació en 1985 en una familia de nómadas en la región de Lathog del Tíbet oriental. Su madre había sueños maravillosos durante el embarazo y el día de su nacimiento, un cuco aterrizó en la tienda, donde nació. Había muchos otros signos maravillosos, como el sonido reverberante de los depósitos en la zona durante aproximadamente dos horas, que fue escuchado por todos los pueblos de la región. En 1992, el Karmapa pidió a su familia para cambiar la ubicación de sus viviendas nómadas a otro valle, y dijo a sus padres y hermanos que esperar a que los monjes visitar a un viajero.<br /></span></p><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;">Después de la muerte del Gyalwa Karmapa en 1981, la Junta de Regentes, integrado por Shamar Rinpoche, Tai Situ Rinpoche, Jamgon Kongtrul Gyaltsab Rinpoche Rinpoche y asumió la responsabilidad conjunta de los asuntos espirituales del linaje Karma Kagyu y se le pidió que busque la la reencarnación del Karmapa.<br /></span><p><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;">Por primera vez en la historia del Karmapa, los encargados de encontrar que ya no eran residentes en el Tíbet, después de haber huido del país con, o por sugerencia del Karmapa a finales de los 50. En los años siguientes a 1981, los regentes se trate de averiguar las instrucciones del Karmapa, pero eran difíciles de encontrar.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"><br />Por último, después de muchos años, las barreras se han disipado suficiente como para que Tai Situ Rinpoche localizar la carta de la predicción del Karmapa (el Dakha Shaltchem central o Último Testamento). En marzo 14 de 1992, la Junta de Gobierno se reunieron en Rumtek para examinar esta carta.The Last Testament del Karmapa declaró que su reencarnación se encuentra "al norte, al este de la tierra de nieve", y proporcionó otras instrucciones claras sobre si en el Tíbet para encontrar su reencarnación XVII. Los regentes decidió que Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche debe ir al Tibet para investigar y buscar la reencarnación del Karmapa. Lamentablemente, antes de que pudiera ir al Tíbet, Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche murió seis semanas después de la reunión.<br /><br />Un equipo de búsqueda se constituyó, integrado por representantes de los Tai Situ Rinpoche y Goshri Gyaltsabpa, una delegación de Tsurphu y funcionarios del gobierno local. Un equipo de búsqueda fue enviado para encontrar el Karmapa nuevos, de conformidad con las instrucciones de la carta de la predicción del Karmapa, quien dijo que su reencarnación se encuentra "en un trueno divino espontáneamente brillo / [En] un hermoso lugar de los nómadas con signo de una vaca / El método es Dondrub Lolage y sabiduría. "Divino Trueno" en tibetano es "Thug it", y señaló la región de Lathog."Vaca" es "ba" en tibetano, y se refirió a la aldea de Barkhor (sobre "la zona de la vaca"). Como se ha indicado, el Karmapa fue encontrado por el equipo de búsqueda en la comunidad llamada Barkhor en Lathog región del Tíbet oriental, en el octavo día del quinto mes tibetano en el año de la vaca de madera. Su padre ( "método") fue Dondrub Karma Tashi, y su madre ( "sabiduría") Loga.<br /><br />Tai Situ Rinpoche y Goshri Gyaltsab sabía, a través de sus representantes en el Tíbet, las conclusiones sobre el niño, llevado a cabo por el equipo de búsqueda, y comunicará inmediatamente esta información a Su Santidad el Dalai Lama. Tai Situ Rinpoche y Goshri Gyaltsabpa, según lo acordado con Su Santidad el Dalai Lama, dio instrucciones al grupo de búsqueda para que el Karmapa regresó a su sede. Drupon Detchen Rinpoche, que fue encargado por el decimosexto Karmapa para restaurar el monasterio de Tsurphu, el Karmapa recibió el monasterio de Tolung Tsurphu en el Tíbet central. Muchos signos maravillosa apareció en la llegada del Karmapa en Tsurphu.<br /><br />Más tarde, en 1992, el Dalai Lama envió a su Bugthan Rinpoche, quien dijo:"El niño nacido de Karma Dondrub Loga y el año de la vaca de madera (el calendario tibetano) es la carta de predicción (a la izquierda por el Karmapa tarde) y por tanto es reconocido como la reencarnación del Karmapa. Con oraciones por su bienestar y el éxito de sus actividades. El Dalai Lama ".<br /><br />El regreso del Karmapa XVII al Tsurphu celebró también otra parte de la última voluntad del Karmapa, su predicción en 1944 que a pesar del Tíbet para convertirse en un día oscuro en un "pantano" que los obligan a abandonar el Tíbet, que volvería de todas maneras a su hogar ancestral. Cuando el decimosexto Karmapa, que había abandonado el Tíbet en 1959, fue a parinirvana en 1981 sin tener que regresar, su profecía aún no se había cumplido. Sin embargo, en la tradición de Karmapas inconcebible, la justicia se ha hecho once años más tarde, cuando el Karmapa XVII entró por las puertas de su monasterio en Tsurphu en 1992.La alegría de una "gran" que sienten sus seguidores comenzaron el proceso de fijación del "dolor indescriptible" sintió cuando su predecesor se vio obligado a abandonar a sus discípulos "Helpless" en 1959.<br /><br />En julio de 1992, Tai Situ Rinpoche y Goshri Gyaltsabpa fue al Tíbet y se fue, como abades, un refugio tradicional ceremonia celebrada frente a la imagen más preciosa de Buda en el Tíbet, el templo de Djokhang en Lhasa. Su eminencia Gyaltsab Situ Rinpoche y la Rinpoche Karmapa le presentó una gran variedad de elementos enviados bendecida por el Dalai Lama y otros maestros. Durante la ceremonia, el Karmapa recibió el nombre tradicional de la reencarnación XVII, reveló a la Gran Guardián de los Tesoros Tchogyur Detchen Lingpa por Guru Rinpoche en el siglo XIX: Khyabdag Ogyen Gyalwe Nyuku Drodül Trinley Dorje Tsal Tchokle Nampa Gyalwe Pal De<br /><br />En septiembre 27, 1992, Tai Situ Rinpoche y Goshri Gyaltsabpa presidió la entronización del Karmapa XVII en Toelung-Tsurphu.El Secretario General de Su Santidad, Tendzin Namgyal y representantes del Centro y el Colegio Karma Darmachakra Shri monasterio de Nalanda en Rumtek estuvieron presentes en la ceremonia. Antes de la ceremonia comenzó, los funcionarios de China, le regaló a Su Santidad un certificado oficial del Gobierno de Beijing de aceptar el reconocimiento de Su Santidad como un lama reencarnado, el reconocimiento de ese tipo en el Tíbet después de 50 años. Decenas de miles de devotos se reunieron para presenciar el regreso de Su Santidad el Karmapa.<br /><br />Su Eminencia Tai Situ Rinpoche presentó el Karmapa Trinley Ogyen Dorje Rinpoche con Bugtham, escrito por Su Santidad el Dalai Lama, una copia de Dakha Shaltchem y predicción de la Netchung oráculo. En la ceremonia tradicional llamada "Ngasol, Su Eminencia Tai Situ Rinpoche consagró el Karmapa, luego de siete años, con ocho ingredientes preciosos, los ocho símbolos auspiciosos y los siete posesiones de la monarca universal.<br /><br />Esta ceremonia de entronización terminó con el ofrecimiento de un gran mandala por Gyaltsab Rinpoche, seguido por ofrecer una imagen de Buda, que simboliza el cuerpo, un sutra larga vida, símbolo de la palabra, y una estupa, que simboliza la mente. Los representantes de los monasterios en todo el mundo, más de 300 profesores y representantes de centros de Dharma reencarnado y los gobiernos de los cinco continentes también han hecho ofertas. A la mañana siguiente, decenas de miles de personas se organizaron en filas delante de Su Santidad, para hacer ofrendas y recibir las bendiciones personales.<br /><br />Tsurphu, el Karmapa estudiado las ciencias budista de la mente, el ritual aprendido y practicado las artes sagradas, como la danza. Todos los días se reciben cientos de visitantes de todo el Tíbet y en todo el mundo. Con el tiempo empezó a ofrecer tutorías y participar en varios rituales en el monasterio. Después de diez años de edad, Su Santidad comenzó a reconocer a los maestros reencarnado, incluidos los patrones de eminentes como Pawo Rinpoche, Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche y Dabzang Rinpoche. Fue en peregrinación a muchos lugares sagrados del Tíbet, como la torre de Milarepa en Lodrag.En un viaje patrocinado por el gobierno central, visitó muchos templos chinos Mahayana, rindió homenaje a las reliquias de Buda en Beijing y se reunió con funcionarios del gobierno central de Pekín, incluido el Presidente Jiam Zimen.<br /><br />Mientras Su Santidad fue Tsurphu, el monasterio tenía gran trabajo de reconstrucción para la restauración de templos, santuarios, los stupas, un shedra y casas que fueron destruidas en los últimos años, cumpliendo uno de los principales deberes de un Karmapa. Con los años, sin embargo, Su Santidad se había enfrentado a una creciente presión de tibetanos y autoridades chinas a actuar en formas que limitan su autoridad religiosa como Karmapa. El Karmapa quería difundir las enseñanzas del Buda en general y, en particular, recibir iniciaciones excelente, las transmisiones y las instrucciones de la tradición Karma Kagyu. Sólo podía recibir estas enseñanzas de los principales discípulos del Karmapa anterior, como Situ Rinpoche y Gyaltsab Rinpoche. Por otra parte, Tchogyur Detchen Lingpa predijo que el Karmapa estudiará con su profesor de Tai Situ Rinpoche y otros maestros.Era muy difícil para el Karmapa seguir las tradiciones religiosas de importancia crítica y de practicar libremente sus actividades religiosas en tales circunstancias.<br />A pesar de estar bajo vigilancia constante por el gobierno chino niega el permiso para salir del país, incluso por períodos cortos de tiempo, él y un puñado de asistentes cuidadosamente diseñado un audaz plan para escapar del Tíbet a la India. El Karmapa anunció que estaba entrando en un refugio tradicional cerrado y no salir de allí por unos días. En la noche del 28 de diciembre, el Karmapa y su asistente vestido con ropa de calle, descendió lentamente de su habitación y subió a la azotea de un edificio cercano, la sala del santuario de la protectora Mahakala. Desde allí hasta el suelo, donde un jeep estaba esperando con el Tsultrim Lama y un conductor. Salieron de inmediato. Tsewang Lama y otro piloto se unió al grupo en un lugar convenido.<br /><br />Se había comunicado previamente que el Dalai Tsultrim y sus compañeros salían de la carretera. ¿Cómo prepararse para que ese día habían entrado y salido varias veces el monasterio y, por tanto, nada parecía extraño cuando el automóvil conducido por el Dalai Tsultrim izquierda.Ellos decidieron ir directamente al oeste del Tíbet, como muchos viajeros utilizan esta carretera y los puestos de control no fueron supervisadas de cerca. Conducción día y noche, parando sólo para cambiar de conductores. Selección de las carreteras a través de montañas y valles, evitar los puestos de control y dos campamentos militares. Conduciendo todo el camino, llegaron a la Mustang, Nepal, en la mañana del día 30, de 1999.<br />Continuando el recorrido a pie y en caballos, cruzaron varios senderos de montaña y finalmente llegó a Manang. El tiempo en esta parte del viaje era extremadamente difícil y agotador, debido a las malas condiciones de los caminos, a menudo peligroso y extremadamente frío. A pesar de la Karmapa estar cansado y no ser muy buena salud, era muy decidida a lograr su objetivo, contra todo pronóstico.<br /><br />Al llegar a Manang, un amigo cercano de Lama Tashi Tsewang ayudó al grupo a alquilar un helicóptero. Aterrizó en un lugar llamado Nagarkot en Nepal, y luego continuó en coche a Rauxal. Desde allí viajaron en tren a Lucknow y permaneció en el coche de alquiler a Delhi, después de llegar a Dharamsala, la mañana del día 5, de 2000.El Karmapa fue inmediatamente reunirse con Su Santidad el decimocuarto Dalai Lama, la manifestación misma de la compasión, y fue recibido con expresiones de amor y afecto. La alegría del Karmapa no tuvo límites. Por su gran compasión y preocupación, Su Santidad el Dalai Lama sigue ofreciendo el Karmapa sus preciosas enseñanzas, opiniones y consejos.<br /><br />El vuelo del Karmapa y su llegada en Dharamsala recibió una cobertura extraordinaria de los principales medios de comunicación de todo el mundo, incluyendo Associated Press, Agence France Press, BBC, CNN, NBC, ABC, CBS, The Economist, Newsweek, Time , The New York Times, The Times of India, The Industan Times y la mayoría de la prensa mundial.<br /><br />Su Eminencia Tai Situ Rinpoche y Gyaltsab Rinpoche y el Secretario General de Tendzin Namgyal unió el Karmapa en Dharamsala, poco después de su llegada. Muchos eminentes maestros Kagyu, lamas y laicos de la comunidad del monasterio de Rumtek y llegó a Dharamsala, quiero dar la bienvenida y feliz celebrar la llegada del Karmapa. El gobierno indio y tibetano en el exilio de Su Santidad extendido sus servicios diplomáticos siguen ofreciendo una cálida hospitalidad.El Karmapa recibido ofertas de residencia temporal en Gyuto tántrico Universidad Siddhibari, treinta minutos en coche de Dharamsala. El Karmapa recibió la condición de refugiado desde el gobierno de la India en 2001. </span></p><p><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;">Su Santidad el Karmapa XVII ha estudiado rigurosamente y dominar las enseñanzas del sutra y el tantra. Sus profesores son los grandes maestros del linaje Kagyu, incluido su tutor principal, el Jefe Khentchen Abad Thrangu Rinpoche, así como el Maestro Retiro Bokar Rinpoche, maestro vajra Tenga Rinpoche y el gran erudito y Yogi Khentchen Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche. Ha recibido las transmisiones principal de Mahamudra tántrico y sus principales maestros, Su Eminencia Tai Situ Rinpoche y Su Eminencia Goshri Gyaltsab Rinpoche. Está rodeado de Khenpo muchos jóvenes, y acharyas Rinpoche, así como Tashi Gyaltsen, Tsultrim Namdag, Rintchen Thondub, y Gueshe Tulku Khangsar Tchangtchub que continuamente apoyo a sus estudios en filosofía budista y ofrecen muchas lecturas de las transmisiones.<br /><br />En el estudio y la práctica, su agenda diaria incluye audiencias y visitas de los líderes de las diferentes escuelas religiosas, devotos y visitantes de este y el oeste. Dar enseñanzas y transmisiones a las audiencias públicas varias veces a la semana. A pesar de que sus movimientos restringidos por el gobierno de la India, Su Santidad, desde 2001, visitaba regularmente los lugares sagrados de Buda y ha presidido la aspiración Monlam anual de la grande y glorioso inigualable Kagyu Sangha en Bodhgaya para la paz mundial. En septiembre de 2001, viajó a la invitación de los monasterios budistas de Ladakh, en la región. El Karmapa también dirige el Programa Anual de Filosofía y Debate de invierno Tcho Karma Kagyu Gon, un seminario de invierno para todos los monjes de los distintos colegios Kagyu monástica.<br /><br />En octubre de 2004, Su Santidad presidió los funerales de la Muy Venerable Bokar Rinpoche en el monasterio de Bokar en mirik, Darjeeling, India, cuando se reunieron miles de personas procedentes de Sikkim, Bhután, Nepal y Bengala Oriental para recibir el Karmapa.También presidió las ceremonias de aniversario del año siguiente, recibiendo la entusiasta acogida mismo. En 2005, Su Santidad hizo el viaje histórico de las mayores instituciones monásticas de Budismo Tibetano en el sur de la India, donde fue recibido con honores por los más grandes maestros de los linajes del budismo tibetano de Kagyu, Nyingma y Gelugpa. Dio clases y conferencias en muchos monasterios y los asentamientos tibetanos, y ha presidido las reuniones en las principales universidades monásticas de Gamden, Drepung y Sera, donde se ofrecen clases y asesoramiento a miles de monjes extraordinario reunido bajo la dirección de los abades y gueshes.<br /><br />Su Santidad ha sido honrado con muchos premios desde su llegada a la India. En abril de 2002, fue seleccionado por la revista Time como uno de los "héroes asiáticos", que "ganó batallas por las causas nobles, la superación de las dificultades mayores y un ejemplo a lo mejor de nosotros". En septiembre de ese año, Su Santidad fue el invitado de honor de la celebración del aniversario por el 138 del nacimiento de Anagarita Dharmapala en Calcuta, organizado por la Sociedad Maha Bodhi,La puntuación y, a continuación, si Su Santidad el Dalai Lama en una conferencia del Instituto de la Mente y la Vida en Dharamsala. En enero de 2005 se reunió con todos los jefes de los linajes del budismo tibetano a ofrecer oraciones por la paz mundial. En febrero de 2006, fue el invitado principal en la celebración del 2550 º Buda Jayanti en Bodh Gaya, en la invitación de la Sociedad de la Maha Bodhi de la India. En la celebración ulterior de este aniversario, fue el invitado principal en la Conferencia Mundial por la Paz, celebrada en Nueva Delhi en abril de 2006.<br /><br />El Karmapa continúa residiendo en la Universidad tántrico Gyuto, aplicables a la restauración y renovación de los estudios y prácticas de meditación del linaje Kagyu, así como continuar su propia formación. La Oficina Administrativa del Karmapa se está ejecutando en la Universidad tántrico Gyuto bajo la dirección del actual Secretario General de la Drupon Rinpoche. Su Santidad Ogyen Trinley Dorje cumplió 21 en junio de 2006.<br /><br />Los versos pertinentes de la composición de 1944, el Karmapa ", una canción cuyo momento ha llegado - el ruido melodioso de una abeja":<br /><br /><em>"El día que el cisne de los círculos de los bordes del lago de</em><br />Y dejar a oscuras su pantano inmaduros jóvenes,<br />El día en que se levanta buitre negro en el fondo del cielo<br />Será curioso donde el hombre Rigdröl.<br /><br />"Oh joven inmaduro, me siento la tristeza indescriptible para usted.<br />Ahora voy a explicar mucho, esto no es más que un cuento de inactividad,<br />Sin embargo, junto con la realidad absoluta.<br />Cuando el camino del Señor es segura por el rey de las aves,<br /><br />"En la oración, yo aspiro que nos encontramos en una gran alegría.<br />En esta vida, toman como los detalles esenciales a ser oído:<br />El discurso es indestructible como un eco.<br />La mente está vacía, libre de preocupaciones materiales ".<br /><br />Predicciones similares de la partida del Karmapa del Tíbet y su posterior retorno a Tsurphu se hicieron en "A Song" (1940) y "rugido melódica Santísima de la experiencia" (1962). Traducido por Michele Martin.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family:georgia,palatino;"><br /></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://purebhakti.tv/dividerflowers.gif" border="0" height="35" width="500" /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><h1 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 204, 204);font-family:Lucida sans unicode,lucida;" id="17th_Karmapa_Thaye_Dorje_Interview_part_1_.28in_English.29" class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size:120%;">17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje Interview part 1 (in English)</span></h1><span style="font-size:180%;"></span><br /><br /><br /><div id="watch-channel-icon" class="user-thumb-medium"><div> <a class="url" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/Gandalf1976"><img src="http://i4.ytimg.com/vi/ChNWtZDsNj8/default.jpg" class="photo" alt="Icono de canal" /></a> </div></div> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/Gandalf1976">Gandalf1976</a><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>28 de noviembre de 2006<br /><br />The interview is in English, except for the first 35 seconds, which is in Danish. This video is part one of three of an interview HH the 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje gave to Danish television in 2004. The original interview was 40 minutes long. The short version is 14 minutes long split into 3 parts. No, I'm afraid I don't have the full version.</span><br /><span></span><br /><span>If you're interested in HH Karmapa Thaye Dorje, check on his MySpace profile here: <a href="http://www.myspace.com/blackhatlama" target="_blank" title="http://www.myspace.com/blackhatlama" rel="nofollow" dir="ltr">http://www.myspace.com/blackhatlama</a></span><br /><br /><span>It's actually from him, and contains more videos as well as pictures and blogs.</span><br /><span></span><br /><span>For a long time, in the interest of free expression, I haven't deleted any comments, even mildly abusive or highly misguided ones. Recently, however, we've had lots of comments repeating the same already-explained confused points of fact, and I don't want to repeat the same things over and over. Believe me, I'm aware of the differences of opinion, and that's a different matter. It's all there in the full comment history, if you're interested. So I'm gonna have to moderate from now on, and repetitive confused comments will just be rejected. Please have a look what others have posted and then feel free to post your own comments. Thanks for watching! KARMAPA CHENNO!<br /><br /></span></div><br /><br /><br /><object height="405" width="500"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/ChNWtZDsNj8&hl=es_ES&fs=1&color1=0x234900&color2=0x4e9e00&border=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ChNWtZDsNj8&hl=es_ES&fs=1&color1=0x234900&color2=0x4e9e00&border=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="405" width="500"></embed></object><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><h1 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 204, 204);font-family:Lucida sans unicode,lucida;" id="17th_Karmapa_Thaye_Dorje_Interview_part_2_.28in_English.29" class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size:120%;">17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje Interview part 2 (in English)</span></h1><span style="font-size:180%;"></span><br /><br /><br /><div id="watch-channel-icon" class="user-thumb-medium"><div> <a class="url" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/Gandalf1976"><img src="http://i4.ytimg.com/vi/ChNWtZDsNj8/default.jpg" class="photo" alt="Icono de canal" /></a> </div></div> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/Gandalf1976">Gandalf1976</a><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>This video is part two of three of an interview the 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje gave to television in Copenhagen in June 2004.</span><br /><span></span><br /><span><br />If you're interested in HH Karmapa Thaye Dorje, check out his MySpace profile here: <a href="http://www.myspace.com/blackhatlama" target="_blank" title="http://www.myspace.com/blackhatlama" rel="nofollow" dir="ltr">http://www.myspace.com/blackhatlama</a></span><br /><br /><span>It's actually from him, and contains more videos as well as pictures and blogs.</span><br /><span></span><br /><span>For a long time, in the interest of free expression, I haven't deleted any comments, even mildly abusive or highly misguided ones. Recently, however, we've had lots of comments repeating the same already-explained confused points of fact, and I don't want to repeat the same things over and over. Believe me, I'm aware of the differences of opinion, and that's a different matter. It's all there in the full comment history, if you're interested. So I'm gonna have to moderate from now on, and repetitive confused comments will just be rejected. Please have a look what others have posted and then feel free to post your own comments. Thanks for watching! KARMAPA CHENNO! </span></div><br /><br /><br /><object height="405" width="500"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/RIINy9dXpk8&hl=es_ES&fs=1&color1=0x234900&color2=0x4e9e00&border=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/RIINy9dXpk8&hl=es_ES&fs=1&color1=0x234900&color2=0x4e9e00&border=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="405" width="500"></embed></object><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><h1 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 204, 204);font-family:Lucida sans unicode,lucida;" id="17th_Karmapa_Thaye_Dorje_Interview_part_3_.28in_English.29" class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size:120%;">17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje Interview part 3 (in English)</span></h1><span style="font-size:180%;"></span><br /><br /><br /><div id="watch-channel-icon" class="user-thumb-medium"><div> <a class="url" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/Gandalf1976"><img src="http://i4.ytimg.com/vi/ChNWtZDsNj8/default.jpg" class="photo" alt="Icono de canal" /></a> </div></div> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/Gandalf1976">Gandalf1976</a><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>This video is part three of three of an interview HH the 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje gave to Danish television in 2004. The original interview was 40 minutes long. The short version is 14 minutes long split into 3 parts. No, I'm afraid I don't have the full version.</span><br /><span></span><br /><span>If you're interested in HH Karmapa Thaye Dorje, check on his MySpace profile here: <a href="http://www.myspace.com/blackhatlama" target="_blank" title="http://www.myspace.com/blackhatlama" rel="nofollow" dir="ltr">http://www.myspace.com/blackhatlama</a></span><br /><br /><span>It's actually from him, and contains more videos as well as pictures and blogs.</span><br /><span></span><br /><span>For a long time, in the interest of free expression, I haven't deleted any comments, even mildly abusive or highly misguided ones. Recently, however, we've had lots of comments repeating the same already-explained confused points of fact, and I don't want to repeat the same things over and over. Believe me, I'm aware of the differences of opinion, and that's a different matter. It's all there in the full comment history, if you're interested. So I'm gonna have to moderate from now on, and repetitive confused comments will just be rejected. Please have a look what others have posted and then feel free to post your own comments. Thanks for watching! KARMAPA CHENNO!</span><br /><span></span><br /><span></span></div><span><br /></span><br /><br /><br /><object height="405" width="500"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/8uDTWhQ1eEI&hl=es_ES&fs=1&color1=0x234900&color2=0x4e9e00&border=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/8uDTWhQ1eEI&hl=es_ES&fs=1&color1=0x234900&color2=0x4e9e00&border=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="405" width="500"></embed></object><br /><br /><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TempleArtStudios"><br /><br />http://www.youtube.com/user/TempleArtStudios</a>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-90392673747245856632009-11-15T10:39:00.000+01:002009-11-15T10:40:58.464+01:00Tai Situ Rinpoche<table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" class="contentpaneopen"><tbody><tr><td style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);" class="contentheading" width="100%"><a href="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/index.php?view=article&catid=41%3Amestres&id=64%3Atai-situpa&option=com_content&Itemid=94"><span style="font-size:180%;">Tai Situ Rinpoche </span></a></td> <td class="buttonheading" align="right" width="100%"> <a href="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/index.php?view=article&catid=41%3Amestres&id=64%3Atai-situpa&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=94" title="PDF" onclick="window.open(this.href,'win2','status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'); return false;" rel="nofollow"><br /></a> </td> <td class="buttonheading" align="right" width="100%"> <a href="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/index.php?view=article&catid=41%3Amestres&id=64%3Atai-situpa&tmpl=component&print=1&page=&option=com_content&Itemid=94" title="Imprimir" onclick="window.open(this.href,'win2','status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'); return false;"><br /></a> </td> <td class="buttonheading" align="right" width="100%"> <a href="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/index.php?option=com_mailto&tmpl=component&link=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5rdHRicmFzaWwub3JnL3YyL2luZGV4LnBocD92aWV3PWFydGljbGUmaWQ9NjQlM0F0YWktc2l0dXBhJm9wdGlvbj1jb21fY29udGVudCZJdGVtaWQ9OTQ=" title="E-mail" onclick="window.open(this.href,'win2','width=400,height=300,menubar=yes,resizable=yes'); return false;"><br /></a> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><div> </div><table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" class="contentpaneopen"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span><a href="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=14&layout=blog&Itemid=83">Karma Kagyu</a> -- </span> <span> <a href="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=41:mestres&Itemid=94">Grandes Maestros </a> </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="70%"> <span class="small">Felipe </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="createdate" valign="top">Vie, septiembre 19, 2008 16:59 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: justify;" colspan="2" valign="top"><br /><br />Cuando el 16 º Karmapa Gyalwa estaba en Beijing para discutir los acontecimientos en el Tíbet, tuvo una visión de Mahakala el renacimiento de Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche. Allí, el Gyalwa Karmapa escribió una carta de predicción para el descubrimiento de la 12 ª Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche Pema Donyo Nyindje Wangpo. El Gyalwa Karmapa predecir con exactitud las señales que implican el local y el nacimiento de Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche. Del mismo modo, el 11 de Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche Pema Wangtchog describe las circunstancias de su próxima encarnación antes de morir.Un grupo de búsqueda rápidamente descubrió el 12 de Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche.<br /><br />El 12 de Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche, Pema Donyo Nyindje Wangpo, nació en el caballo de madera (1954)) en la sección Pal Dergue provincia Yul en una familia de agricultores. En el día de su nacimiento, toda la región fue testigo de dos halos de luz solar del cielo. Los detalles de su nacimiento estaban de acuerdo con la predicción hecha por el 16to Gyalwa Karmapa.<br /><br />Fue llevado al monasterio de Palpung a los dieciocho meses y fue entronizado por el 16 º Karmapa Gyalwa, también el rey de Dege con sus ministros, los representantes del Dalai Lama y todos los Rinpoche Kagyu, los representantes de China, estaban presentes. En ese momento, había reconocido claramente sus asistentes y discípulos.<br /><br />Con cinco años de edad, Kenting, Tai Situ Rinpoche fue Tsurphu. Por primera vez, Kenting, Tai Situ Rinpoche ayudado por la 9 ª Sangye Rinpoche Nyenpa realizó la ceremonia de la Corona Vajra Roja en la sala del Karmapa 16. Con seis años de edad, debido a las condiciones políticas y de la recomendación de la 16a Gyalwa Karmapa, que huyó de Tibet.Viajó por primera vez a Bhután y más tarde se unió a la Gyalwa Karmapa en el Monasterio de Rumtek, Sikkim, India.<br /><br />Poco después de llegar en Sikkim, Kenting, Tai Situ Rinpoche contrajo la tuberculosis. Después de recibir tratamiento médico en Darjeeling, volvió a Sikkim. Al igual que la mayoría de los refugiados tibetanos, luchó para sobrevivir y recibió ayuda de organizaciones de beneficencia. Recibió cada linaje de la transmisión del 16to Gyalwa Karmapa, que es el Dhara Vajra el 12 de Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche, también algunas de las instrucciones esenciales se recibieron el 9 Sangye Rinpoche Nyenpa, Dilgo Kyentse Rinpoche, Kalu Rinpoche y Saljay Rinpoche. Gran parte de las enseñanzas filosóficas se recibió de la Thrangu Muy Venerable Rinpoche, el anterior Drikung Khenpo Kontchog y Khenpo Khedrub y muchos otros maestros en sus directrices.<br /><br />En 1974, de 21 años, fue a Ladakh, por invitación de Rinpoche Drupon Detchen anterior y se quedó allí durante un año para girar la rueda del Dharma. En 1975, de 22 años, tomó sus responsabilidades tradicionales, la construcción del monasterio de proyecto Sherab Ling, a petición de sus seguidores tibetanos que se habían asentado en Bir, el norte de la India.<br /><br />En 1980 hizo su primer viaje a Europa y desde entonces ha viajado por todo Norteamérica, Europa y el sudeste de Asia y la enseñanza de meditación y filosofía budista, a petición de las organizaciones budistas, humanitaria y de diversas religiones.<br /><br /><br />En 1983, Kenting, Tai Situ Rinpoche fundó el Instituto de Maitreya, un no-foro sectaria para el diálogo interreligioso. Este año también recibió el Terdzo Rintchen el gran tesoro de las enseñanzas secretas, las iniciaciones y enseñanzas de la 1 ª Kalu Rimpoche. A principios de 1984, la Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche hizo su primer regreso al Tíbet. "Fue un viaje religioso totalmente apolítico", enfatizó, "motivados por las necesidades espirituales de las personas." Fue invitado a un gran número de monasterios de todas las tradiciones, donde impartió enseñanzas e iniciaciones, uno de los cuales asistieron cerca de 100.000 personas - lo cual es sorprendente dada la gran distancia de la Palpung Priorato.<br /><br />En 1989, dirigió la Peregrinación por la Paz Activa para inspirar a la gente a tomar una participación activa en la paz mundial.Se trataba de un documental del evento que incluyó una audiencia con Pope John Paul II, el intercambio de ideas con los monjes benedictinos en la oración de Asís para la paz en el Monte Shasta y el diálogo interreligioso con líderes espirituales como el Dalai Lama, Shankar Acharya Dhurga, Acharya Muni Sushil Kumar y la mayoría de las religiones principales del mundo en la India.<br /><br />Regresó al Tíbet en 1991, donde comandó a más de 1.200 monjes y monjas, y dirigió una serie de iniciaciones, (Nga Dam Zod), que fueron asistidos por unos 65 lamas reencarnados, alrededor de 5000 ordenó a 92 sanghas innumerables monasterios y secular.<br /><br />Su maestro de la raíz, el 16 Gyalwa Karmapa Rigpe Dorje, murió en 1981 y en junio 25, 1985 volvió a nacer en una familia de nómadas en el Tíbet oriental. En 1992, siguiendo los métodos tradicionales, el 17 º Gyalwa Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje fue reconocido con arreglo a la carta de predicción a la izquierda por el 16 º Karmapa Gyalwa en el 12 Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche. También reconocido por el Dalai Lama y entronizado después de la Tsurphu monasterio en el Tíbet por el 12 Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche ayuda Goshri Gyaltsab Rinpoche.<br /><br />Como un maestro budista, que regularmente viajado por el mundo dando enseñanzas e iniciaciones, a petición de los Centros para el Dharma y mantenido a largo cursos de duración sobre Mahamudra para mostrar las enseñanzas más profundas y sagradas del linaje Karma Kagyu.<br /><br />En enero de 2000, el 17 º Gyalwa Karmapa, Ogyen Trinley Dorje, hizo una audaz fuga de su monasterio en el Tíbet, para poder continuar sus estudios religiosos. El Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche es ahora el líder de su formación espiritual, y da todas las transmisiones de Mahamudra Lineage en el exilio, cerca de Dharamsala, India.<br /><br />En 2006, agosto a noviembre, dio las iniciaciones Terdzo Rinchen y enseñanzas para el receptor principal, el 4 de Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche cuya encarnación anterior de la 1 ª Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche revelado y realizado estas enseñanzas con más de 2.000 personas se reunieron entre ellos 50 Rinpoche rojo, alrededor de 1500 ordenó a la sangha y muchos devotos de 27 países.<br /><br />El 12 de Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche continúa las tradiciones del linaje de la práctica de Tai Situpas Kenting. Un maestro budista reconocido, a su vez la formación de la próxima generación de maestros budistas.En un nivel más personal, la Kenting Tai Situ Rinpoche es un estudioso, poeta, calígrafo, artista, escritor, arquitecto y practicante de la geomancia. </td> </tr> </tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="article_separator"></span></div>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-6037055585636456142009-11-15T10:35:00.001+01:002009-11-15T10:39:31.896+01:00Khenpo Rinpoche Karthar<a href="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/index.php?view=article&catid=41%3Amestres&id=65%3Akkr&option=com_content&Itemid=94"><span style="color: rgb(204, 153, 51);font-size:180%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Khenpo Rinpoche Karthar </span></span></a><br /><br /><br /><table class="contentpaneopen"><tbody><tr> <td> <span><a href="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=14&layout=blog&Itemid=83">Karma Kagyu</a> -- </span> <span> <a href="http://www.kttbrasil.org/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=41:mestres&Itemid=94">Grandes Maestros </a> </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="70%"> <span class="small">Felipe </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="createdate" valign="top">Vie, septiembre 19, 2008 17:10 </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><h3> Años de formación </h3><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> Khenpo Rimpoché nació en Karthar Rabshi en el Tíbet oriental, en la provincia de Kham, en el segundo mes del año tibetano 1924. Fue el cuarto hijo de una familia modesta, pero independiente de los nómadas. Era el hijo de los profesionales aplicados del budismo, y su padre le enseñó el alfabeto y diversas escrituras tibetanas. Así aprendió a leer y escribir, y comenzó a memorizar los textos sagrados.<br />A los doce años, Rinpoche entró Thrangu Monasterio, donde descubrió que su formación en lectura y escritura y escrituras del Tíbet ha sido una buena preparación para los rituales y las oraciones que se han convertido en parte de su vida monástica. Durante seis años estudió y practicó en el monasterio. A los dieciocho años, él y algunos otros monjes fueron enviados en una peregrinación al monasterio de Tsurphu, la sede de Su Santidad el Gyalwa Karmapa, para encontrar en primer lugar,<br /><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"> El monasterio Thrangu en el Tíbet hoy en día </h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />En otras ocasiones, los monjes han sido capaces de recibir su guelong coordinación (monástica completa) del Karmapa, pero esta vez Su Santidad no había completado aún veinte años, por ser demasiado jóvenes, según la tradición, la concesión de votos de ordenación. A los veinte años, Rinpoche viajó al monasterio de Palpung, la sede de las encarnaciones de Tai Situ, donde recibió su voto guelong Rinpoche 11 Situ. Por consiguiente, la raíz de barro de los votos de los Rinpoche Rinpoche situ antes de esto, y considera la Rabsel Lodro Khenpo como su gurú raíz de las enseñanzas y la filosofía del budismo tibetano.<br /><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"> Entrenamiento</h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Después de su guelong coordinación, la Rinpoche volvió a Thrangu Monasterio de la retirada de la estación lluviosa, una antigua tradición que se originó cuando el Buda fue el retiro de la temporada de lluvias para evitar la muerte accidental de los muchos insectos y gusanos que proliferan en este período. Después de la de tres retiro meses, la Rinpoche hizo un retiro solitario de un año. Poco después, se inició el tres tradicionales-retiro años, tres meses y tres días, junto con nueve otros refugiados, un refugio y un asistente de maestro de retiro, responsable de la provisión de alimentos, suministros y otras necesidades. Estas once personas fueron los únicos que vieron Rinpoche durante sus tres años de prisión y la meditación intensiva en el monasterio de Thrangu.<br /><br /><br /><em><sup>Refugiados de tres años fotografiado el Centro de Retiros de Thrangu con el </sup></em><br /><em><sup> Rinpoche Thrangu (centro, fila de atrás)</sup></em><br /><br />Después de este retiro, el deseo del corazón Rinpoche se quedaba para el resto de su vida en retiro. Sin embargo, por consejo de sus maestros, inició un un retiro de años en la cabaña de su tío.<br />Después de este año, Rinpoche se informó a estudiar las enseñanzas más avanzadas de la filosofía, la psicología, la lógica y la metafísica budistas Traleg Rinpoche, el abad de Thrangu, porque se dio cuenta de que la Rinpoche Khenpo Khartas había ganado una visión profunda de sus años de retiro. Rinpoche entró en una nueva escuela que hizo hincapié en estos temas en el Monasterio Thrangu, fundada para educar a la Thrangu Rinpoche, que era entonces un adolescente, también para los demás monjes.<br />Cinco años más tarde, a los treinta años, completó su formación avanzada. Para los próximos años, viajó en compañía de Thrangu Rinpoche y tanto la experiencia acumulada en la enseñanza, ya que continuaron sus estudios con largas discusiones privadas y compartidas en el Dharma.<br /><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"> Escapar del Tíbet </h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Entre 1950 y 1958, la presencia del comunismo chino en el Tíbet ha traído política, económica y religiosa del pueblo tibetano, con gran sufrimiento y la destrucción generalizada de sus medios de subsistencia. En 1958, Rinpoche dejó el monasterio, junto con Thrangu Rinpoche, Traleg Rimpoché, Tulku Zuru y otros monjes.Aunque fueron destruidos muchos objetos sagrados y los volúmenes de texto de Dharma, Rinpoche se puede ahorrar un poco.<br />Con pocos suministros de alimentos y ropa y algunos caballos, el Rinpoche y su grupo comenzaron su largo viaje hacia el oeste, y fueron acompañados por una caravana de nómadas con sus rebaños de ovejas. Después de quince días de viaje, la Rinpoche se detuvo a descansar, y pronto descubrieron que estaban rodeados por soldados de la China comunista. En cuanto caía la noche, los refugiados tibetanos fueron capaces de escapar a través de un pantano cercano y tres caballos entrenados para tomar Thrangu Rinpoche, Traleg y Zuru Tulku Rinpoche. Zuru Tulku, que era el mayor, no podía montar, entonces el hermano menor de Khenpo Rinpoche Karthar la carga.<br />El grupo se dispersó y tomaron caminos diferentes a través del pantano, que fue muy plano, pero lleno de barrancos y las zonas donde se pueden ocultar con facilidad y rapidez. En el segundo día, Rinpoche se reunió con algunos de los monjes, y se sintió aliviado al saber que estaban vivos y sanos. Poco a poco, el resto de los monjes se estaban encontrados, y el séptimo día después de escapar de los soldados, se reunió el Rinpoche.El grupo sobrevivió a estos siete días sin comer, como la mula que cargaba las disposiciones desaparecido. Se comieron la nieve para evitar la deshidratación, y se vieron obligados a regresar al lugar donde habían sido rodeados por soldados, en busca de comida. Los comunistas chinos ya se había ido, y casi no se dejó nada, sólo unas pocas herramientas y un poco de harina.<br />Tomando su ración poco de harina, las llamas continuaron su viaje. Con su visión borrosa a medida que eran tan débiles que tenía que superar incluso las elevaciones más leve. Después de otra semana de viaje, la Rinpoche encontrado un caballo cargado con harina de cebada, un alimento básico de la harina de cebada tostada. Mezclar el agua con harina de cebada, ya pesar de la mezcla es muy delgado, no podía haber sido más apreciada. A los pocos días, el lodo se encuentran algunos nómadas que donaron más tiendas.<br />Dos meses más tarde, no más sorpresas, el lodo llegó a la zona del monasterio de Tsurphu, no lejos de Lhasa en el Tíbet central. El Rimpoché pasó un mes en Tsurphu, que aún funcionaba normalmente.Sin embargo, Su Santidad el 16to Gyalwa Karmapa, con su profundo conocimiento y visión, es plenamente consciente del peligro inminente. Le dijo al grupo que necesitaba para dejar Tsurphu y continuar el viaje a Sikkim y la India. En marzo 7, 1959, Su Santidad dio a los lamas cinco yaks y suministros, y tres días después de salir de Tsurpu. En quince días llegaron a la frontera entre Tíbet y Bután<br /><br /><sub><em></em></sub><br /><sub><em> Khenpo Rinpoche izquierda Karthar Tsurphu a través de este valle en el Tíbet</em></sub><br /><br />El Bhután no han dado el permiso para la aprobación inmediata a través de su país, por lo que los lamas se vieron obligados a pasar un mes en la frontera bloqueada cuando más de un millar de tibetanos han muerto de hambre. Por último, Su Santidad el Dalai Lama tiene el permiso del gobierno de la India para la entrada de los refugiados. Ellos recibieron raciones de alimentos, y los bhutaneses lanzado dos caminos a través de los bhutaneses Rinpoche viajó a Buxador, una ciudad en la frontera entre la India y Bhután centros penitenciarios ex utilizado para albergar a ellos, y el gobierno de la India les proporcionó alimentos.<br /><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"> Reubicación </h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Con el tiempo, más de 1.500 monjes reunidos en Buxador con un objetivo común de mantener y preservar el dharma, organizar una comunidad tibetana y enseñar. El Rinpoche Khenpo Karthar permaneció allí durante ocho años. Durante su estancia, a los asentamientos tibetanos se establecieron en varias zonas de la India, y muchos monjes reasentados en nuevas comunidades. Poco a poco, son la reducción de las privaciones. En 1967, Rinpoche fue enviado al monasterio Rumtek en Sikkim, el asiento en el exilio de Su Santidad el Karmapa, donde Rimpoché dio enseñanzas a los monjes y celebró varios rituales para las familias de los budistas locales.<br />Menos de dos años más tarde, Rinpoche fue enviado a la Tcholing monasterio de Tashi en Bhután central. Originalmente el palacio de un antiguo rey de Bhután, el edificio fue ofrecido por la abuela la Reina a Su Santidad el Gyalwa Karmapa, para ser utilizado como un monasterio. El Tcholing Tashi Rinpoche se mantuvo durante seis meses, dando enseñanzas como visitante Khenpo, y también dio clases a las monjas. Tashi Tcholing, la Rinpoche fue a Tilopur, un monasterio de la mujer en Himachal Pradesh, fundado por Su Santidad el Karmapa.La Rinpoche se mantuvo en Tilopur durante un año y luego viajó a đồng Tashi, la ubicación del monasterio de Khamtrul Rinpoche en Himachal Pradesh.<br />En đồng Tashi, el Rinpoche y ochocientos otros recibieron la iniciación, la transmisión y las enseñanzas de la presa-ngag-Dzod de Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche. La represa-ngag-Dzod es una de las cinco colecciones de las enseñanzas del Vajrayana primera Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche. Después de cuatro meses en đồng Tashi, la Rinpoche volvió a Rumtek, donde permaneció hasta 1975, cuando fue enviado a otro monasterio llamado Tashi Tcholing en Therabtse, Tashigang, Bhután oriental. Fue en 1975 que Khenpo Rinpoche Karthar recibió oficialmente el título de "Tchoje Lama" (parte superior de la maestra de Dharma) de Su Santidad el 16to Gyalwa Karmapa.<br />El Tcholing Tashi Rinpoche se mantuvo sólo un año antes de ser llamado de vuelta a Rumtek por Su Santidad, y le pide que sirva como abad del nuevo monasterio Karma Kagyu que aún no se había construido en los Estados Unidos. La primavera siguiente, la Rinpoche abordó un avión a Nueva York para comenzar una nueva vida como profesor de Dharma y la cultura en un ambiente lejos de su casa en Kham<br /><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"> Vida en Estados Unidos </h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />El Rinpoche Khenpo llegó a Estados Unidos poco después de la llegada del Dalai Ganga, Kagyu otro profesor que también había comenzado su formación en el monasterio de Thrangu y Namdag Yeshe, quien huyó de Tíbet con el 16 º Karmapa y el serbio como su asistente personal en Rumtek . Los tres se unieron Tenzin Tchonyi, a quien el Karmapa le pidió quedarse en Estados Unidos como su representante después de la primera gira mundial en 1974. Este grupo recibió instrucciones de Su Santidad con la tarea de establecer y construir un monasterio para servir como sede del Karmapa en América del Norte.<br />El grupo se trasladó a una casa en el límite de 375 hectáreas de tierras baldías en el condado de Putnam, New York, que se había ofrecido generosamente por el Karmapa CT Shen, uno de los patrocinadores principales del budismo en América del Norte. El Rinpoche Khenpo comenzó a viajar cada semana a Nueva York para ofrecer clases en un centro que se abría y se conocía como Nueva York Karma Thegsum Tcholing (KTC). Poco después el segundo viaje del Karmapa a los Estados Unidos en 1977, nuevos centros de KTC reiterada en Palo Alto y Santa Cruz, California, en Columbus, Ohio;y poco después en Albany, Nueva York y Cambridge, Massachusetts.<br />Mientras tanto, continuaba la búsqueda de un espacio permanente para la sede de América del Norte de Su Santidad. Durante su visita a la propiedad en el condado de Putnam en la primavera de 1977 durante sus viajes por el mundo, el Karmapa Kharthar Khenpo Rinpoche dijo que debía encontrar un nuevo centro de Dharma en el día propicio de Saga Dawa en el año siguiente (mayo 25, 1978) . Era cada vez más evidente que los bienes donados, a pesar de ser una excelente propiedad con gran belleza natural, fue suficiente ni siquiera para la construcción de una carretera de acceso. Por circunstancias fortuitas, se encontró con una propiedad en la cima de una montaña sobre el pueblo de Woodstock, y a principios de 1978 la casa fue comprada Mead para convertirse en la sede de la Dharmachakra Triyana Karma.<br />La Rinpoche Khenpo y otros, acompañados ahora por bardor Tulku Rinpoche, se instaló y empezó la limpieza de la propiedad. Un templo fue creada formalmente en la planta baja de una casa construida hace 113 años, para las enseñanzas públicas y las iniciaciones.Pronto llegó el 25 de mayo y, al igual que el Karmapa había previsto, se abrió Karma Triyana Dharmachakra en su nueva dirección como la sede de América del Norte, y la Rinpoche Khenpo Karthar como su abad.<br /><br /><br /><sub><em>Karthar Khenpo Rinpoche en reliquias antiguas en la sala de KTD</em></sub><br /><br />Durante los primeros años después de la fundación de KTD, la Rinpoche Khenpo Khartas seguido supervisando y viajar a un número creciente de centros afiliados en todo el país. En los años 80, ya habían establecido centros de Chicago, Ann Arbor, Santa Fe, Los Ángeles, San Diego, Santa Bárbara, Seattle y Chapel Hill (Carolina del Norte), para nombrar unos pocos. En 1982, la Rinpoche Kenpo se embarcó en una de tres viajes semanas a América del Sur, visitando Colombia y Venezuela, donde fundó dos KTCs. El Rinpoché continuó haciendo viajes anuales durante varios años, proporcionando refugio y dando clases de Sangha crecimiento en Estados Unidos Sul.No finales de 1985, de nuevo acompañado Karthar Khenpo Thrangu Rinpoche en un viaje para aprender como lo hizo en sus primeros años en el Tíbet pero en esta ocasión visitó los centros de los Estados Unidos.En los mediados de los 80 la tumba de treinta y dos centros afiliados en el Norte y el Sur, y tres en Taiwán. El Rinpoche Khenpo Karthar ahora viajar a enseñar en todos ellos, cada seis meses o cada año.<br />Los centros de Taiwán fueron particularmente entusiasmados de recibir enseñanzas e iniciaciones de Rinpoche. Desde principios de los 80, hizo al menos diez viajes al Lejano Oriente, algunos de ellos con Thrangu Rinpoche. Durante los viajes más recientes visitó una docena de centros Karma Kagyu sólo en Taiwán, incluidos los de Yilan, Kaohsiung, Chiayi, Tainan, Changhua, y Taipei.<br />Con una base estable en Woodstock y un programa completo, Khenpo Rinpoche comenzó una tradición de enseñanza más intensiva y en KTD. Durante el verano de 1981 se ofrecieron cursos de dos meses de duración, uno en la sadhana de Amitabha y el otro en el Mahayana Tantra Uttara Shastra (la permanencia).En el verano de 1983, Rinpoche enseña en un curso de tres meses en la base, el camino y frutos, "en 1984 y enseñó en una serie de cursos de" Ver, meditación y acción "desde finales de mayo hasta mediados de septiembre, con fusionada en un curso del Buda de la Medicina.<br />En 1989, Khenpo Rinpoche comenzó a disminuir la duración de sus enseñanzas de verano anual para acomodar mejor el creciente número de estudiantes que vienen de más lejos y más lejos. Así pues, la tradición de las enseñanzas de los diez días comenzó con "El significado interno profundo" durante los dos primeros veranos, seguido en 1991 por "Guru Yoga de Marpa. Las enseñanzas de diez días seguirán celebrando anualmente fiestas ma del 4 de julio, que coincide con el aniversario de la primera vuelta de la rueda del Dharma como Buda, una de las cuatro fechas más importantes del calendario budista.<br />Durante los 80 años, Khenpo Karthar ya no era sólo la enseñanza, sino también participar plenamente en la supervisión de la labor del nuevo monasterio.Además de la construcción directa, equipo, decoración y arquitectura de la geomancia, estuvo involucrado en cada puesto de trabajo, de contribuir a la mezcla de cemento para hacer las habitaciones cojines de meditación para los santuarios, los marcos de coser de brocado alrededor de la línea thangkas, y supervisar la dedicación de muchos de Rupas.<br /><br />La realización más completa de la visión de Su Santidad en 1980, el 16 º Karmapa visitó Denver, Colorado, y recibió una donación de doscientas hectáreas de tierras baldías en las montañas Sangre de Cristo. Su Santidad desea que este lugar sea un lugar donde el Dharma y la cultura tibetana a ser preservado. Su Señoría, la Rinpoche Kongtrul Jamgon visitado este sitio en Crestone en 1988 y alentó a la sangha en primer lugar construir una estupa, antes de iniciar cualquier construcción. En el otoño de 1989, Khenpo Karthar viajó a Colorado para seleccionar un lugar propicio y bendecir la tierra en la que se construyó la Stupa Gomang Tashi.<br />Al año siguiente volvió a la Crestone bardor Tulku Rinpoche formalmente a dedicar el sitio de la stupa de la construcción se podría iniciar.Durante los próximos siete años un grupo dedicado de individuos que viven en la zona trabajado incansablemente para recaudar fondos y construir el tradicional stupa doce pies de alto. La Rinpoche y Khenpo Karthar bardor Tulku Rinpoche supervisó todos los aspectos de la construcción de su base en Woodstock, en ocasionales visitas al sitio. Por último, en julio de 1996, Bokar Rinpoche, como ministro, se unió a los dos Rinpoche a codificar la estupa que se había preparado, junto con Rinpoche más y otros lamas.<br />Inicialmente, la propiedad en Colorado fue visto como el lugar ideal para construir un centro para el retiro tradicional Karma Kagyu durante tres años y tres meses. Un elemento clave de este proyecto fue que el gurú sería el Drubpon Ganga (retiro maestro), pero cuando murió en 1988 durante un viaje al Tíbet, Khenpo Rinpoche El Karthar entiende que este papel sería suyo.<br />Desde su llegada a los Estados Unidos, Khenpo Rinpoche personas Karthar orientada en retiros solitarios - uno de los doce - y dos pequeñas cabañas en la propiedad de KTD cumplimiento de esta necesidad.Sin embargo, con un número creciente de estudiantes que quieren hacer las tres tradicionales-retiro año, se hizo necesario instalar era lo suficientemente cerca como para permitir que la Rinpoche KTD para servir como Drubpon y mantener su horario y la enseñanza en KTD en KTCs. Quedó claro que Colorado sería demasiado grande para este centro de retiros.<br />Minutos alentador, en 1989, un donante anónimo ha donado cuarenta acres de tierra en el condado de Delaware, Nueva York, un viaje de 1 hora y 20 minutos en coche del KTD. Era el lugar perfecto para establecer un centro de retiro. Y en 1990, Rinpoche Kongtrul Jamgon bendijo la tierra y poco después se construyó una carretera de acceso a la propiedad. Antes de que vino el clima helado de invierno, el Rinpoche y Khenpo Karthar bardor Tulku Rinpoche gestionados para bendecir a la excavación del primer edificio del Centro de Retiro Karme Ling antes de que fuera liberado de su base de concreto.<br /><br /><br /><sub><em>Rinpoche y bardor Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche (centro) </em></sub><br /><sub><em> el aniversario de Rinpoche Khenpo Karthar en KTD</em></sub><br /><br />Una vez más, bajo la supervisión directa de Karthar Khenpo Rinpoche, una instalación para la práctica de Dharma visto por Su Santidad el Karmapa ha hecho realidad. El Rinpoche supervisó la construcción de la retirada de dos edificios (uno para mujeres y otra para hombres), una casa, "animal" para el alojamiento y la práctica de las monjas, y una casa de barro para alojar a los visitantes retiros Rinpoche y camas corto. El arregló para el montaje de todos los detalles del interior de estos edificios, recoger personalmente un número asombroso de thangkas y Rupas ornamento para cada santuario de la habitación. El primer retiro en el Karma Ling comenzó en enero 23, 1993, seguido por un segundo en noviembre de 1996. El retiro comenzó la tercera en el auspicioso Dutchen baño en la habitación a finales de 2000 y terminó a principios de 2004. Fue en este retiro tercero que Lama Karma Tartchin participó en el primer brasileño que hacer, dentro del linaje Kagyu, este refugio tradicional.<br /><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"> Volver al Tíbet </h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Casi treinta años después de haber huido de su patria, Khenpo Rinpoche tuvo la suerte de poder regresar al Tíbet.En 1998 viajó a Thrangu Monasterio en Kham, donde se reunió por primera vez con muchos parientes y viejos amigos. Si bien se pueden transmitir las instrucciones que recibió en su juventud a las prácticas de la retirada de la temporada de lluvias (Yarney) a una nueva generación de monjes, y luego la conducción de la retirada de una duración de mes. Volvió a Kham tres veces después de esta primera visita, y más recientemente a raíz de la Rinpoche Thrangu. El Rinpoche Khenpo Karthar tiene fuertes lazos familiares con el monasterio de Thrangu, como su sobrino, el quinto Lodro Tulku Nyima es el único de los cuatro Rinpoche principal de este monasterio para vivir allí y controlar sus actividades actuales.<br />La Rinpoche hizo un tercer viaje al Tíbet en 1992, poco después de la coronación de Su Santidad el 17 º Karmapa, Trinley Dorje Ogyen el Monasterio de Tsurphu. Antes de la sagrada Djow Shakyamuni Djokhang el templo en Lhasa, Khartas Khenpo Rinpoche asistieron a la ceremonia de ordenación formal y el refugio de Su Santidad, encabezada por Su Eminencia Tai Situ Rinpoche y Goshri Gyaltsab Rinpoche.Fue un momento propicio para Karthar Khenpo Rinpoche reunirse con Su Santidad el Gyalwa Karmapa.<br /><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"> Trabajo </h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Después de más de cuarenta años de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del Dharma del Tíbet, Khenpo Rinpoche Karthar ha extenso trabajo publicado en Inglés y Chino. Decenas de sus enseñanzas en los últimos treinta años en la KTCs KTD y algunos fueron publicados en la revista Densal y transcritas por los Bienes Dharma KTD. En 1992, su libro Caminos de la Ley, una en la introducción en profundidad a la senda del budismo tibetano fue publicado por Snow Lion, y en 1996, Snow Lion publicó un comentario de la corona Rinpoche precioso en el camino de la suprema Dje Gampopa titulado Instrucciones de Gampopa. Las versiones en Inglés de las obras publicadas de Rinpoche se encuentran disponibles en la librería traducciones Nams Bangdzo.As chino de las obras de Rinpoche, publicada en Taiwán, incluyen rutas de acceso de Dharma, el significado interior profundo, el Dharma Cuatro de Gampopa, el océano de significado definitivo , Lit y Mujeres colección de enseñanzas de Khenpo Rinpoche Karthar. Muchas de estas obras se han convertido en best-sellers Dharma en Taiwan.Es poner en marcha una traducción al chino de la colección de enseñanzas de Gampopa.<br /><br /><sub><em></em></sub><br /><sub><em> Enseñanzas Karthar Khenpo Rinpoche durante los diez días </em></sub><br /><sub><em> en KTD en 2000</em></sub><br /><br />Como el abad de Karma Triyana Darmachakra, Rinpoche es responsable de garantizar que los preparativos están en conformidad con las antiguas tradiciones del Tíbet cuando Rinpoche y lamas enseñar en KTD. Los visitantes más destacados figuran Su Santidad el 16to Karmapa, Su Santidad Sakya, todos los gobernantes del linaje Karma Kagyu y numerosos profesores eminentes del Tíbet. Durante más de tres décadas, Khenpo Rinpoche Karthar pacientemente guiada una amplia variedad de los estudiantes occidentales, acostumbrados a las maneras en las tradiciones de los Himalayas. Se transmitió esas tradiciones y de una manera que tiene un gran respeto por las tradiciones orales de la línea de la práctica del Karma Kagyu.<br /><br />Khenpo Rinpoche está preparando actualmente para el visitante más importante para KTD, Su Santidad el 17 º Karmapa.Cuando Ogyen Trinley Dorje viene, va a ver algo de primera mano el trabajo realizado en su nombre para lograr su visión se está extendiendo en todo el mundo para el beneficio de todos los seres sintientes. Esto se logró en parte sustancial, debido a la enseñanza, los edificios, los escritos, el asesoramiento y los incansables esfuerzos de un estudiante dedicado: Karthar Khenpo Rinpoche. /<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-62395238203155525302009-11-15T10:26:00.000+01:002009-11-15T10:29:42.768+01:00The Gelug-Kagyu Tradition of Mahamudra<table class="navTable"><tbody><tr align="justify"><td colspan="2"><h1 class="h1">The Gelug-Kagyu Tradition of Mahamudra</h1></td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/mm_preface.html" class="itemTitle">Preface</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook<br /><br /></td></tr><tr class="" align="justify"><td colspan="2" class=" ebook_item"><h2 class="h2 itemTitle"><a id="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt1" name="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt1">Part I: An Introduction to Mahamudra and Its Practical Application to Life</a></h2></td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt1/mm_01.html" class="itemTitle">1 The Buddhist Framework</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt1/mm_02.html" class="itemTitle">2 The Preliminary Practices</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt1/mm_03.html" class="itemTitle">3 Preventing Preliminary Practices from Becoming Flat</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt1/mm_04.html" class="itemTitle">4 The Initial Level of Mahamudra Meditation</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt1/mm_05.html" class="itemTitle">5 The Deeper Levels of Mahamudra Meditation</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class=" ebook_item"><h2 class="h2 itemTitle"><a id="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt2" name="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt2"></a></h2><h2 class="h2 itemTitle"><a id="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt2" name="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt2">Part II: The Root Text</a></h2></td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt2/mm_06.html" class="itemTitle"><em>A Root Text for the Precious Gelug-Kagyu Tradition of Mahamudra</em></a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">short translation</td></tr><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class=" ebook_item"><h2 class="h2 itemTitle"><a id="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt3" name="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt3"></a></h2><h2 class="h2 itemTitle"><a id="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt3" name="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt3">Part III: A Discourse on <i>A Root Text for Mahamudra</i></a></h2></td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt3/mm_07.html" class="itemTitle">1 Introduction and Preliminaries</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt3/mm_08.html" class="itemTitle">2 The Tantra and Sutra Traditions of Mahamudra</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt3/mm_09.html" class="itemTitle">3 Mahamudra within the Context of Various Buddhist Traditions</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt3/mm_10.html" class="itemTitle">4 Meditation on the Conventional Nature of Mind</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt3/mm_11.html" class="itemTitle">5 Meditation on the Deepest Nature of the Conventional </a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt3/mm_12.html" class="itemTitle">6 The Deep Awareness Subsequently Attained</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class=" ebook_item"><h2 class="h2 itemTitle"><a id="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt4" name="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt4"></a></h2><h2 class="h2 itemTitle"><a id="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt4" name="gelug_kagyu_mahamudra-pt4">Part IV: A Discourse on <em>The Autocommentary to "A Root Text for Mahamudra"</em></a></h2></td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt4/mm_13.html" class="itemTitle">Session One</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt4/mm_14.html" class="itemTitle">Session Two</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt4/mm_15.html" class="itemTitle">Session Three</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt4/mm_16.html" class="itemTitle">Session Four</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt4/mm_17.html" class="itemTitle">Session Five</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt4/mm_18.html" class="itemTitle">Session Six</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt4/mm_19.html" class="itemTitle">Session Seven</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt4/mm_20.html" class="itemTitle">Session Eight</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt4/mm_21.html" class="itemTitle">Session Nine</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item eb_partitem"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/pt4/mm_22.html" class="itemTitle">Session Ten</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">chapter eBook</td></tr><tr><td class="lnk linkOnly ebook_item"><a href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/published_books/gelug_kagyu_mahamudra/mm_bibliography.html" class="itemTitle">Bibliography</a> </td><td class="navTableTypeCol">medium list</td></tr></tbody></table>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-58771999807911170632009-11-15T10:02:00.003+01:002009-11-15T10:26:14.926+01:00Geshé Rabten: The Life of a Sera Monk<div id="essay-head1"> <div style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 153, 51);" class="title"><a href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#essay=/cabezon/sera/lifeofseramonk/#ixzz0WuvD8PDT"><span style="font-size:180%;">Geshé Rabten: The Life of a Sera Monk</span></a></div> <div class="author">by José Ignacio Cabezón</div><br /><a href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_hermitages.pdf">Sera Hermitage</a><br /></div> <h2 class="h1" id="b1">1. Introduction</h2> <div class="img-right-shadow "> <div> <img id="img1" src="http://texts.thlib.org/essays/c/cabezon/Geshe-Rabten.jpg" title="Geshé Rabten (from The Life and Teaching of Geshé Rabten). Geshe Rabten, The Life and Teaching of Geshé Rabten: A Tibetan Lama’s Search for Truth, trans. and ed. B. Alan Wallace (London: Georges Allen and Unwin, 1980), 1." /> </div> <h6 style="width: 250px;"> Geshé Rabten (from <em>The Life and Teaching of Geshé Rabten</em>).<a href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#n1" name="nb1" class="note">1</a> </h6> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;"> Geshé Rabten (<em>dge bshes rab brtan</em>, 1920-1987) was a renowned scholar-practitioner of the <span class="popular">Jé</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Byes</span> College of <span class="popular">Sera</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Se ra</span> Monastery. He was born in <span class="popular">Kham</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Khams</span>, eastern Tibet, and for twenty years he made <span class="popular">Sera</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Se ra</span> his home. After completing most of his studies there, he fled Tibet in 1959. He did his final examinations in Buxador, India, and obtained the degree of <span class="popular emph">geshé lharampa</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar emph">dge bshes lha ram pa</span>. <span class="popular">Geshé Rabten</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Dge bshes rab brtan</span> became abbot of the first Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Switzerland in 1975, but he had already been teaching European and American students since 1969. In what follows, Dr. Alan Wallace, one of <span class="popular">Geshé Rabten</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Dge bshes rab brtan</span>’s first Western students, interviews his teacher. The portion of the text excerpted here begins just after <span class="popular">Geshé Rabten</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Dge bshes rab brtan</span> arrived at <span class="popular">Sera</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Se ra</span> from his home-region of <span class="popular">Kham</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Khams</span>. This wonderful selection gives you a real sense of what it meant to be a <span class="popular">Sera</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Se ra</span> monk, and provides you with a glimpse of the zeal, dedication and warmth of an amazing contemporary Buddhist teacher.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">From: Geshe Rabten, <em>The Life and Teaching of Geshé Rabten: A Tibetan Lama’s Search for Truth</em>, trans. and ed. B. Alan Wallace (London: Georges Allen and Unwin, 1980). With the permission of Dr. Wallace.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" class="notedivider"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <a name="notes"></a> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="footnote"> <a name="n1"></a><a href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#nb1" class="note"> [1] </a> Geshe Rabten, <em>The Life and Teaching of Geshé Rabten: A Tibetan Lama’s Search for Truth</em>, trans. and ed. B. Alan Wallace (London: Georges Allen and Unwin, 1980), 1.</div><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#essay=/cabezon/sera/lifeofseramonk/#ixzz0WuvD8PDT">http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#essay=/cabezon/sera/lifeofseramonk/#ixzz0WuvD8PDT</a><br /><br /><div class="date">January 30, 2006</div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="copyright"> Copyright © 2006 by José Ignacio Cabezón and THL. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;" id="essay-head2"> <div class="title-author"> <div style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 153, 0);" class="title"><span style="font-size:180%;">Geshé Rabten: The Life of a Sera Monk</span></div> <div class="author"><br />by José Ignacio Cabezón</div><br /></div><div style="clear: both;"> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;" class="h1" id="b2">2. Initial Training in Sera</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> Were you able to begin formal studies and to fully enter the monastic discipline as soon as you were admitted into the monastery?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> I was allowed to attend lectures by my <span class="emph">guru</span>; but I had to memorize some important scriptures before being allowed to take part in the debating sessions. I got up at four o’clock every morning, went out to the stone courtyard in front of the main assembly hall, took off my shoes, cap and upper cloak, and made many full prostrations until sunrise. To get rid of my delusions, my teacher instructed me to recite a short sutra of confession, the Vajrasattva purificatory <span class="emph">mantra</span>, and the prayers of taking refuge, all while making prostrations. He told me it was necessary to eliminate obstacles for one’s spiritual studies and for the practice to be fruitful. I was persistent in doing these preliminary practices, even during the winter. In the biting cold on winter mornings, the skin on my hands and feet would split and bleed. But despite the physical hardship, I was not discouraged. In fact, I felt happy when I reflected that this was a means for purifying mental obscurations and the imprints of former harmful actions. I was not the only one carrying out such practices – the whole courtyard was filled with other monks doing the same thing, and this was very inspiring. Then at sunrise a conch shell would be blown, and all the monks would assemble in the main hall for the morning prayers and tea. Afterwards, all the new monks, including myself, returned to our quarters and swept and cleaned the halls, while the older monks were debating. We did not do this simply because we were forced to. Rather, we reflected that such work aids one’s <span class="emph">Dharma</span> practice in this life, and yields good results in future lives as well. After this we memorized the scriptures required for entering our college. There were three colleges in <span class="popular">Sera</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Ṣera</span> - Sera Jhé, Sera Mé and Sera Ngagpa. Mine was Sera Jhé; in it alone there were over six thousand monks at that time. At the beginning, since I had never done such studies before, memorization came very slowly and reciting texts in the presence of my teacher was difficult. I was making all these efforts so that I would be allowed to begin studying the great treatises. Thus, I felt no hardship.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Just before noon, I attended an assembly in the hall of our college; then we took tea and barley meal. Afterwards I would return to my room to study. Whenever my teacher had some spare time, he would give me very basic teachings on philosophical analysis. In the evening, around six o’clock, all the monks would return from debating; those from my house would immediately hold a special gathering for prayers, which I attended. When this was over, all monks were required to go to their respective teachers for lessons on philosophical analysis. There was one old monk who was the disciplinarian for our house; he would then come around to all the cells to see that no one was sitting inside loafing. Every night I would have my lessons, along with other new monks. As the light was very dim, the teacher could not read; so he had to teach by heart, and the disciples had to try to remember all that he said. Geshé Jhampa Khedub had a very special way of teaching. For about three days he would instruct us in logic; then he would leave this for a day, and relate some accounts from the Jātaka scriptures describing previous lives of Lord Buddha. Or he might tell us the life stories of sages and realized meditators who had gained great spiritual attainments. It was so peaceful, so beneficial, to be in his presence that I never became bored or tired. The times with him were always too short. The class regularly lasted two hours; then all the other students returned to their rooms, but I would normally stay with him until about eleven o’clock. I would insist on making his bed, then take my leave, shutting the door quietly behind me. On my way back to my room, I was allowed to wear my shoes if there were monks sitting in the halls reciting scriptures; and if I was not tired, I would join them. But if they were practising meditation, I had to remove my shoes and walk very softly, in order not to disturb them.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> Were you ordained as soon as you entered the monastery?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> No, I waited a couple of months, thinking to follow whatever advice my teacher gave me. Then he told me it would be good for me to receive the novice vows from Phurchog Jhampa Rinpoché, who was recognized in Tibet as an emanation of Maitreya Buddha.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> What is involved in becoming a novice?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> Three transformations are needed. The first is to change one’s attitude. By the force of renunciation, one must change and elevate it from that of a householder to that of one who is earnestly concerned with the <span class="emph">Dharma</span>. The second is to alter one’s external appearance by donning monk’s robes and having one’s head formally shaved. And the third change is to take a religious name. In addition one must receive the novice ordination from a <span class="emph">guru</span>. I was given the name Jhampa Sherab, whereas previously I had been called Tadin Rabten. But now most people still use my former name. This is the procedure of becoming a novice; but more important is the actual keeping of the thirty-six primary commitments, and about two hundred and forty other ones.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> After you had entered <span class="popular">Sera</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Ṣera</span>, how long was it before you were allowed to begin debating?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> About two months. During that time, as I said, I memorized the scriptures and prayers that were needed to pass the oral entrance examination. Then, together with many other monks, I was examined before the abbot and the disciplinarian. With many of the others, I was successful and was allowed to enter the central debating courtyard.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> After passing this examination, do all the monks follow the same course of study?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> Yes, all who study in <span class="popular">Sera</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Ṣera</span> work up to the degree of ‘<span class="emph">Geshé</span>’; and to attain this, one has to pass through at least fourteen, and sometimes fifteen, classes. Listed in order, these are: </p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ol style="text-align: justify;" type="1"><li>Beginning Collected-Topics</li><li>Intermediate Collected-Topics </li><li>Advanced Collected-Topics</li><li>Beginning Treatises</li><li>Advanced Treatises</li><li>Beginning Separate-Topics</li><li>Advanced Separate-Topics</li><li>Perfections</li><li>Beginning Mādhyamika </li><li>Advanced Mādhyamika </li><li>Beginning Discipline</li><li>Advanced Discipline</li><li>Phenomenology (abhidharma)</li><li> Karam. A detailed review of discipline and phenomenology</li><li> Lharam. A final review of the Five Treatises. Only two from each college can graduate from this class each year.</li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">There is no way of skipping any of these classes. This is a well-developed system, beginning with basic logic and working up to the great scriptures of India, including both the sutras and commentaries. Just as the alphabet and grammar are studied in primary school, to enable one to understand higher topics later, so logic is studied to train the mind in subtle reasoning, thus enabling one later to appreciate the great scriptures.After developing his intelligence and discriminatory powers in this way, a monk is able to apply as many as twenty or thirty logical approaches to each major point of teaching. Like monkeys that can swing freely through the trees in a dense forest, our minds must be very supple easily to comprehend the depth of the concepts presented in the scriptures. If our minds are rigid like the antlers of a deer, which are cumbersome when sitting or standing, we will never be able to reach this depth.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> What was the first subject you studied?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> We were first taught the easiest subject - the relationships between the four primary and eight secondary colours. They were explained carefully; and we learned how to apply simple logical reasoning to them. Debate sessions were held during the day. At noon all the monks would return to their rooms to eat. While the others were eating, I would go to my teacher and tell him what I had learned and what problems I had encountered in debate. Then he would give me private instruction and sometimes food as well. While the subject of colours and their relationships is very simple, it is the manner of phrasing the question in debate that trains the mind. This becomes very interesting and challenging. Once we had mastered it, our intelligence developed somewhat; and we were then taught about the five aggregates of a person, the six senses (including the mind) and their objects, and the eighteen kinds of phenomena: which are the six senses, the six objects and six consciousnesses. Then we really expanded our faculties to explore detailed classifications of all impermanent and permanent phenomena. We studied the two realities according to the Vaibhāṣika and Sautrantika philosophical schools, and the three types of objects of knowledge. These consist of the objects cognized by bare perception, those perceived by inference (e.g. emptiness, impermanence and the fact of rebirth), and extremely concealed objects, some of which can be cognized by scriptural inference, while others are known solely by a buddha’s mind. We dealt with cause and effect and contributing circumstances, the six divisions of causes, and the four types of effects. We made an extensive study of the two types of relationships and the four types of mutual exclusivity. We further studied the classifications of positive and negative entities. The former are those that are cognized by means of negation. An example of this is space, which is defined as ‘the absence of obstructing contact’. A positive entity is simply a phenomenon that is not understood through negation. We investigated the two types of negative entities: complex and simple, the former having four types. This is a very important subject. After this, we studied the different kinds of consequential reasonings. These are a dialectical means for dispelling mistaken views. In debate they are used to reveal contradictions in the successive assertions of a person holding incorrect views. Then he is led again, by means of consequential reasoning, to a correct understanding of the subject. There are also eight and sixteen ways of pervasion, in relation to consequential reasoning, and these too are studied. During the Collected-Topics classes, we covered a vast number of other subjects. Among these was the study of subject and object, of which there are many types. After sharpening one’s intelligence during the Collected-Topics classes, one studies the nature of the mind, which is of great importance. As there are many categories of mind, so too are there many types of perception. The mind is divided into the two categories of consciousness and mental factors, the latter having fifty-one divisions. These fifty-one are yet further classified. We studied all these divisions carefully. There are also different types of consciousness, such as mental, sensory, conceptual and non-conceptual perception. Mind is further categorized into ideal and non-ideal cognition. In the former category are the two sub-divisions of bare perception and inference, both of these having four divisions. There are also five types of non-ideal cognitions.After proficiently studying the mind, one explores a number of subtle concealed-entities, by training oneself in the three types of reasoning. Each of these also has many divisions, all of which we covered. By this training, one is able easily to understand very difficult topics in the great scriptures and treatises. In order to recognize a correct reason, one must study its three aspects. While studying the types of mind, one examines both the Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna discussions of this subject. Although this training is primarily given on the basis of the Sautrantika system, all the philosophical schools up to and including the Svātantrika are also discussed. All these subjects are examined by analysing their defining characteristics. I would get depressed sometimes, feeling I did not know and was not learning anything. When this happened, my teacher, again acting with great wisdom, would teach me some very difficult concepts, then make me debate with older monks who were studying higher subjects but who were not so learned. My depression would vanish when I asked them questions they could not answer.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> Would you describe how a debate is held?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> Perhaps the most obvious characteristic is the hand gestures. At the opening of a debate, you first say ‘dhīḥ’, the seed syllable of Mañjuśrī, as you clap your right hand on the left. Then you draw the right hand back, and at the same time put the left hand forward. This motion of the left hand symbolizes closing the doors of the three lower states of rebirth; drawing back the right hand symbolizes one’s wish to bring all sentient beings to liberation. But to fulfil this wish is not easy. You must have great knowledge and wisdom; and for this you recite ‘dhīḥ’, asking Mañjuśrī to pour down a torrent of wisdom upon you. In ordinary conversation, the only words that really affect others are those that are either very pleasing or bad to hear. In the same way, the seed syllable ‘dhīḥ’ has a very special effect upon Mañjuśrī; such that he, out of his great compassion, blesses us with wisdom and understanding. Debating involves two people. The answerer sits while the questioner stands, as if the latter had doubts and was respectfully approaching the other for answers.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> How did these Collected-Topics studies affect your level of intelligence?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> By the end of these classes, I felt that my power of reasoning had developed, though not completely. In my college there were seventeen or eighteen monastic residences, and mine was called Tehor House. In it alone there were 115 monks who started in the same year as I. There were roughly ten to fifteen teachers to instruct these students; I was honoured by being elected their leader. A class leader had many responsibilities, such as opening debate sessions in the morning and evening, deciding how long they would last and making sure that everyone attended. On the night that I was first to assume these responsibilities, I was sitting with my <span class="emph">guru</span> in his room. Around nine o’clock as I rose to go down to start the debating session, I suddenly fainted and fell to the floor. When I regained consciousness, my teacher sent someone to replace me that evening. Then he taught me ‘The Hundred Deities of Tuṣita’, a prayer to Jé Tsongkhapa, along with his <span class="emph">mantra</span>. He advised me to recite the latter 100,000 times as an antidote for my malady. Whenever this disorder manifested itself, it rose from the lower part of my body; and if it reached my heart, I would faint. But when I felt it rising, I would start reciting this <span class="emph">mantra</span>; after I had done so about twenty-five times, the symptoms would disappear. Eventually this took only eight repetitions. I recited it 100,000 times; then my teacher told me to do so again, after which this ailment never returned. Thus, I have seen from my own experience how powerful this practice can be if one has faith. Sometimes the Tsishar Geshé, the chief monk of our house, would come and recite a text that we were studying. Whenever this happened, I had to repeat what I had memorized in his presence without making any mistakes. Another of my responsibilities as leader was to invite learned monks of higher classes to debate with us, in order to sharpen our intelligence. I had to answer all their questions first, and I was also the main one to ask them questions. I further had to send monks from my class to debate with other classes.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> How long did it take you to complete all the Collected-Topics classes?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> Altogether two years, but it takes most monks in other monastic houses three years. Before being allowed to graduate, I had to pass an oral examination in front of all the monks in our house, a total of more than five hundred. As class leader, I had the special task of standing before them all and slowly and melodiously reciting the biography of Sakar Tulku, who was the chief monk of our house. This took more than an hour. Then I had to debate in front of all of them. This can be really nerve-wracking. It is not like examinations in other institutions, which you can do alone with plenty of time to think. In a debate answers must be given as soon as the question has been put. You stand before all those monks, some of them very learned; and all their attention is upon you. When we were in the last stage of the third of the Collected-Topics classes, our class debated for two weeks with the next higher class in our house. On alternate days, one of our better students was chosen by the Tsishar Geshé to answer questions in debate with monks of the higher class. Then on the other days, one of the latter would answer questions that we asked. This was very difficult, for they were much more learned than we.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#essay=/cabezon/sera/lifeofseramonk/s/b2#ixzz0WuvVobAc">http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#essay=/cabezon/sera/lifeofseramonk/s/b2#ixzz0WuvVobAc</a><br /><br /></div><br /><div style="clear: both;"> </div> <div class="section-copy"><div class="copyright"> <h2 class="h1" id="b3">3. Monastic Life and Education</h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> You mentioned that Geshé Jhampa Khedub eventually returned to his home province. When did this happen?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> Geshé Jhampa Khedub was my teacher throughout all the Collected-Topics classes; but soon after I had completed them, the monks of Dhargyé Monastery in Tehor, <span class="popular">Kham</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Kham</span>, insistently requested him to come and be their abbot. Finally he agreed. By that time, I felt that he had opened my eyes, but not shown me what to look for. When he left, he kindly sent me to a very wise teacher, Chötsé Ngawang Dorjé. This was his oldest disciple, who was extraordinarily learned and compassionate like himself. As he was getting ready to leave for <span class="popular">Kham</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Kham</span>, I was extremely ill with fever and could not sit up on my bed. When he came down to my room, I tried to rise but was so weak and dizzy that he told me to lie still. It was all I could do to reach one arm up and give him a scarf which I had ready. He earnestly prayed for my recovery and success; then after he left, I pulled the covers over my head and wept. It proved to be a great blessing for the territory of <span class="popular">Kham</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Kham</span> when my <span class="emph">guru</span> returned to our home province. On the way, he relieved the hardships of the inhabitants of many districts, by means both of the <span class="emph">Dharma</span> and his supernormal powers. After arriving in Tehor, he turned the <span class="emph">Wheel of Dharma</span> in all the regions of this district and brought all their inhabitants, young and old, to the path of joy. Specifically, in Dhargyé Monastery he had a large number of new meditation huts constructed. He then urged many monks to practise meditational retreats for several months, during which they never went outside. While they thus devoted themselves single-pointedly to the path of the sutras and tantras, my teacher arranged for the monastery to supply their material needs. As soon as one group of monks had completed their retreat, he sent up another group. By such means he brought about great progress in terms of meditation. Furthermore, for philosophical training, he initiated many classes in the monastery in which the sutras and their foremost commentaries were memorized, and others in which large numbers of students were trained in this philosophical discipline. He had all these as well as others gather in a special courtyard, and debate on the meaning of the scriptures; and he made the monastery support them and their teachers. By such means he greatly served the <span class="emph">Dharma</span> and the needs of living beings. Due to his influence, there were some students who could recite from memory thousands of pages of the scriptures; and many others progressed well in the philosophical training. To sum up, it was as if there was no one, man or woman, young or old, who did not enter the progressive path of <span class="emph">Dharma</span>. It even stirs my heart to remember my compassionate <span class="emph">guru</span>, who reached the ultimate degree of learnedness and meditative ability, not to speak of actually seeing him or hearing his voice. Thus, even to this day, my heart aches to meet him again.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> Did your father continue to send you food and money during these years of study?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> No, this was not very feasible as my family lived so far away. Although none of my relatives sent me anything, I did not borrow because I knew I would be unable to pay them back. As a result, I remained poor until after I had become a senior monk. But I continued my studies, and by remembering the purpose of my coming - to cultivate my mind - I did not become discouraged. Through all these years of poverty, I never had anything that was good. Since my shoes always had holes, I often walked barefoot on the cold stone floors. For several years I was so ill that on returning from a debate, I sometimes could not climb the stone steps leading to our house, but had to crawl up on all fours. Some of the ailments I have now can be traced to those times. I had only ragged clothes that other people had given me, and since I was not concerned with my appearance, instead of sewing the torn pieces together, I joined them with bits of wire. When I needed another piece of clothing, I would buy it from small merchants’ stalls that were set up just outside the monastery walls. They would sell at a low price the garments of monks who had died.As for food, I had so little money that I rarely drank real tea, but bought instead herbs that just turned the water dark. For kitchen utensils, I had only one clay pot; but then the cooking I had to do was very simple. I could not afford barley meal, the most common food in Tibet; but instead bought pea flour, which is much cheaper. Sometimes I could not even get that for five or six days in a row; for I lived solely on the charity of others. When I was given a few coins, I would buy a fist-sized piece of fat, dissolve it in boiling water and drink it. Then I would feel so nauseous that any desire for food would leave me. Sometimes when I was very hungry and had nothing to eat, I would go to the room of some of my friends, hoping they would share their meal with me. But on some occasions, they would be out, and I had to return with an empty stomach and a downcast mind. At other times when I went to their room, I would feel too embarrassed at the last moment to ask for food, and I had to return as hungry as before. I have never forgotten those who kindly helped me during my poverty. There was one incarnate lama, Gomo Rinpoché, now living at the Tibetan Homes Foundation in Mussoorie, who often gave me balls of barley meal, which made me very happy. I will also never forget one occasion when another monk made up a pot of nettle soup, drank it, then gave me the pot to clean. I managed to scrape off a little bit of soup that had stuck to the sides of the pot; I savoured it as if I had been given a full meal. During these years, I became very thin and weak, and my skin turned green. So, as a joke, my classmates nicknamed me ‘Milarepa’, but only because of my appearance, not my attainment of wisdom or insight. Throughout the year, there were a number of interims, during which there would be no monastic assemblies or classes. Then I would find it very hard to get enough to eat. During one of these periods, a monk came to my room with a fist-sized parcel covered with wax; he told me that it had come from the north. Even before he left, I hurriedly opened it and found two pieces of boiled meat and a slice of cheesecake. These lasted me several days. It turned out that a son of one of my neighbours in <span class="popular">Kham</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Kham</span> had become a merchant’s assistant, and it was he who had sent it to me. I tell you all this not to show you how great I was, but simply to explain how I lived. I had only two choices - either to give up all my studies and religious practice, or to forget about earning a living. If I had gone out to find work, the purpose of leaving my comfortable home would have been forsaken. So I continued with my studies, regardless of how I lived - and was quite happy to do so. Why? Because each time I learned something new, I experienced great joy. I often ran into difficulties in understanding, but whenever this happened, I turned to my teachers, and they always brought me through. When I did become depressed about my poverty, I would read the biographies of Milarepa and Jé Tsongkhapa and this would console me.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> Could you not have earned a little money during the interims?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> No, these were not simply vacations. There were seven major periods of debate, each lasting one month and followed by an interim. The latter was the time for memorizing texts, which would be examined and analysed during the major periods of debate. During these interims, there would also be debating in our house from eight to eleven o’clock in the morning, and from four-thirty until six-thirty in the evening. This was true in other houses as well; but ours was especially strict. Sometimes learned monks from these would come and answer questions in debate with us, from evening until dawn. At other times, there would be no debates; and I would spend the day memorizing. Then I would recite these texts, from memory, from sunset until sunrise the next morning.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> What subjects did you study after graduating from the Collected-Topics classes?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> We first studied the perfections, primarily on the basis of the scripture <em>The Ornament of Clear Realization</em>, in which the subjects dealt with are very vast and profound. We studied its seventy most important points, the five progressive paths towards the liberation of the hearers (<span class="emph">śrāvaka</span>) and solitary realizers (<span class="emph">pratyeka</span>), as well as the five <span class="emph">bodhisattva</span> paths and ten spiritual levels. All the teachings of the Buddha are included in the three <span class="emph">Wheels of Dharma</span>. Among them, the middle or second Wheel is the most extensive and profound, and all of its teachings are included in <em>The Ornament of Clear Realization</em>. The methods for attaining the states of enlightenment of a hearer, solitary realizer and <span class="emph">buddha</span> are all included, starting from the practice of devotion to the <span class="emph">guru</span>, leading up to a description of a buddha’s body, speech and mind. This was my first formal study of the great sutras spoken by the Buddha. My method for gaining insight into them when I encountered difficulties was to consult the commentaries on them written by Indian <span class="emph">pandit</span>s. If the meaning was still unclear, I would look to the works of Jé Tsongkhapa and his disciples. This was because Jé Tsongkhapa, a manifestation of Mañjuśrī, never wrote with uncertainty or vagueness. He was never dogmatic; instead, after gaining insight into a subject, he would write from his own experience. This is what makes his works so convincing. He was so learned that it became a proverb among the <span class="emph">pandit</span>s of Tibet: ‘If you cannot decide, ask <span class="popular">Jé</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Byes</span> (Tsongkhapa)’. This is as true today as it was then. Another old axiom is ‘If you cannot find the sources, look to the works of Bhu’, referring to Bhutön Thamché Khyenpa, who was a pre-Tsongkhapa master known for his extensive knowledge of the scriptures. It is never forgotten, however, that the source of all the scriptures is Buddha Śākyamuni. There can be no mistakes in his teaching. This is because errors arise from mental distortions and obscurations, and Buddha’s mind, having been purified of all distortions and obscurations, pervades all that exists. Thus, there can be no greater guide on the path to enlightenment. Because he taught out of compassion for all creatures, seeking only to serve others, with never a thought for fame or offerings, he is known as the Unsurpassable Teacher. His teachings were not collected from here and there, but arose from his experience gained by overcoming his obscurations. Methods of healing the ill are as numerous as the varieties of ailments. Likewise, since the dispositions, goals and capacities of sentient beings are limitless, so too are his methods of teaching.All the kinds of teaching he gave can be classified into the divisions of sutra and tantra. Everything in the sutras is found in the teachings given during the three turnings of the <span class="emph">Wheel of Dharma</span>. When you fail to understand something taught in the sutras, you refer to their commentaries; particularly to the Five Treatises, which deal with all the teachings of the three turnings of the <span class="emph">Wheel of Dharma</span>. Although these five are very concise, their meaning is vast. Their names are:</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ol style="text-align: justify;" type="1"><li>Entering the Middle Way</li><li>A Complete Commentary on Ideal Perception (<span class="emph">pramāṇa</span>)</li><li>The Ornament of Clear Realization</li><li>A Treasury of Phenomenology</li><li>A Compendium of Discipline</li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">There are about two hundred volumes in the collection of commentaries translated into Tibetan, which are keys to understanding all that is contained in the collected discourses of Lord Buddha. The Five Treatises are the basic source references, and the rest of the commentaries are elaborations on them. Other texts, such as the <em>Thirteen Great Treatises</em> and the <em>Six Treatises of the Kadam Tradition</em>, are all secondary to them.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> What kind of a daily routine did you follow during the fourth class?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> I can tell you what I and the other monks in my college did, but our routine was different from that of the other two colleges in <span class="popular">Sera</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Ṣera</span>. Every morning, I rose at four o’clock and made prostrations until around five-thirty. Then together with all the other monks I would go to the general assembly hall where we would pray until seven o’clock or so. After this, we would go to our respective grounds and debate until ten o’clock. <span class="popular">Sera</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Ṣera</span> Monastery lies at the foot of a mountain; when it rains, water runs down a ravine and flows along a normally dry riverbed running diagonally through the monastery walls. All of the monks in this college would debate in their classes at progressive points along the riverbed, the lowest class being the furthest down. From our house, there were 115 monks in the fourth class, but there were many others from the rest of the quarters in Sera Jhé. In these classes there were monks from all over Tibet, Ladakh, Mongolia and even from Japan. When we came to debate, we were never allowed to bring books or references; so any citations from the scriptures had to be given from memory.At ten o’clock, all the Sera Jhé monks would return to their assembly hall to drink tea and recite prayers, or to read passages from the Indian commentaries. Around eleven o’clock, we would return to the riverbed to debate for about half an hour; then all the monks of Sera Jhé would gather in the more formal debating ground by their own hall. There we would recite the <em>Heart of Wisdom Sutra</em> and read the <em>Perfection of Wisdom Sutra in 8,000 Stanzas</em> or works by Jé Tsongkhapa and his two chief disciples. This was again a means of study and not simply a recitation. At twelve o’clock, everyone would pair off and debate; but this time, since the classes were mixed, it was likely that a beginner would have a very advanced partner. After an hour or so, we would all return to the riverbed to leave our maroon capes in their proper places, then go to our respective houses for lunch. That was the time when I would dine on my herb tea. Around one-thirty, we would again gather on the riverbed and debate until five o’clock. Then we would go to the formal debating courtyard for prayer. At this time, we would always recite by heart the ‘<em>Prayer to the Twenty-One Tārās</em>’ and the <em>Heart of Wisdom Sutra</em>. The reason for reciting the <em>Tārās</em> prayer is that she is the embodiment of all the <span class="emph">buddha</span>s’ virtuous actions and was the meditational deity of most of the Indian Buddhist <span class="emph">pandit</span>s. This is because she is very helpful in bringing swift progress and fulfillment in one’s spiritual practice. The sutra is recited because it deals solely with emptiness, and reading it is most beneficial to one’s understanding. It is so short that one can read through it in three minutes. But when we chanted it in a manner conducive to meditation, we used such a slow, ponderous rhythm that it took longer than the time to go to Lhasa and back, or about two hours. Normally, an elder-monk acting as disciplinarian was there to see that the monastic discipline was upheld. But during this chanting, he would generally sit quietly in a corner so that he did not disturb anyone meditating. This period was extremely beneficial. It gave me time to organize things that I had learned from the day’s debating; the rhythm was so slow that it was possible to practise non-conceptual meditation on emptiness. Many other monks did the same. After this, a short mixed debating session would be held. During such sessions I would earnestly pray that all the hundreds of monks present would dispel the inner darkness of ignorance and gain great understanding. As soon as it got dark, we were allowed to stop whenever we liked; but sometimes two very intelligent, equally-matched monks would continue debating, because neither could defeat the other. When this happened, many others would gather round and listen with delight. Then after returning to our own houses for a short period of prayer, we would all leave our capes in our rooms and go to our respective teachers. This evening lesson took an hour, following which we would all go to the formal debating courtyard, divide into our classes and again debate. The special purpose of this session was to go over the lesson just given in order to fix it firmly in mind. Although most of the monks could do as they liked at the end of this session, those in the fourth class were required, on alternate nights, to remain all night in the college courtyard, debating without a break. On those nights when we did not debate, the monks in the Beginning Mādhyamika class would hold similar sessions. I found these all-night debates very difficult, especially in the winter, when the wind and snow were biting cold. My hands would become hard from the clapping, and would crack on both sides and then begin to bleed. This debating ground was roofless and lit by a few butter lamps, which always died out around the middle of the night.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> During the periods when there was so much time spent in debate, how did you manage to recite the texts you had memorized?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> We would recite on the nights when the Beginning Mādhyamika class was debating, but there was not much time to memorize fresh texts.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> Did all the monks in this class debate all night?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> No, everyone paired off for debating only during the mixed sessions. The rest of the time, there would be two answerers and one questioner, while the remainder would listen and add their own comments from time to time. Since my robes, unlike most of the others’, were very ragged, while listening I used to bury myself up to the waist in the sand, which was still warm from the day’s sun. But despite the hardships, I never felt any reluctance to attend; nor did I become bored or depressed.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> Were the interims during the Beginning Treatises class like the previous ones?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> Not exactly. There were still seven periods of debate per year, each lasting from roughly three to six weeks; but after graduating into the Perfections classes, which included the fourth to the eighth; we were allowed greater freedom during the interims. Whereas previously we had been confined to our own house at night, after graduating to the fourth class, I often used to go into retreat during the interims, as my house would be very crowded. I sometimes stayed in other houses that were quieter than mine, or stayed in caves on the mountain above <span class="popular">Sera</span><span style="display: none;" class="scholar">Ṣera</span>. This was very conducive to spending a lot of time memorizing; so I usually lived outside my own house during these periods.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> How did you spend your days during these interims?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> Sometimes I remained in strict meditational retreat for several weeks. During these times, I rose early in the morning, and meditated during four periods of each day. While practising the developing stage of tantra, involving the meditational deities Yamāntaka or Vajradākinī, I read many related texts between meditation periods. These eventually helped to enrich my meditation. During other retreats, I practised the life-increasing meditations of White Tārā and Amītābha, and other meditations involving Vajrasattva, <span class="emph">guru</span> yoga, the stages of the path and so on. Many monks engaged in such retreats in groups, but I always did so in solitude. During other interims, I devoted myself primarily to memorizing texts. I would spend all morning at this; then after lunch I would go to receive instruction from my <span class="emph">guru</span>. During debating periods, such instruction was given only occasionally, for the emphasis was on investigating the material which had been memorized and explained by one’s teacher. After graduating into the higher classes, I gave daily instruction to a number of disciples during the interims, receiving less frequent teaching from my own <span class="emph">guru</span>. More time was given to memorization after these lessons; then when the sun set, I began reciting those texts I had just memorized. At first, I used to memorize one side of a page a day, then gradually I worked up to two, then four sides. Although it was difficult at first, I, like the other monks, gradually became accustomed to it, so that both memorization and recitation came with ease. In the Western academic tradition, note-taking plays a vital role, and much of one’s knowledge tends to be confined between the covers of one’s textbooks. Our corresponding stores of knowledge were held in our minds, through memorization. Sometimes I recited from sunset until sunrise. But on other occasions I spent only part of the night in recitation, then filled the remaining hours before dawn making <span class="emph">mandala</span> offerings and performing prostrations. Many people working in a factory have nothing to occupy their attention but their daily routine. Similarly in the monastery throughout the day and night, I had nothing to think of but the practice of <span class="emph">Dharma</span>. Because I could not get much food during the interims, I used to gather a kind of grass that was known to contain poison and make a stew out of it. This, though it deadened my mouth, filled my stomach; and it actually helped my digestive heat, which was generally poor from lack of food. Occasionally, other monks who realized how poor I was would give me a little food and tea. Sometimes during the breaks, there would be debating sessions in my house; these I would never miss, as I found them so helpful.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> What was the primary source of your enthusiasm and perseverance in the practice of <span class="emph">Dharma</span>?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> I was motivated by a great desire to increase my understanding of <span class="emph">Dharma</span>, which led me to work very hard at memorization and debate. And since such growth of understanding requires purification of harmful mental imprints and obscurations, I made many <span class="emph">mandala</span> offerings and prostrations towards this end. When such a desire is very strong, one pays little heed to physical hardships. Similar cases are found in the West. It often happens that people running a business become completely enraptured with the thought of how much money they can make. The hardships they undergo to realize such profits are amazing.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> When did you receive the full monastic ordination?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> When I was in the Beginning Treatises class, I received the vows of a fully ordained monk from Phurchog Jhampa Rinpoché, who had previously given me the novice ordination.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> Did you have to pass a special examination before being allowed to graduate from the Beginning Treatises class?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> No, the next examination was given during the Advanced Treatises class. At that time, we were examined on the extent of our understanding and memorization of the scriptures. To check our comprehension, the abbot and disciplinarian listened to us debate; then to show how much we had memorized, we recited the texts we knew by heart. Only the top-ranking students were given grades. The abbot gave them the honour of reciting and debating in a formal ceremony. The first and second students of the class were traditionally given the <span class="emph">buddha</span> nature as their topic. The top student must either compose or adopt a dissertation on this subject, then recite it in a specified rhythm; his debating partner is the student with second highest. I was given the third highest grade, and ‘the path of preparation’ as my dissertation topic. My debating partner, the fourth-grade student, and I then had to visit each of the nine higher classes, starting from the Beginning Separate-Topics class. We visited one of these each day and were tested by them on this topic. Those nine days were really difficult, as those in the higher classes were very learned and really put us through it. During the interims, I had to visit the eight major houses and was again tested on this. In each house I was questioned by monks, ranging from old <span class="emph">Geshé</span>s to new students. These times were also very difficult, for not only did my examiners chew me up, but in summer there would be fleas on the seat, and they did their share of chewing, too. Some of my questioners kept me up only half the night, but others examined me until dawn. After all this, I had to attend the formal examination in the college assembly hall, where I sat before all the six thousand monks of the college to recite my dissertation. In this I had to explain how the path of preparation is discussed in the Buddha’s discourses, the commentaries by Indian <span class="emph">pandit</span>s, and the works of Jé Tsongkhapa and his two chief disciples. On the basis of these I explained the nature, divisions and types of meditation involved on this path. Afterwards, I had to answer the questions put to me by my debating partner. This recitation and debate took about three hours.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> Was the daily routine of the rest of the Perfections classes about the same as that of the fourth?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> For one year, we studied the Cittamātra section of Jé Tsongkhapa’s great treatise <em>The Essence of Good Instruction</em>, on the interpretation of the sutras; and then for another year the twelve links of dependent origination, the foundation consciousness, and the development of mental quiescence (<span class="emph">śamatha</span>). In the beginning, I made extensive studies of the seventy ways of understanding and attaining the various stages on the path to enlightenment, as well as the qualities of a <span class="emph">buddha</span>. These deal somewhat with emptiness, but mainly with the method aspect of the <span class="emph">Dharma</span>. Included in these seventy are:</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ol style="text-align: justify;" type="1"><li>The ten ways of understanding and attaining a <span class="emph">buddha</span>’s wisdom.</li><li>The eleven ways of understanding the wisdom gained from the Mahāyāna path of seeing, up to enlightenment.</li><li>The nine ways of gaining the wisdom of identitylessness and impermanence.</li><li>The eleven ways of understanding the wisdom of the <span class="emph">bodhisattva</span>s from the path of accumulation, up to and including the end of the continuum of existence as a sentient being (as opposed to a <span class="emph">buddha</span>).</li><li>The eight ways of gaining the wisdom of the Mahāyāna path of preparation, up to and including the end of this continuum.</li><li>The thirteen ways of gaining the wisdom of the Mahāyāna path of accumulation, up to the end of this continuum.</li><li>The four ways of gaining the wisdom of the final stage of a <span class="emph">bodhisattva</span>.</li><li>The four ways of gaining the wisdom of understanding the omniscient mind of a <span class="emph">buddha</span>.</li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Then I studied in detail the fundamental text of these seventy ways, which deals with the teachings of the second turning of the <span class="emph">Wheel of Dharma</span>. It is based on the tenets of the Svātantrika school and deals more with method than wisdom; or in other words, the extensive rather than the profound aspects of the teachings. For about a year, I also studied the two realities and the foundation consciousness, etc., according to the tenets of the Cittamātra school. During these five Perfections classes, a complete, broad and profound understanding of the stages of the path to enlightenment is gained. This gives one a limitless amount of material on which to meditate. One’s knowledge is then like a big department store - from it one can buy anything one wants, and as much as one likes. Upon completing these five classes, one is familiar with the systems of thought of all the philosophical schools of Buddhism.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Disciple: </span> Does one not forget the subjects studied a few years earlier?</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="speaker">Geshé: </span> No, old subjects are not forgotten, because they are debated again and again during the breaks; this gives one an even better understanding of them than before.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#essay=/cabezon/sera/lifeofseramonk/s/b3#ixzz0Wuy2DxAd">http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#essay=/cabezon/sera/lifeofseramonk/s/b3#ixzz0Wuy2DxAd</a><br /></div><br /><div class="title">Geshé Rabten: The Life of a Sera Monk</div> <div class="author">by José Ignacio Cabezón</div><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#essay=/cabezon/sera/lifeofseramonk/s/b3#ixzz0WuyKlNUw">http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#essay=/cabezon/sera/lifeofseramonk/s/b3#ixzz0WuyKlNUw</a><br /><br /></div> </div>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-3191214488493302482009-11-15T09:35:00.001+01:002009-11-15T11:31:15.937+01:00Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre<span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 0);font-size:180%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre</span></span><br /><br /> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#thl-popup=http://www.snowlionpub.com/search.php?isbn=TILI%7CTILIC"> <div class="img-center-shadow " style="display: block ! important;"> <div> <img id="img1" src="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/images/tib-lit-book-cover.jpg" title="Available from Snowlion Publications" /></div></div></a><br /><br /> <span style="font-size:smaller;">Table of Contents</span> <div class="source">From <em>Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre</em>, pp. 5-7.</div> <div class="copyright"> Copyright © 1996.<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Reproduced with permission from <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#thl-popup=http://www.snowlionpub.com/">Snow Lion Publications</a> under the <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#thl-popup=file:///tools/licenses.php#essay=/thl/text-license/">THL Digital Text License</a>.</div></div> <h2 class="h1">Front Sections</h2> <ol type="1"><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/a1/">Verso Page, p.5</a> </li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/a2/">Contents (full), p.5</a> </li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/a3/">Dedication, p.7</a> </li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/a4/">Acknowledgments, p.10</a> </li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/a5/">Editors' Introduction, p.11</a></li></ol><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#ixzz0Wup7JJLu">http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#ixzz0Wup7JJLu</a><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="http://www.taotien.com.br/jpg/thangka/manjushri.jpg" src="http://www.taotien.com.br/jpg/thangka/manjushri.jpg" /><br /></div><h2 class="h1">Chapters</h2> <h2 class="space-before">History and Biography</h2> <ol style="text-align: justify;" start="1" type="1"><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/">“Tibetan Historiography,”</a> by Leonard W. J. van der Kuijp, p.39</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b2/">“The Lives of Indian Buddhist Saints: Biography, Hagiography and Myth ,”</a> by James Burnell Robinson, p.57</li></ol><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Canonical Texts</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ol style="text-align: justify;" start="3" type="1"><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b3/">“A Brief History of the Tibetan bKa' 'gyur ,”</a> by Paul Harrison, p.70</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b4/">“The Canonical <em>Tantras </em>of the New Schools,”</a> by Tadeusz Skorupski, p.95</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b5/">“<em>Sūtra</em> Commentaries in Tibetan Translation ,”</a> by Jeffrey D. Schoening, p.111</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b6/">“Tibetan Commentaries on Indian <em>Śāstras</em>,”</a> by Joe Bransford Wilson, p.125</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b7/">“The Literature of Bon ,”</a> by Per Kvaerne, p.138</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b8/">“Drawn from the Tibetan Treasury: The <em>gTer ma</em> Literature,”</a> by Janet B. Gyatso, p.147</li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Philosophical Literature</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ol style="text-align: justify;" start="9" type="1"><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b9/">“The Tibetan Genre of Doxography: Structuring a Worldview,”</a> by Jeffrey Hopkins, p.170</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b10/">“<em>bsDus grwa </em>Literature,”</a> by Shunzo Onoda , p.187</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b11/">“Debate Manuals (<em>Yig cha</em>) in dGe lugs Monastic Colleges,”</a> by Guy Newland, p.202</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b12/">“Polemical Literature (<em>dGag lan</em>),”</a> by Donald S. Lopez, Jr., p.217</li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Literature on the Paths</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ol style="text-align: justify;" start="13" type="1"><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b13/">“The <em>bsTan rim </em>("Stages of the Doctrine") and Similar Graded Expositions of the Bodhisattva's Path,”</a> by David Jackson, p.229</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b14/">“Mental Purification (<em>Blo sbyong</em>): A Native Tibetan Genre of Religious Literature,”</a> by Michael J. Sweet, p.244</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b15/">“The Metaphors of Liberation: Tibetan Treatises on Grounds and Paths,”</a> by Jules B. Levinson, p.261</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b16/">“<em>gDams ngag</em>: Tibetan Technologies of the Self,”</a> by Matthew Kapstein, p.275</li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Ritual</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ol style="text-align: justify;" start="17" type="1"><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b17/">“Literature on Consecration (<em>Rab gnas</em>),”</a> by Yael Bentor, p.290</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b18/">“Offering (<em>mChod pa</em>) in Tibetan Ritual Literature,”</a> by John Makransky, p.312</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b19/">“<em>Sādhana</em> (<em>sGrub thabs</em>): Means of Achievement for Deity Yoga,”</a> by Daniel Cozort , p.331</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b20/">“Firm Feet and Long Lives: The <em>Zhabs brtan </em>Literature of Tibetan Buddhism ,”</a> by José Ignacio Cabezón , p.344</li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Literary Arts</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ol style="text-align: justify;" start="21" type="1"><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b21/">“The Gesar Epic of East Tibet ,”</a> by Geoffrey Samuel, p.358</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b22/">“"Poetry" in Tibet: <em>Glu</em>, <em>mGur</em>, <em>sNyan ngag </em>and "Songs of Experience",”</a> by Roger R. Jackson, p.368</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b23/">“Tibetan Belles-Lettres: The Influence of Daṇḍin and Kṣemendra ,”</a> by Leonard W. J. van der Kuijp, p.393</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b24/">“The Tibetan Novel and Its Sources ,”</a> by Beth Newman, p.411</li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Non-Literary Arts and Sciences</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ol style="text-align: justify;" start="25" type="1"><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b25/">“Influence of Indian <em>Vyākaraṇa</em> on Tibetan Indigenous Grammar,”</a> by P. C. Verhagen , p.422</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b26/">“Tibetan Legal Literature: The Law Codes of the dGa' ldan pho brang ,”</a> by Rebecca R. French, p.438</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b27/">“The Origin of the <em>rGyud bzhi</em>: A Tibetan Medical Tantra,”</a> by Todd Fenner , p.458</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b28/">“Tibetan Literature on Art ,”</a> by Erberto Lo Bue, p.470</li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Guidebooks and Reference Works</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ol style="text-align: justify;" start="29" type="1"><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b29/">“Itineraries to Sambhala ,”</a> by John Newman, p.485</li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b30/">“Tables of Contents (<em>dKar chag</em>),”</a> by Dan Martin , p.500</li></ol><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#ixzz0WupDNxVc">http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#ixzz0WupDNxVc</a><br /><br /><h2 class="h1">Back Sections</h2> <ol type="no-bullet"><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/c01/">About the Contributors, p.515</a> </li><li rend="toc-item"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/c02/">Index, p.521</a></li></ol><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#ixzz0WupHi0NE">http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#ixzz0WupHi0NE</a><br /><br />Algo sobre lo anterior:<br /><br /><div id="essay-head1"> <div class="chapter">Tibetan Historiography</div> <div class="author">by Leonard W. J. van der Kuijp</div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="source">From <em>Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre</em>, pp. 39-56.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="copyright"> Copyright © 1996.<br />Reproduced with permission from <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#thl-popup=http://www.snowlionpub.com/">Snow Lion Publications</a> under the <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#thl-popup=file:///tools/licenses.php#essay=/thl/text-license/">THL Digital Text License</a>.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <h2 style="text-align: justify;" class="h1">1. Overview</h2> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="milestone page eng "><a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#" class="jqmPageRef">[page <span class="pnum">39</span>] </a></span>If we are to believe later traditions, and there is in my opinion no reason not to do so, the first Tibetan historiographic writings date from Tibet's imperial period (seventh-ninth centuries), which coincided with her relations with the Nepalese, Indians, Arabs, Turks, Uighurs, 'A zha and, above all, Tang China. Only a fragment of this literary corpus, falling into two broad classes, has survived. The first of these constitutes those historical documents that were discovered as late as the beginning of this century in one of the caves of the famous cave-temple complex near the town of Dunhuang in Gansu Province in the People's Republic of China. Recent scholarship generally agrees that the cave housing these manuscripts was sealed sometime after the year 1002, the latest date found in the manuscripts, possibly around the year 1035 (Fujieda: 65), so that the <em>terminus ad quem </em>of these undated documents would fall in that year. Of signal importance are especially three untitled manuscripts that are known to English-language scholarship as:</p> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <ol style="text-align: justify;" type="none"><li>(1-2) <em>Royal Annals of Tibet</em> (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Pelliot tibétain no.1288, together with India Office Library, London, Stein no.8212, 187).</li><li> (3) <em>Old Tibetan Chronicle</em> (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Pelliot tibétain no.1287)</li></ol> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="milestone page eng "><a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#" class="jqmPageRef">[page <span class="pnum">40</span>] </a></span>They have been studied in varying degrees of detail by a number of Western, Tibetan, Chinese and Japanese scholars.<a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#n1" name="nb1" class="note">1</a> The first Tibetan to examine these was the great scholar and iconoclast dGe 'dun chos 'phel (1903-1951),<a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#n2" name="nb2" class="note">2</a> who had gained access to these and a few other fragments while in Kalimpong sometime in 1939. As is related by H. Stoddard, his most recent biographer, the French Tibetanist Jacques Bacot visited Tharchin, a Christian missionary of Khunu descent, in Kalimpong and read with him several of these difficult manuscripts in Old Tibetan. Tharchin apparently solicited the help of dGe 'dun chos 'phel, who was able to aid him in deciphering a number of problematic readings. The results of Bacot's studies were published in 1946, but no mention is made there of either Tharchin or dGe 'dun chos 'phel, although he gratefully recorded his philological debt to another Tibetan, namely bKa' chen Don grub.<a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#n3" name="nb3" class="note">3</a> The last tome of a recently published three-volume edition dGe 'dun chos 'phel's works contains <em>inter alia </em>three studies of a number of these Tibetan Dunhuang manuscripts. They include a reproduction of the <em>Royal Annals </em>with philological notes, an adaptation into Classical Tibetan of the Old Tibetan of the manuscripts of a large portion of a version of the celestial origin of the imperial families and other miscellaneous fragments, and a reproduction of the <em>Old Tibetan Chronicle</em>.<a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#n4" name="nb4" class="note">4</a> Some of the results of these initial studies were subsequently incorporated into his incomplete work on Tibetan history, the <em>Deb ther dkar po </em>("White Annals"). He was followed by such recent scholars as Khetsun Sangpo, Khang dkar sKal bzang tshul khrims, rDo rje rgyal po, and Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs. </p> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;">While most of Tibet's cultural institutions and literary canon derive from India or are based on one or other of her models, a notable exception is the intense preoccupation of Tibet's men of letters with history and historiography. In terms of literary genre, some of Tibet's historiographical writings bear a resemblance to, or are analogous with, the Indian <em>vaṃśāvalī </em>("annals"), but her enormous historiographic literature, including that of biography and autobiography, bears testimony to an approach to history that is different from the Indian one(s) (see Warder, Subhrahmanian). As far as the secondary sources on this large corpus of literature are concerned, the premier study is still the one by A. I. Vostrikov.<a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#n5" name="nb5" class="note">5</a> Now dated in a number of respects, it remains a classic and indispensable treatment of the various literary genres.</p> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="milestone page eng "><a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#" class="jqmPageRef">[page <span class="pnum">41</span>] </a></span>Despite the fact that the dissolution of the Tibetan empire seems to have resulted in a virtual cessation of further literary developments for about a century, if we take the Tibetan Buddhist tradition at face value, there is ample evidence for affirming the existence in at least central and eastern Tibet of an unbroken transmission of historiographic texts, or quasi-historiographic documents like family chronicles, throughout this time and into the period of the so-called subsequent propagation, which the Tibetan Buddhist historians generally date to the middle of the tenth century. Indeed, we possess documents that trace the genealogies for such extended families or clans of the 'Khon and rLangs of, respectively, the Sa skya and gDan sa mthil/rTse[s/d] thang monastic principalities.<a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#n6" name="nb6" class="note">6</a> Moreover, some sort of archives may also have been maintained, if only by the scattered descendants of the imperial family. A sample of the kinds of documents that may now lie buried somewhere in the vast collections of the Potala would be a series of "edicts" issued by Khri srong lde btsan (r. 742?-797?), which were preserved in the chronicle by the great sixteenth-century historian dPa' bo gTsug lag phreng ba (1504-1566).<a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#n7" name="nb7" class="note">7</a> By the same token, the two recensions that are now available of the <em>sBa bzhed</em>, a virtual biography of the first Tibetan monk, sBa Ye shes dbang po (eighth century), suggest that the original text should by and large be considered a primary source on Khri srong lde btsan and his religious works, in spite of the fact that their transmission is beset with enormous complexity. In his chronicle of Buddhism in Tibet (and much else besides), Nyang ral Nyi ma 'od zer (1124-1192) refers to a number of very early works, in addition to numerous edicts, that have to do with the reign of the latter as well. Their descriptive titles are:<a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#n8" name="nb8" class="note">8</a> </p> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <ol style="text-align: justify;" type="none"><li>(1) <em>bKa'i yig rtsis che</em> </li><li>(2) <em>bKa'i yig rtsis chung</em> </li><li>(3) <em>bKa'i thang yig che</em> </li><li>(4) <em>bKa'i thang yig chung</em> </li><li>(5) <em>rGyal rabs rkyang pa</em> </li><li>(6) <em>Khug pa</em> </li><li>(7) <em>Zings po can</em> </li><li>(8) <em>sPun po</em> </li></ol> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;"> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/NYANGb/" class="biblref">NYANGb</a> wrongly collapses the titles of nos. 6 and 7, and reads <em>Khug po zings pa </em>[sic!] <em>can</em>. <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/NYANGl/" class="biblref">NYANGl</a> has <em>Yun po </em>for no. 8, which is due to a misreading of the cursive ligature <em>sp</em>, which resembles<span class="milestone page eng "><a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#" class="jqmPageRef">[page <span class="pnum">42</span>] </a></span> the graph for <em>y</em>. Moreover, the last four would appear to be historiographic texts <em>per se</em>, but none of these have been located so far if, indeed, they are still extant. One recension of the <em>sBa bzhed</em>, as do Nyang ral and, more elaborately, the chronicles of Buddhism by *lDe'u Jo sras and mKhas pa lDe'u,<a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#n9" name="nb9" class="note">9</a> brings to attention the existence of five early historiographic texts from the imperial period, two of which appear to correspond to nos. 7 and 8 of the above titles. These have been briefly noted in a recent paper by S. G. Karmay.<a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#n10" name="nb10" class="note">10</a> </p> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;">There are roughly three expressions which, when they occur in book titles, usually indicate that the books in question are historiographic in nature, and all of these are found in writings attested in Tibet for the period covering the eleventh to twelfth centuries, and one which in part may even go back as far as the seventh century. With their probable dates of inception, these are:</p> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <ol style="text-align: justify;" type="none"><li>(1) <em>Lo rgyus</em> ("Records") (eleventh century)</li><li>(2) <em> rGyal rabs</em> ("Royal Chronology") (eleventh century)</li><li>(3) <em>Chos 'byung</em> ("Religious Chronicle") (twelfth century)</li></ol> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;">Due to limitations of space, we shall have to restrict ourselves, with one notable and fairly lengthy exception, to a bibliographic survey of historiographical texts belonging to these two centuries. However, it must be understood at the outset that those philological procedures that are fundamental to other branches of the humanities having to do with texts and their transmission have thus far mostly bypassed inquiries into Tibetan historiography, as they have virtually every other branch of Tibetan studies. Moreover, there are also considerable gaps in the literary corpus of available texts on the present subject. For these reasons, and also in the absence of "critical" texts, some of the remarks that follow are of necessity rather tentative.</p> <hr class="footnote-divider"> <h2>Notes</h2> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="footnote"> <a name="n1"></a> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#nb1" class="note"> [1] </a> A bibliography of non-Tibetan scholars on these texts would take us too far afield; suffice it to mention the following: Bacot et al.; Satō; Wang and Chen; Yamaguchi; Stein (1983-1988).</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="footnote"> <a name="n2"></a> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#nb2" class="note"> [2] </a> On him, see Stoddard; Stoddard (339) dates his birth to the year 1905. However, he states himself in his <em>Rgyal khams rig pas bskor ba'i gtam rgyud gser gyi thang ma</em>, which was not available to Stoddard at the time of her writing the biography, that he reached the age of thirty-two (= thirty-one) in 1934; see <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/DGE/" class="biblref">DGE</a>: 6. This is also the year already given in Macdonald (204).</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="footnote"> <a name="n3"></a> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#nb3" class="note"> [3] </a> Stoddard: 205-207. This dKa' chen Don grub was most likely the great grammarian and linguist, who is otherwise also known as dKar lebs Drung yig Padma rdo rje (1860-1935). She also writes that, while in Kalimpong, he may have had occasion to get acquainted with S. W. Bushell's translations of the chapters on Tibet in the <em>Tangshu </em>and the <em>Xin Tangshu</em>, whereupon he contacted a Chinese scholar by the name of Zhang Zhengji with whom he reread (<em>relut</em>) the Chinese text to clarify and confirm Bushell's renditions. <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/DGE1/" class="biblref">DGE1</a>: 1 states that he completed a manuscript on the history of ancient Tibet from Chinese sources on the twenty-fifth day of the second month of 1943; however, he writes in the colophon, in <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/DGE1/" class="biblref">DGE1</a>: 49, that he finished it on the thirtieth day of the tenth month of his fortieth year! The second one is "dated" to the sixteenth day of the third month while at Byang Ku lu ta, and the third is<span class="milestone page eng "><a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#" class="jqmPageRef">[page <span class="pnum">50</span>] </a></span> undated. At the outset of this work, which fills 120 pages, he indicates that he used the translation of a Chinese text from the chapter on Sino-Tibetan relations from Tshal pa Kun dga' rdo rje's (1309-1364) <em>Deb gter/ther dmar po</em>, together with the <em>Tangshu </em>and the <em>Zizhi tongjian gangmu</em>.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="footnote"> <a name="n4"></a> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#nb4" class="note"> [4] </a> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/DGE1/" class="biblref">DGE1</a>: 123-204. The last one is dated to the 2480th year after the Buddha's <em>nirvāṇa</em>, which seems to be a mistake, for dGe 'dun chos 'phel has elsewhere used 542 B.C.E. and 543/544 B.C.E. as the year(s) of the Buddha's <em>nirvāṇa</em>. It is not clear whether this date holds for all three studies.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="footnote"> <a name="n5"></a> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#nb5" class="note"> [5] </a> Vostrikov; see also Tucci (1947), and the now dated survey in Hoffmann, which contains many errors of fact and cannot be used with any confidence.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="footnote"> <a name="n6"></a> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#nb6" class="note"> [6] </a> The most complete account of the early, pre-eleventh-century fortunes of Sa skya's 'Khon family is found in Yar lung Jo bo Shākya rin chen's <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/YAR/" class="biblref">YAR</a>: 140-144; <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/YAR1/" class="biblref">YAR1</a>: 136-139; <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/Tang/" class="biblref">Tang</a>: 82-84. This work, written in 1376 by a scion of an offshoot of the imperial family that settled in Yar lung, refers severally to "old documents of the 'Khon" when disclaiming other opinions. For the records of the rLangs (together with an analysis of a section), see the literature cited in van der Kuijp (1991: especially 317-321), and now also the translation of the genealogies in Zan la A wang and Wan (1-67), which was not available to me earlier.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="footnote"> <a name="n7"></a> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#nb7" class="note"> [7] </a> They were recently studied by Richardson, although his use of <em>chos 'byung </em>in the title of his paper is of course anachronistic.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="footnote"> <a name="n8"></a> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#nb8" class="note"> [8] </a> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/NYANGb/" class="biblref">NYANGb</a>: 460; <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/NYANGl/" class="biblref">NYANGl</a>: 393; <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/NYANGm/" class="biblref">NYANGm</a>: 283/3.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="footnote"> <a name="n9"></a> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#nb9" class="note"> [9] </a> For these two works, see van der Kuijp (1992).</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="footnote"> <a name="n10"></a> <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#nb10" class="note"> [10] </a> One cannot always agree with his conclusions, however. Of interest is that <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/LD/" class="biblref">LD</a>: 98 ascribes the <em>Yo ga lha dgyes can </em>to a certain sPa sa Bon po, who is not known to me; a sPa ston bsTan rgyal bzang po was the author of an undated history of Bon, for which see <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/SPA/" class="biblref">SPA</a>. S. G. Karmay argues that the correct reading of the title is found in <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/NYANGb/" class="biblref">NYANGb</a>: 588 [<a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/NYANGl/" class="biblref">NYANGl</a>: 496; <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/ref/NYANGm/" class="biblref">NYANGm</a>: 361/1], namely, <em>Bon po yi ge lha dge can</em>, also known as the <em>bsGrags pa'i lugs</em>, holding that Tibet's imperial family descended from heaven.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/#ixzz0WursrYKe">http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b1/#ixzz0WursrYKe</a><br /></div><br /><div id="essay-head1"> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;" class="chapter">The Lives of Indian Buddhist Saints: Biography, Hagiography and Myth</div> <div class="author">by James Burnell Robinson</div> <div class="source">From <em>Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre</em>, pp. 57-69.</div> <div class="copyright"> Copyright © 1996.<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Reproduced with permission from <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#thl-popup=http://www.snowlionpub.com/">Snow Lion Publications</a> under the <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#thl-popup=file:///tools/licenses.php#essay=/thl/text-license/">THL Digital Text License</a>.</div> </div> </div> <h2 class="h1">1. Overview</h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="milestone page eng "><a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#" class="jqmPageRef">[page <span class="pnum">57</span>] </a></span>The great religions come down to us by means of a great chain of masters who receive faithfully the teachings from those before them and convey compassionately to those coming after them. The Tibetan schools of Buddhism have been very aware of the importance of these links of tradition. An important feature of Tibetan Buddhism is the authoritative role that representatives of Indian Buddhism have had. Indeed, the Tibetans often portray themselves as transmitters, rather than as originators, of doctrine and practice. As a consequence, the life stories of Indian masters, teachers and saints are zealously preserved by the Tibetans.</p> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;">Biography and history are genres more characteristic of Tibetan than Indian Buddhist literature and it is Tibetan accounts of the lives of Indian masters that have been most accessible. Tāranātha's <em>rGya gar chos 'byung </em>("History of Buddhism in India") gives accounts of the major Buddhist figures in India, particularly those important in Tibetan teaching lineages. It has been translated into a number of European languages. A biography of the Indian master Nāropa by the Tibetan master lHa'i btsun pa Rin chen rnam rgyal of Brag dkar has been translated by Herbert Guenther as <em>The Life and Teaching of Nāropa</em>.</p> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;">Both of these texts were written by Tibetans. Tibetan translations of Indian biographies are somewhat more rare, and it is a sample of this translated literature that I want to examine here:<span class="milestone page eng "><a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#" class="jqmPageRef">[page <span class="pnum">58</span>] </a></span> the <em>Caturaśitisiddhapravṛtti</em>, in Tibetan the <em>Grub thob brgyad bcu rtsa bzhi'i lo rgyus </em>(<a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b2/ref/GTGC/" class="biblref">GTGC</a>) ("The Lives of the Eighty-four Siddhas"). This text, originally written in Sanskrit by the twelfth-century master Abhayadatta, exists now only in Tibetan translation.</p> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;">There have been three translations of this text into Western languages. The first was a German translation by Albert Grünwedel, <em>Die Geschichten de vier und achtzig Zauberers aus dem Tibetischen übersetz </em>(1916). The other two are in English: one my own, assisted by Geshe Lhundup Sopa, published as <em>Buddha's Lions </em>(1979); and the other by Keith Dowman, <em>Masters of Mahamudra </em>(1986).</p> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;">The <em>siddhas </em>are the figures associated with the rise and transmission of tantric Buddhism in India. A <em>siddha </em>is literally "a perfected one," a "perfect master," and there are both male and female <em>siddhas</em>. A siddha is also one who possesses <em>siddhi</em>, a term which means "success," particularly in yoga; it came to be applied to the magical powers which are the signs of yogic success. The <em>siddhas </em>then are not only successful in their spiritual quest, but possess magical powers that confirm it. While early Buddhism tended to downplay the role of magic, by the time of the <em>tantras</em>, magical powers were very much an item of interest. And the stories of the <em>siddhas </em>are notable for the accounts of extraordinary feats which they are said to have performed.</p> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <p style="text-align: justify;">After looking at certain structural elements common to the stories in the <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b2/ref/GTGC/" class="biblref">GTGC</a>, I want to examine some methodological problems raised by these accounts. Although the masters are almost surely historical personages, and these accounts have a historical dimension, this literature is best considered hagiography; beyond even that, we may fruitfully call these narratives "Buddhist myths" which function in both a horizontal and a vertical dimension.</p> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b2/#ixzz0WurYYmMc">http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php#book=/studies-in-genres/b2/#ixzz0WurYYmMc</a><br /></div>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6729547557470066757.post-44686382826547308452009-11-15T09:27:00.004+01:002009-11-15T11:15:42.282+01:00Web Link Buddhism<table class="contentpane" align="center" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td class="sectiontableheader"><br /></td> <td class="sectiontableheader" height="20" width="90%"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);font-size:180%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Web Link Buddhism</span></span><br /><br /></td> </tr> <tr class="sectiontableentry1"> <td align="center" height="20" width="100"> <img src="http://vajrayogini.com/images/M_images/weblink.png" alt="Link" name="Link" align="middle" border="0" /> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;" height="20"> <a href="http://vajrayogini.com/Links/Dharma_Sites/The_Berzin_Archives/" class="category">The Berzin Archives</a> <br />One of the best textual sources for Tibetan Buddhist studies. Highly recommended. Explanations of the different Tibetan traditions regarding sutra and tantra; Kalachakra, astrology, dzogchen, and mahamudra; graded levels for study and practice, inclu </td> </tr> <tr class="sectiontableentry2"> <td align="center" height="20" width="100"> <img src="http://vajrayogini.com/images/M_images/weblink.png" alt="Link" name="Link" align="middle" border="0" /> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;" height="20"> <a href="http://vajrayogini.com/Links/Dharma_Sites/Tibetan_Buddhist_Research_Center_%28TBRC%29/" target="_blank" class="category">Tibetan Buddhist Research Center (TBRC)</a> <br />Excellent Site for scholars, researchers, and translator. TBRC also publishes almost all major Tibetan Buddhist scriptures in PDF format. </td> </tr> <tr class="sectiontableentry1"> <td align="center" height="20" width="100"> <img src="http://vajrayogini.com/images/M_images/weblink.png" alt="Link" name="Link" align="middle" border="0" /> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;" height="20"> <a href="http://vajrayogini.com/Links/Dharma_Sites/The_Tibetan_and_Himalayan_Digital_Library_%28THDL%29/" target="_blank" class="category">The Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library (THDL)</a> <br />The Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library is an international community using Web-based technologies to integrate diverse knowledge about Tibet and the Himalayas for free access from around the world. </td> </tr> <tr class="sectiontableentry2"> <td align="center" height="20" width="100"> <img src="http://vajrayogini.com/images/M_images/weblink.png" alt="Link" name="Link" align="middle" border="0" /> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;" height="20"> <a href="http://vajrayogini.com/Links/Dharma_Sites/Vajrabhairava.com/" class="category">Vajrabhairava.com</a> <br /> Yamantaka (Vajrabhairava) Practice Support Site (managed by the same people who manage this website). </td> </tr> <tr class="sectiontableentry1"> <td align="center" height="20" width="100"> <img src="http://vajrayogini.com/images/M_images/weblink.png" alt="Link" name="Link" align="middle" border="0" /> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;" height="20"> <a href="http://vajrayogini.com/Links/Dharma_Sites/Kalachakranet.org/" class="category">Kalachakranet.org</a> <br />Although dedicated to the Kalachakra practice this site offers so many wonderful texts and an incredible wealth of information. </td> </tr> <tr class="sectiontableentry2"> <td align="center" height="20" width="100"> <img src="http://vajrayogini.com/images/M_images/weblink.png" alt="Link" name="Link" align="middle" border="0" /> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;" height="20"> <a href="http://vajrayogini.com/Links/Dharma_Sites/Vajra-yogini.com/" target="_blank" class="category">Vajra-yogini.com</a> <br />Vajrayogini practice support site by Jhampa Shaneman. With discussion and forum areas. Registration required for access. </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li> <b> Dharma Sites </b> <span class="small"> (6) </span> </li><li> <a href="http://vajrayogini.com/Links/Tibetan_Buddhist_Art/" class="category"> Tibetan Buddhist Art </a> <span class="small"> (3) </span> </li><li> <a href="http://vajrayogini.com/Links/Online_Dharma_Shops/" class="category"> Online Dharma Shops </a> <span class="small"> (6) </span></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 0);font-size:180%;" >Tibetan Literary Encyclopedia Project Status Report</span><br /><p style="text-align: justify;" class="paragraph">(Apr. 13, 2009) THL has recently completed a major overhaul of its Literary Encyclopedia (previously known as “Literature Collections”), updating several major resources to provided easier access and heightened functionality as well as presenting a new look and feel. The new Literary Encyclopedia contains updated versions of the <a target="_blank" rel="external" href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/canons/ngb/#cat=master">Catalog of the Collected Tantras of the Ancients</a> and the digital version of <i class="italic"> <a target="_blank" rel="external" href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/genres/genres-book.php">Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre</a></i>, along with the addition of <a rel="" href="http://tmb.thlib.org/categories/119/children">a knowledge map outlining the genres of Tibetan literature</a>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="paragraph">As part of the Canons Project, work is being done on creating a digital catalog of both the bKa’ ’gyur and bsTan ’gyur, respectively containing the revered scriptures of the Buddha and subsequent commentarial material. These catalogs will provide a comprehensive analysis of the texts in these two collection including reference to the most important and popular editions as well as links to digitized versions of the text in the form of page scans and entered Unicode Tibetan texts.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="paragraph">Elsewhere in the Literary Encyclopedia, we are close to releasing a catalog and digital version of the Collected Works of Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche (c. 1910-1991), one of the preeminent leaders of the Nyingma, who was a key figure in the dissemination of Tibetan Buddhism to the West. The catalog and digitally entered and proofed texts have been provided by <a target="_blank" rel="external" href="http://www.shechen.org/">Shechen Monastery</a>, while the technical work or markup and digital display has been done by THL.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="paragraph">Along with all this, THL is close to implementing high-speed comprehensive searching of all its catalogs using SOLR/Lucene technology. Initially, a simple text search on keywords and names will be provided, but once this is operative, we will quickly be able to provide enhanced search capabilities allowing for more advanced context searches and the like.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="paragraph">These are just some of the more immediate projects coming within the THL Literary Encyclopedia. Check back for updates on the progress of these and the addition of other new projects. </p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/#wiki=/access/wiki/site/0b308aa3-d044-469b-009a-d34c7841413d/tibetan%20literary%20encyclopedia%20status%20report.html#ixzz0WumviSLD">http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/#wiki=/access/wiki/site/0b308aa3-d044-469b-009a-d34c7841413d/tibetan%20literary%20encyclopedia%20status%20report.html#ixzz0WumviSLD</a><br /><br /><div> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="99%"><tbody></tbody></table></div><input name="omniture_submission" value="submitted" type="hidden"><div><a name="124f754a0d103c4e_124ed6a20c025b18_reply-545"></a><div> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr valign="top"><td width="55"><a href="http://anagarma.multiply.com/" target="_blank"><br /></a></td> <td><div><div> </div><div><br /></div><div><div><a href="http://pt-br.tinypic.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img src="http://i38.tinypic.com/ao27no.jpg" alt="Image and video hosting by TinyPic" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="http://pt-br.tinypic.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img src="http://i34.tinypic.com/2w5rh2x.jpg" alt="Image and video hosting by TinyPic" border="0" /></a><br /></div>Que este fin de semana este marcado por el amor y la ternura entre tu y tus seres amados<br />Besitos para un precioso Ser de Luz.....tu.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <a name="124f754a0d103c4e_124ed6a20c025b18_reply-544"></a><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr valign="top"><td width="55"><a href="http://anagarma.multiply.com/" target="_blank"><br /></a></td> <td><div><div> </div><div><a href="http://anagarma.multiply.com/" target="_blank"></a><br /></div><div><div><a href="http://pt-br.tinypic.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img src="http://i37.tinypic.com/whzkmo.jpg" alt="Image and video hosting by TinyPic" border="0" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div>Juan y Juanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374noreply@blogger.com0